TI:Genetic diversity and relationships of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in southern Mexico AU:Whitkus,-R.; Cruz,-M.-de-la; Mota-Bravo,-L.; GÛmez-Pompa,-A.; SO:TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 96(5):621-627. DE:Germplasm; Domestication; Diversity; Maya; History; RAPD; Criollo; Origin; Distribution; PY:1998 GE:Mexico **:Abstract Neotropical tree crops are affected by a combination of biological and human factors that complicate the study of genetic diversity and crop evolution. Genetic diversity and relationships among southern Mexican populations and horticultural collections of Theobroma cacao (chocolate, cocoa, cacao) are examined in light of the agricultural practices of the Maya. Collections of cacao were obtained from the extremes of its geographic range including archeological sites in southern Mexico where cacao was first domesticated. Genetic diversity was assayed by 57 informative random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker loci. A unique sample of the total diversity found in this study exists in the southern Mexican populations. These populations are significantly different from all other cacao with regards to their profile of RAPD bands, including the `criollo' variety, their morphological and geographical group. A population of cacao found in a sinkhole (cenote) in northern Yucatan with genetic affinities to populations in Chiapas suggests the Maya maintained plants far away from their native habitat. This finding concurs with known agroforestry practices of the Maya. Modern efforts to increase germplasm of tropical tree crops such as cacao should carefully examine archeological sites where genetic diversity, either deliberately or by chance, was collected and maintained by ancient cultures. TI:The classification of cacao research. . AU:Anon. SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(26):1-7. DE:Research; Research-classification; PY:1949 GE:Costa-Rica; **:Outline proposed by Infer-American,Cacao Center. TI:Progress reports on field experiments of the Botanical Section to August, 1943. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Imp. Col. Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] Cacao Res. Rpt. (1941/43) 11:4-15. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1944 GE:Trinidad **:Experiment CRB. 10, by R. K. McKee, p. 15. TI:Recent botanical researches in cacao. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Empire J. Expt. Agr. 6:219-224. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1938. GE:Trinidad TI:Research and cocoa production. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Research 3:12-16. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1950 GE:Trinidad **:Reviews reasons for present shortages and possibilities of increasing production through research directed toward control of disease, improvement of planting methods, and improvement of preparation. TI:The present position of botanical researches on cacao. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 13:123-129. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1936 GE:Trinidad **:Address before Trinidad planters at Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, 26, 1936. Deals chiefly with research concerning the genetic constitution of cacao trees, in progress as part of the Cacao Research Scheme. TI:Long range cacao research to increase the yield per tree and combat disease. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:West India Com. C. 43:363-365. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1928 GE:Trinidad **:Summary of first five-year period of Cacao Research Scheme. TI:The botanical researches on cacao. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 12:171-174. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1935 GE:Trinidad **:Summary of first five-year period of Cacao Research Scheme. TI:The botanical programme of 1931-1943. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:In Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture Trinidad I Annual report on cacao research, 1931- 41/43. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, 1932-1944. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1944 GE:Trinidad **:Aims, progress, and outlook at the end of each year, with a summary at the end of the fifth year. TI:Biological researches on cacao at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture. AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Agr. Soc. Trinidad & Tobago. Proc. 8:117-124. DE:Research-programmes; PY:1928 GE:Trinidad **:Memorandum outlining proposed research. TI:Six months' progress at the Cacao Center. AU:Bowman,-G.F.; SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(11):1-4. DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba PY:1948 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:Summary of report of investigations in progress at Turrialba and La Lola, January-July 1948. TI:The Inter-American Cacao Center. AU:Bowman,-G.F. SO:Cacao Inform. B. 1(23):1-4. DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba; PY:1949 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:History and program of the Center. TI:Cacao comes home; the InterAmerican Cacao Center and its work. AU:Bowman,-G.F. SO:Pan Amer. Union. B. 82:566-570 DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba; PY:1948 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:For Account of establishment, programs, and first year's work at Inter-American Cacao Center. TI:Economic problems with cocoa and agricultural research. OT:Problemas economicos do cacau na ciencia agricole. AU:Bondar,-G.; SO:Campo (Rio de Janeiro) 4:(12):26-28. DE:Research; Selection; Breeding; Quality; Yields PY:1933 GE:Brazil **:Deals especially with selection to increase yield, and with factors influencing quality. TI:Information on research administratio of cocoa OT:InformaÁao sÙbre o problema da adubaÁao do cacau. AU:Bondar,-G.; SO:Bahia. Sec. da Agr. Indus. e Com.Serv. de Divulg. B. 45:226-229. DE:Research; Research-stations; PY:1948 GE:Brazil **:On the need for research and suggestions for the administration of research. TI:General experimental station for cocoa at Agua Preto, and demonstration plots at Ilheus, Brazil. OT:EstaÁao geral de experimentaÁao do Instituto de Cacao S/A. em Agua PrÍta; campo de demonstraÁao de Ilheus. Brazil . AU:Bondar,-G.; SO:Min. da Agr. B. 26 (4/6):33-52; (7/9):1-9. DE:Research; Research-stations; History; Facilities; PY:1937 GE:Brazil **:History and facilities of the Station. TI:Agricultural work at the Govenmenrt Industrial School AU:Beckett,-E.; SO:Agricultural Journal of British Guiana DE:Shade; Wind-damage; Drainage; Fertilizer-responses; N; P; K; Liming; Mulching; PY:1928 GE:British-Guiana **:Most hyvbrds were planted by F.A. Gall around 1882. 16.5 Acres under shade of E. galuca. Falling shadetrees caused a decline of the cocoa stand. Experiments were conducted from 1900-1916. During the period 1913-1916 an increase in yield of 4 cwt per acrea was obtained. 2.25 due to lesseining of shade and 1.75 due to other cultural improvements. Experiments proves that under these conditions the best method of cultivation were: 1) Lowest amount of shade compatible with adequate wind protection; 2) Deep and efficient darinage >3-4 ft; 3) Annual forking with minimal root damage 4) Mulching not exceeding $6 per acre; 5) Manuring with superphosphate and K2SO4 at cost not exceeding $4 per acre. N-manuring not desirable; 2 tons of slashed lome per acre no effect. :The artcile give no production statistics. TI:On unifrom standards in cocoa research OT:Zur vereinheitlichung der untersuchungsverfahren f¸r kakaoerzeugnisse AU:Beythien,-A.; SO:Off. Internatl. du Cacao et Choc. B. off. 7(numÈro special):60-63. DE:Research; Analytical-methods; PY:1937 GE:Germany **:Discussed under 10 headings: water, Mineral nutrients (Ash), Alkalinity of ash; Fat, Fat research; sugar, dried milk, lechitine and shell content TI:Report to the government of Tanganyika on cocoa production. AU:Torto,-J.O.; SO:Expanded Techn. Assistance Progr. FAO Rep. 1869. p. 1-26, I-VII DE:Land-evalaution; Irrigation; PY:1964 GE:Malawi **: : : :A survey of problems of cocoa cultivation in Tanganyika revealed that the area suitable and available for growing the crop is not large. In the Kilombero district irrigation must be provided to make cultivation possible. In most of the prospective growing areas the patchy occurrence of suitable soils restricts cultivation to smallholdings. The farmers show a growing interest in cocoa; suggestions are offered concerning training and extension. It is recommended to plant Upper Amazon varieties; seed of these varieties should be given free to co-operatives who make their own nursery. TI:Study of the cocoa zone of Yaracuy OT:Estudio de la zona cacaotero del estado Yaracuy (?) AU:Salazar-Hernandez,-M.; SO:Agric. Venezol. 15:24-27 DE:Regional; PY:1950 GE:Venzuela TI:Cacao Centre at Turrialba AU:Bowman,-G.F. SO:Foreign Agriculture,12:264-267 DE:Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba; PY:1948 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:For Account of establishment, programs, and first year's work at Inter-American Cacao Center. TI:The organisation of cocoa research in the Britisch West Indies AU:Cheesman,-E.E. SO:Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May-June, 1945. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office. p.145-146. DE:Research; PY:1945 GE:Commonweatlh; West-Indies; Ghana; Nigeria; Trinidad; TI:The case for long range research in cacao production AU:Cheesman,-E.E.; SO:Trop. Agric. 1940, 17:203-207. DE:Research; PY:1940 GE:Trinidad; **:Survey of ten years' work of Cacao Research Scheme and outlook for the future. TI:A synopsis of the genus Herrania. AU:Schultes,-R.E. (Richard Evans); SO:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 39(3):216-95 DE:Taxonomy; Germplasm; PY:1958 **:Includes historical notes, systematy, ecology, uses, a specific key, and descriptions of 17 species and 3 varieties, with indexes to exsiccatae and native names. Eight new species are described. One species spreads northward to Costa Rica, and the others are limted to the humid tropics of South America, occurring in dense forests and savannas and both Andean slopes. The trees are 9- to 30-ft. tall and are saved in agricultural clearings for their fruits. The genus is closely allied to Theobroma and may have interest for breeding disease-resistant Cacao. TI:The sacred cacao groves of the Maya AU:Gomez-Pompa,-A.; Flores,-S.; Fernandez,-M.A.; SO:Latin American Antiquity, 1:247-257 DE:Cultivation; History; Cenote; Maya; PY:1991 GE:Mexico; Chiapas TI:Reexamining the classification of Theobroma cacao L. using molecular markers AU:Figueira,-A; Janick,-J.; Levy,-M.; Goldsbrough,-P.; SO:Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 119(5):1073-1082 DE:RFLP; RAPD; Taxonomy; Ribosomal-DNA; Evolution; Genes; cluster-analysis; genetic-variation; wild-relatives; maps-; restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism; random-amplified-polymorphic-DNA; ribosomal-DNA; cytotaxonomy-; plant-genetic-resources; Evolution PY:1994 GE:USA **:Genetic similarities among eight Theobroma and two Herrania species, including 29 genotypes of T. cacao, were estimated by rDNA polymorphism. A phenogram based on these genetic similarities significantly separated two clusters: one cluster included all Herrania and Theobroma species, except T. cacao, while the second contained 28 of 29 T. cacao genotypes. There was no clear distinction between Herrania and Theobroma species. Separation of 29 T. cacao genotypes, representing all races and various origins, had no congruency with the conventional classification into three horticultural races: Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Genetic similarities in T. cacao, estimated with RAPD markers, indicated continuous variation among the generally similar but heterogeneous genotypes. The wild genotypes formed an outgroup distinct from the cultivated genotypes, a distinction supported by the rDNA data. The phenograms constructed from RAPD and rDNA data were not similar within the wild and cultivated cacao subsets. TI:Maya society under colonial rule. The collective enterprise of survival AU:Farriss,-N.M.; SO:Princeton University Press, New Yersey, USA, 585p. :(cocoa on pp. 36, 45, 120-121, 153-155, 179-180, 263-267) DE:History; Mayas; Cultivation; Trade; Currency; Religion; Cenote; Sociology; Anthropology; Gods; Diet; Deities; :History; PY:1984 GE:Mexico; Belize; Guatemala; Yucatan; Tabasco; **:Local soil and climate of the Yucatan region were ill-suited for the cacao crop, which brought modest prosperity to the adjacent province of Tbasco and the Pacific coasts of Central America (p. 36). However, some cacao was being produced, and the native elite produced some cacao as cash crops. This elite had some advantages over smallholders, since they were able to produce surpluses, which they could carry directly to te marketplce because they controlled the colony's transport, and they had the experience and knowledge to negotiate directly with the officials (p.45). A major privilige that set the Maya nobility apart from the samllholders was the private ownership and types of lands they owned. The nobility was entitled to the more scarcer waterholes, the moist fertile depressions around the water holes were planted with cacao (hoyas) (Sanchez de Aguilar). These small groves did not compete with the immmense stands of cacao in Tabasco and on the Pacicifc coast, but the local scarcity made the cacao a much more valuable crop in Yacatan (p.180). :The networks of long-distance trade (dating back to 250 AD) that connected the Maya with the highlands of Guatemala and Mexico were used for exporting the primary products, among which cacao, from the lowlands in exchange for manufactured goods from the highlands and some valuable minerals (copper, silver, gold, jade). There was also an important system of echange in the lowlands themselves, cacao might have been the chief item in the earlier times as it was in the Potclassic. Although it could be grown 'anywhere' in the region, large schae production of this coveted product (so valuble that cacao beans came to be used as currency) was confined to a thin belt along the Pacific Coast and the tropical wet lands of Tabasco, honduras, and Belize. The Carribean coast of Yucatan were also linked to the interior by the echange of salt and marine products for honey wax and other forest products (p.120). In the early Spanish time some of the cacao trade went unnoticed since it was carried out under the aegis of local religious confraternities, or cofradias, the trade routes were the old Putun routes and the min product was the traditional cacao from tabasco. The pre-Colombain Putun combined commerce with pilgrimage and placed tehmelves under the protection o the cacao-god, Ek Chuah, the patron deity of merchants. The charcteristic synbiosis between deity/saint and trade, each bringing blessings on the other. This Putun trade combination of trade with with religion continued untill the late Spanih period and made the chicbul saints among the wealthiest in the diocese of Yucatan, though the town itself was isolated from the centre of Spanish economic activity. Cacao was bartered in exchange for scapularies and wax images of their local saints. The highly valued cacao, when brought back for sale in Cahmptom and Campeche, yielded a handsome profit for the masses, church ornaments and fiestas in Chichbul. OT:Rerum medicarum Novae Hipania thesaurus, seu plantarum, animalium, mineralium mexicanorum historia AU:Hernandez,-F; SO:B. Deuersini and Z. Masotti, Rome, p.79-80 (With illustration of habitus) DE:History; Food; Drink; Currency; Medicine; PY:1651 **:(1942) Historia de las plantas de Nueva Espana, 3:908-916. Mexico. Translation from the Lincei edition of Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesuarus... (1630, 1651) : :Hernadez distinguished four kinds of cacao in Mexico, and detailed the use of cacao seeds as food or drink, for currency and as a medicine for treating dysentry. He also warned the immonderate use: "obstructs the intestines, destroys the complexion and causes general degeneration of the health" TI:Cacao observation plots. AU:Beckett,-W.H.; SO:Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B. 22:83-86, DE:Forecasting; Observation-plots; PY:1930. GE:Ghana **:Plots to be used in making yield forecasts. TI:Tropical agricultural research in the Empire, with special reference to cacao, sugar cane, cotton and palms. AU:Barber,-C.A.; SO:Gt. Brit. Empire Mktg. Bd. [P.] 2, 77 p., . :Cacao, p. 23-34. DE:Research; PY:1927 GE:Commonwealth TI:Thrips control. Results of an attempt at controlling thrips on a cacao estate situated in the Cunapo District, Ward of Turure, by spraying with Bordeaux mixture and its effect on crop production. AU:Verteuil,-J.-de; Verteuil,-G.-de; SO:Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] 7:332-334. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinctus; Chemical-control; PY:1930. GE:Trinidad; TI:Some observations on the cocoa thrips OT:Quelques observations sur le 'thrips' du cacaoyer (Heliothrips rubrocinetus Giard). AU:Seabra,-A.F.-de;. SO:Soc. Portug. des Sci. Nat. MÈm., SÈr. Zool. 2:29-49. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus; PY:1922 GE:Sao-Thome TI:Cocoa thrips on Sao Thome OT:Encore le thrips de cacaoyer (Heliothrips rubrocinetus Giard.) ý S. ThomÈ. AU: Seabra,-A.F.-de;. SO:Soc. Portug. des Sci. Nat. MÈm., SÈr. Zool. 2:119-122. . DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus; PY:1922 GE:Sao-Thome TI:Contribution to the knowledge of insects of the Dominacan Republic. OT:Contributo alla conoscenze degli insetti della Repubblica Dominicana (Antille). Nota su alcuni Tisanotteri. AU:Russo,-G.; SO:Soc. Ent. Ital. Mem. 15:42-54, DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips-rubrocinetus ; PY:1936 GE:Dominican-Republic; OT:Arrest du Roy ordonnant que les nogociants de la ville de Bordeaux payeront le droit de 3 pour cent sur le cacao des isles de L'Amerique AU:Anon. SO:d.d. 25 VI. Paris, 4e, 8p. DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1715 GE:France OT:Arrest du Roy deboutant les negocians de la ville de Bayonne de la restitution du droit de 40 sols sur les sucres bruts, terres et raffines des isles francoises de l'Amerique et du droit de 3 pour cent sur les Cacaos des isles aussi apportes a Bayonne etc. AU:Anon. SO:Paris DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1715 GE:France OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roi, qui converte le privilege du Caffe, The, Sorbec, Chocolat, Cacao et Vanille en un droit payable aux entrees du 12 mai 1693 AU:Anon. SO:Paris DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1693 GE:France OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roy qui ordonne l'execution des edits, arrests et regelement pour la vente et la distribution du Caffe, The et Chocolat AU:Anon. SO:Paris DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1692 GE:France OT:Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du Roy concernant la vente du Caffe, du The, du Sorbec, et du Chocolat AU:Anon. SO:Paris DE:History; Legislation; Regulations PY:1692 GE:France OT:Il cioccolata trattenimento ditirambico di Francesco Arisi Eufemio Batio tra gli Arcado Vicecustode della Colonia Cremonese AU:Arisi,-F. (Francesco) SO:A. monsig. Illustribb. e Reverendibb Monsig. Alessandro Litta, Vescovo di Cremona, conte & c. In Cremona. Nella Stamperia di Pietro Ricchini. con Licenza de' Superiori. 4e, 7Ill., 65p. DE:History PY:1736 GE:Italy TI:Stimulants and narcotics their mutual relations AU:Anstie,-F.E. (Francis Edmund); SO:london, Macmillan & Co., 8e, 23+489p. DE:Drugs; Medicine; PY:1864 TI:The use and abuse of chocolate OT:Dell' usso ed abuso della cioccolata del dottoro Gio. Battista Anfossi Romano a sua Eccellenza Pier-Vettore pisani, Procuratore di S. Marco Venezia AU:Anfossi,-G.B. (Giovanni Battista); SO:Apresso Francesco Locatelli, a S. Bartolomeo. con Licenza de' Superiori. 100p. DE:History PY:1779 GE:Italy TI:The use and abuse of chocolate OT:Dell' usso ed abuso della cioccolata AU:Anfossi,-G.B. (Giovanni Battista); SO:Rovigo, G. Miazzi, 8e, 7&100p. DE:History PY:1773 GE:Italy OT:Traite des alimens de careme, ou l'on explique les differentes qualitez des legumes, des herbages, des raciness, des fruits, des poisons, des amphibies, des assaisonnemens, des boissons meme les plus en usage, comme l'eau, du vin, de la biere, du cidre, di cafe, du chocolat. Et ou l'on eclaircit plusieurs questions importantes sur abstinence et sur le jeune, tant rapport du Careme, que par rapport a la sante. Par Me. Nicolas Andry, Conseiller, Lecteur et Professeur Royal, Docteur Regent de la Faculte de Medidcine de Paris.... AU:Andry,-N. (Nicolas); SO:Paris, J.B. Coignard, 2 Vol. DE:Medicine PY:1713 GE:France; TI:Adultaration and fasification of food products and other important materials. Vol. 4. Coffee, Tea, chocolate, Pepper etc. OT:Alterazione e falsificzione delle ostanza alimeentari e di altre importanti materie di uso communo. Vol. IV: Caffe, The, cioccolata, Pepe ecc. AU:Anon. SO:Milano DE:Adultaration; Quality; PY:1882 GE:Italy TI:Account of the province of Vilcapampa and a narrative of the execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru. (written in 1610), translated from a manuscript in the British Museum by Sir Clements Markham. OT:Descripcion de la provincia de Sant Francisco de Vitoria de vilcapampa (Vilca Bamba), por el capitain Baltasar de Ocampo, dirigada al Marques de Montesclaros, virey, gobernador y capitan general de los Reynos del Peru y Chile. ff.36 MS AU:Ocampo,-B.-de (Balthasar); SO:Hakluyt Soc. Ed., Series 2, Vol. 22. Cambridge 1907, p.203-247 DE:History; Inca; PY:1610 GE:Peru **:The first part of the book is: history of the Incas by Pedro Sarmento de Gamboa, where no mention of cocoa is made. : :p.222 :The city 'San Farncisco of the victory of Vilcapampa' was established after the victory of the Spaniards over the people of Vilcapampa on 4 October 1571. Shortly thereafter the village was relocated to be closer in the neighbourhood of some newly discovered silver mines. Ocampa was send to Cuzco to negotiate with the Viceroy on this relocation. Ocampo gives a description of the province Manaries: :p.234 "The country is fertile, with extensive grounds, suited for growing all kinds of fruits .... Occupation is reccommended. After the pacification of the the Province of Vilcapampa and the foundation of the city, when all the Indian population had become peaceful and quiet, two captains with only two soldiers .... penetrated into the country of the Manaries. :p.235 The people recieved them with much willingness and love, giving them plenty of food ... they were also regarded with ... many delicious fuits of the land, especially from trees planted by the indians yielding paltas, guayavas, paccays, quantities of almods much larger and better than those of Castille, and trees of cacao." : :Thus cocoa was observed by people not yet controlled by the Spaniards. According to the map the Province of Manaries is located in hilly cuntry but not in high mountains. : :The report of Ocampo was originally written for the Voceroy, Marquis Montes Claros. The Incas remained indepent for 35 years. TI:Aggregate stability in a clay soil in realtion to cacao cultivation AU:Havord,-G.; Wascowicz,-T.E.; White,-R.G.; SO:Trop. Agric., 31:233-241. PY:1954 TI:A response of seedlings cacao trees, under nursery condition, to magnesium and calcium AU:Boynton,-D.; Erikson,-A.; SO:Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 64:15-20 DE:Fertilisers; Nurseries; Magnesium; Calcium; PY:1954 TI:A study on the effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of cherelle wilt of cacao AU:Bartolome,-R.; SO:Philippine J. Agric., 17:55-88 DE:Cherelle-wilt; PY:1954 GE:Philippines; TI:Preparation of compost from cocoa OT:Preparacion de compost en cacaotales AU:Miller,-R.M.; SO:Cacao en Colombia, 2:163-166 DE:Compost; Waste; Organic-manure; Mulching; PY:1953 GE:Colombia OT:Influencia de las aspersiones foliares con fertilizantes sobre la frutificacion del cacao AU:Manjarres-Satneda,-E.; SO:Cacao en Colombia, 2:167-182 DE:Foliar-application; fertilizer; Yields; PY:1953 GE:Colombia TI:The PG dust injector for the control of Azteca ants OT:Polvilhadeira-injetora PG para combater formigade-enxerto. AU:Silva,-P.; Bastos,-G.A.C.; SO:Cacau Atualidades 2(2):20-3. DE:Insect-pests; Ants; Azteca-ants; Azteca-paraensis; Chemical-control; Application-technique; Injector; PY:1965 GE:Brazil **:A simple instrument was designed to inject insecticidal dust into the arboreal nests of the ant Azteca paraensis var. bondari, an important pest of cocoa in the State of Bahia (Brazil). A cylinder provided with a piston holds the powder, which is forced through a narrow tube attached to one side of the cylinder and protruding in a forward direction for some 50 cm. The tube ends in a sharp point which pierces the nest wall, and has openings behind the point which blow the dust into the nest. Trials showed that BHC dust containing only 1 %. gamma isomer is sufficiently effective, and that control by means of the instrument is much cheaper than the traditional method of dusting the outside of the nest, pulling the nest down, and cutting it apart while dusting the fragments. TI:Preliminary tests of resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao clones and hybrids OT:Pruebas preliminares de resistencia a Ceratocystis fimbriata en clones e hÌbridos de cacao AU:Soria,-V.J.; Salazar,-G.; SO:Turrialba 15(4):290-295. DE:Resistance-breeding; Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Tests; Resistance-screening; Germplasm; Clones; Upper-Amazon; Lower-Amazon; Trinitario; PY:1965 GE:Costa-Rica; **:Resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata of cocoa types in the collection at Turrialba, Costa Rica, was tested in Aug.-Nov. 1964, using a modification of the method of Delgado and Echandi (see above). Among 143 clones, the Amazon clones SPA 9, Pound 12, IMC 67 and PA 121 were found to be highly resistant: the white-seeded clones Catongo (Brazil-Amelonado) and DR 38 :(Java-Trinitario) weremoderately resistant. Among 175 seedlings tested, 12 were highly resistant and 77 were moderately resistant; resistant trees were found in all of the 8 progenies tested including a hybrid progeny of 2 susceptible parents, indicating that resistance is due to recessive genes. Repetition of the tests in clone IMC 67 and in the progeny ICS 1 x IMC 67 in May-June 1965 showed a lower degree of resistance than that observed in Aug.-Nov. TI:Pruning studies on Amazon and amelonado cocoa in Ghana. AU:Bonaparte,-E.E.N.A.; SO:Trop. Agr. 43(1):25-34. DE:Pruning; Yields; Upper-Amazon; Amelondo PY:1966 GE:Ghana; **:Three trials conducted in Ghana showed that regularly removing all chupons from the lst jorquette of cocoa seedlings resulted in yields higher than those of unpruned trees during the initial years and in lower yields from the 10th year onwards. The initial effect was somewhat greater in the 2 trials with Amelonado cocoa than in the trial with Upper Amazon cocoa. In 2 other trials, 1 with Amelonado and 1 with Upper Amazon cocoa, chupons were removed, either from the Ist jorquette or from the 2nd jorquette if the 1st one was at a height of less than 1.5 m, in these cases yields were consistently higher in the pruned plots. Unpruned trees usually formed 4 jorquettes. The reduction of harvesting costs resulting from pruning was negligible. The trials indicate that Upper Amazon cocoa does not require a pruning system different from that for Amelonado. TI:Cacao planting material recommendations 1965-67 OT:Cacao plantmateriaal advies 1965-1967. AU:Lems,-G.; SO:Surinaamse Landbouw 13(5):177-182. DE:Planting-material; Clones; Germplasm; ICS; Planting-density; PY:1965 GE:Surinam; **:Cocoa plantation managers in Surinam are advised to use only clone ICS 95 for large-scale planting; prope-legitimate (open-pollinated) SCA 6 and legitimate SCA 6 x ICS 6 seedlings may be used for planting on a limited scale, clones TSH 565. TSA 644 and TSH 792 for planting on a small scale. Smallholders are recommended to plant seedlings only. SCA 6 x ICS 6 seed will shortly become available from local seed-gardens. Recommended densities are 1,000 clonal trees per ha or 1,250 seedlings preselected for witchbroom resistance in the nurseries; seedling fields may then be subsequently thinned for susceptibility to certain diseases. Data from the literature and from locally made observations are presented concerning the degree of resistance of the recommended material and some other clones to several diseases and pests. TI:ED&F Man Group plc SO:ICCO Newsletter, May 1998 DE:Traders; EDF-Man; ADM; Grinding; Mergers; PY:1998 GE:England **:The 1998 ED& F Man Group plc annual report gives a profit before tax and exceptional items figure as at the end of March 1998 of £97.6m, up 16% on the previous year. A pre-tax exceptional profit of £21.5m was made on the sale of cocoa processing facilities to Archer Daniels Midland in September 1997. TI:Research and the peasant producer AU:Beckett,-W.H.; SO:Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May-June, 1945. London: His Majesty's Stationary Office. p.122-123 DE:Research; Smallholders; PY:1945 GE:Ghana; TI:Cocoa pests in the Dominican Republic OT:Il deperimento delle piantagioni di cacao nella Republica Dominicana. AU:Russo,-G.; SO:Agr. Colon. 24:505-524, DE:Insect-pests; PY:1930 GE:Dominican-Republic; **:Section on the cacao tree (p. 94-169) consists chiefly of descriptions of insect pests, treatment being more systematic than economic. TI:Occurrence of witches' broom disease on a wild solanaceous host in the cocoa growing region of Bahia. OT:Ocorrencia de vassoura-de-bruxa em solanacea silvestre na regiao produtora de cacau de Bahia. AU:Bastos,-C.N.; Silva,-S.D.V.M.; Almeida,-O.C.-de; SO:Agrotropica, 3(2):109-110. DE:Fungal-diseases; Athenaea; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Hosts; PY:1991 GE:Brazil-; Bahia- **:Witches' broom caused by Crinipellis perniciosa was observed on Athenaea aff. pogogena showing a proliferation of hypertrophied roots in Arataca, Bahia state, Brazil, in Sep. 1990. In the host range studies, the fungus was pathogenic to Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens and tomato, but was not pathogenic to cocoa and cupuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum). TI:Assessment of the resistance of cacao species and clones to the disease caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata OT:EvaluaciÛn de la resistencia de especies y clones de cacao al mal del machete provocado por Ceratocystis fimbriata. AU:Delgado,-J.C.; Echandi,-E.; SO:Turrialba, 15(4):286-289 DE:Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Resistance; Clones; Upper-Amazon; Germplasm; PY:1965 GE:Venezuela; **:At Turrialba, Costa Rica, pieces of wood and bark of several Theobroma and Herrania spp. were inoculated with a spore suspension of Ceratocystis fimbriata and incubated at 23 †C for 3-4 days; when little or no mycelium developed, branches of the trees were inoculated in the field and mycelial development was assessed after 15 and 30 days. A high degree of resistance to the fungus was found in 3 out of 50 Th. cacao clones, viz. IMC 67, Pound 12 and SPA 9 (all Amazon forastero types) as well as in Th. mammosum, Th. angustifolium, and the reciprocal hybrids of Th. mammosum and Th. simiarum. Six other Theobroma spp. and the 7 Herrania spp. investigated proved to be susceptible. TI:The analysis of soil and foliage material in connexion with sickle leaf disease of cacao in Ceylon AU:Crowther,-P.C.; Raymond,-W.D.; SO:Col. Plant & Animal Products, 4:257-259 DE:Disorders; Zinc; PY:1954 GE:Asia; Sri-Lanka **:Results point to zinc deficiency as explantion of sickle leaf. TI:Observations on some charateristics of cacao soils in Ivory Coast OT:Observations sur quelques caractËres des sols cacaoyËres en Cote d'voire AU:Aubert,-G.; Moulinier,-H.; SO:L'Agron. Trop., 4:428-438 PY:1954 GE:Africa; Ivory-Coast TI:A note on some production costs in Ghana AU:Bonaparte,-E.E.N.A.; SO:2nd Sess. FAO Techn. Wkg. Party on Cocoa Prod. and Prot., Rome, 19-23 September 1966, Paper Ca/66/24 DE:Production-costs; PY:1966 GE:Africa; Ghana TI:The effect of pH on cacao seed germination inhibition by mucilage of the cacao pod. AU:lbaÒez,-M.L.; Casas,-I.A.; SO:Turrialba 15, 4, p. 353-4. DE:Germination; Inhibition; PY:1965 GE:Costa-Rica; **:Studies conducted in Costa Rica indicated that cocoa pulp contains a heat stable substance inhibiting the germination of the seeds. Its effect was equally strong whether the pH was 4 or 7; it appeared to stimulate germination at low concentrations. TI:Sudden death disease of cacao in Uganda associated with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. AU:Leakey,-C.L.A.; SO:E. Afr. Agr. Forestry J., 31(1):21-24 DE:Fungal-diseases; Verticillium-dahliae; Symptoms; Water-logging; PY:1965 GE:Uganda; **:A type of die-back that may become a serious menace of the cocoa industry in Uganda is a vascular wilt disease probably caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae. The same disease may have caused the decline of the cocoa industry by 1925. The first symptoms are wilting and browning of the leaves of a single fan branch, progressing towards the jorquette. After a prolonged dry season or very heavy rainfall resulting in waterlogging of the soil, trees may be killed within a week. In less severe cases death may be slower or only a part of the crown is killed. The wood in the affected areas in longitudinal sections shows black streaks consisting of scierotoid aa.gregations of dark mycelium. The worst affected field so far known is on land previously planted to Cinchona, where 4% of the cocoa trees were killed. Breeding for resistant varieties is considered to be the most satisfactory method of control. TI:Comparative sporulation as an indication of resistance by cacao to Phytophthora pod rot. AU:Turner,-P.D.; SO:Trop. Agr., Trinidad 42(4):305-309. DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Resistance; Tests; PY:1965 GE:Ghana **:Investigations conducted in Ghana showed that the fungus Phytophthora palmivora, inoculated into detached immature cocoa pods, generally produced significantly fewer sporangia on pods of selections with high field resistance to pod rot than on pods of varieties less resistant or susceptible. These differences, the causes of which are unknown, did not extend to lesions in mature tissues. The results suggested a correlation between sporulation levels and periods of high disease incidence. Comparative sporulation may be, in conjunction with other criteria, a useful and rapid indicator of resistance in laboratory tests on existing and new cocoa selections. TI:Insects in stored cocoa and coffee OT:Les insectes des stocks de cacao et de cafÈ. AU:Lavabre,-E.M.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 9(3):193-205. DE:Insect-pests; Cadra-cautella; Lasioderma-serricorne; Araecerus-fasciculatus; Tribolium; Carpophilus; Ahasverus; PY:1965 GE:France; **:This paper contains: (1) a list of the main insects attacking stored cocoa and coffee beans, indicating their relative importance; (2) brief descriptions of the most frequently encountered species, with notes on their biology; (3) directions for the protection of stocks by fumigation. The only species constituting a serious threat to stored coffee is Araecerus fasciculatus; Stephanoderes hampei is often found but cannot survive under storage conditions. Cocoa beans, on the other hand, are frequently attacked by several insects, among which Cadra cautella, Lasioderma serricorne and Araecerus fasciculatus are the main primary species and Tribolium, Carpophilus and Ahasverus spp. are the most important secondary invaders. A description of Trogoderma granarium is included because it may infest cocoa stored in proximity to groundnuts or cereals. TI:Cocoa beans and chocolate OT:Kakaohohnen und Schokolade. AU:Kleinert,-J.; SO:Gordian 65, 1551/52, p. 628-38 DE:Quality; Fermentation; Over-fermentation; Under-fermentation; Violet-beans; Slaty-beans; Chocolate; Sensory-tests; PY:1965 GE:Switzerland; Venezuela; **:The influence of cocoa bean fermentation on the quality of chocolate was investigated in Switzerland. A smaple of Venezuelan cocoa was separated into well-fermented (brown), violet and slaty beans; unroasted and roasted beans of each group were analysed. The largest differences were found in the pigment contents and the pH of the unroasted beans, which both increased with the degree of under-fermentation. Organoleptic tests of sweetened chocolate made from unroasted and roasted beans showed a distinct preference for brown over violet beans, and for violet over slaty beans. However, chocolate from roasted beans containing 70% brown and 30% violet beans was preferred to chocolate made from brown beans only, indicating that overfermentation reduces quality more than does a moderate degree of underfermentation. A revised system for the evaluation of commercial cocoa is proposed. TI:The Netherlands Cocoa and Cocoa Products' Association, 30th year of the association 1964; annual report and annual figures OT:Nederlandse Cacao en Cacaoproducten Vereniging, 30ste verenigingsjaar 1964, jaarversiag en jaarcijfers. SO:Jaarversl. en Jaarcijfers Ned. Cacao en Cacaoprod. Ver. 1964, 51p. DE:Trade; Grinding; PY:1965 GE:Netherlands **:More than 15%. of the world output of cocoa beans is handled by the Netherlands trade and supplied to consumers in Europe and elsewhere. The Netherlands cocoa industry is the third largest user of cocoa beans in the world. The Netherlands are the largest exporter of cocoa butter and powder and the second largest exporter of chocolate. This annual report provides detailed data on imports and exports as well as information on post-war developments including the year under review. The consequences of the establishment of the European Common Market for the the Netherlands cocoa industry are discussed. TI:A mechanical cocoa pod sheller. AU:Jabagun,-J.A.; SO:Nigerian Agr. J. 2(1):44-55. DE:Harvesting; Pod-opening; Mechanical-opening; PY:1965 GE:Nigeria **:A mechanical cocoa pod breaker, constructed in Nigeria, costs about £400 and is capable of breaking 100 pods in 3 minutes so that it will do the work of 32 men. Pods are fed into a vertical steel cylinder with internal ribs; a ribbed wooden cone revolves in the cylinder. Shell fragments and beans flow through a chute into a horizontally rotating cylinder made of woven steel wire with a mesh width of 2.5 cm, beans are delivered through the meshes while shell fragments are collected at the open end. The drum and sifter are coated with plastic to prevent corrosion. A petrol engine consuming 4.5 l of fuel per day drives the apparatus. TI:Influence of seed location in the cocoa fruit on germination and seedling growth OT:Influencia da posiÁao das sementes no fruto do cacaueiro sÙbre a germinacao e desenvolvimento das mudas. AU:Cardoso,-M.; SO:Bragantia 22(36):461-464. DE:Germination; Pod-position; PY:1963 GE:Brazil **:Seed samples from the top, centre and bottom portions of the pods of 2 cocoa varieites, one with purple and the other with white beans, were planted separately at Ubatuba, Brazil. No differences in germination or in development of the seedlings were observed between the different samples. TI:Investigations on seed storage. XI - Cocoa OT:Estudos sÙbre a conservaÁao de sementes. XI Cacau. AU:Zink,-E.; Rochelle,-L.A.; SO:Bragantia 23. 11, p. 111-116 DE:Generative-propagation; Seed-storage; Cold-tolerance; Drying; Fungicides; Pod-storage; PY:1964 GE:Brazil **:At Campinas, Brazil, cocoa seeds were stored at room temperature in the pod, in cloth bags, in hermetically sealed glass jars, and in jars with a perforated cork. Seeds not stored in the pod were treated with lime, washed, dried in the shade for 24 hours, and mixed with 0.2% of a phenyl-mercury acetate formulation containing 1.5 % Hg. Storage in a jar with a perforated cork resulted in 72% germination after 90 days; germination of seeds stored in sealed jars was 80% after 45 days but only 2% after 60 days; seeds stored in bags lost their ability to germinate within 30 days; seeds stored in the pods showed 26% germination after 30 days but only 2% after 45 days. Seeds stored at 5 †C. completely lost their ability to germinate within 15 days. TI:A progress report on the study of insects associated with pollination of Theobroma cacao with special emphasis on midges. AU:Fontanilia-Barroga,-S.; SO:Philippine J. Agr. 27, 3-4, p. 147-59 DE:Pollination; Pollinators; Forcipomyia-fuliginosa; Proforciponlyia; Atrichopogon; Dasyhelia; PY:1962 GE:Philippines; **:Midges observed to alight on flowers and other parts of cocoa in the Philippines were identified as Forcipomyia fuliginosa, Proforciponlyia spp., Atrichopogon sp., and Dasyhelia sp. Since members of the first 2 genera are known to be the chief pollinators of cocoa in several other countries, they are presumably responsible for cocoa pollination in the Philippines as well. Pollination was found to occur throughout the day, with a pronounced peak between noon and 3 p.m. in the dry season, and a broad maximum between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. in the rainy season. Of the 1,950 flowers examined, 45% had pollen masses characteristic of midge pollination on their styles. TI:Composition of higher molecular weight organic matter in smoke aerosol from biomass combustion in Amazonia. AU:Mohammed-Radzi-A; Simoneit-BRT; Elias-V; Cabral-JA; Cardoso-JN SO:Chemosphere. 1995, 30: 5, 995-1015; 51 ref. DE:hydrocarbons-; alcohols-; molecular-weight; organic-matter; biomass-; combustion-; triterpenoids-; smoke-; ketones-; waxes-; aerosols-; esters-; lipids-; alkanes-; aromatic-hydrocarbons; alkenes-; gums-; resins-; polymers-; forest-litter; controlled-burning; air-pollution; particles-; chemical-composition PY:1995 GE:Brazil-; Amazonas- **:Smoke particulate matter was sampled by high volume filtration from a controlled burn of forest litter in the northern forest reserve of INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia) about 70 km north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The area had as dominant species Protium heptaphyllum, Inga edulis and Theobroma grandiflorum, and various grasses, but was not a representative sample of Amazonian vegetation. The extract of the filter was separated after methylation into hydrocarbon, ketone, carboxylic acid ester and polar fractions and then analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total lipid extract yield was about 13 mg/m3 of smoke. The major organic components of the smoke particles were straight-chain aliphatic and triterpenoid compounds from vegetation wax, biopolymers, and gum/resin. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the combustion process were found at high levels and aromatized derivatives from natural product precursors were also important components. Petroleum hydrocarbons representing urban and vehicular emissions were not detectable. The n-alkanes ranged from C19 to C35, with a carbon number maximum (Cmax) at C29/C31 and an odd-to-even carbon predominance >C25 (carbon preference index, CPI20-35 = 3.6). Terminal olefins (n-alk-1-enes) were also present and ranged from C17 to C35, with a Cmax at C22 and an even-to-odd carbon predominance (CPI17-35 = 0.8). The n-alkanes are derived mainly from vegetation wax and the alk-1-enes with other oxygenated compounds (e.g. ketones, acids, triterpenoids) are thermal alteration products from gum/resin and biopolymers. These alteration products coupled with the PAH are the tracers for biomass combustion. TI:A list of lepidoptera associated with cocoa in West Africa with notes on identification and biology of species in Ghana. AU:Smith-MR; SO:Technical bulletin. Cocoa research institute. (Ghana academy of science): No. 9, 68p. DE:Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Taxonomy; PY:1965 GE:Africa; Ghana **:A list of 173 lepidopterous species encountered on cocoa trees in W. Africa is followed by brief descriptions of the 147 species that have been recorded more often than once or twice. This part also contains notes on the occurrence of each species, its life-history, alternate hosts, and types of damage inflicted on cocoa. Keys are provided for the identification of all caterpillars as far as the family, and as far as the species within the 6 most important families. Identification is facilitated by 14 text figures, 100 black-and-white photographs of adults and 8 larvae, and 46 coloured photographs of larval stages. A list of 24 references and a glossary of technical terms conclude the publication. TI:Problems in assessment of the response of cacao progenies (Theobroma Cacao L.) to infection with swollen shoot virus in Nigeria. AU:Longworth,-J.F.; Are,-L.A.; Freeman,-G.H.; SO:Nigerian Agr. J. 2(1):1-6. DE:Diseases; Virusses; Cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; Resistance; Tolerance; Methods; Vigour; PY:1965 GE:Nigeria **:In W. Nigeria 5 field trials were conducted to assess the degree of tolerance of virulent strains of the swollen shoot virus in 46 hybrid cocoa progenies, all of which had an Upper Amazon clone for at least 1 of their parents. Part of the seedlings were infected by grafting a patch of bark from a diseased tree onto them; the controls were grafted with a patch from a healthy tree. The most satisfactory measure for the degree of tolerance was found to be the percentage reduction in stem girth increment after infection, comparing infected and control trees within each progeny. The conditions of the canopy and, to a smaller extent, symptom severity were useful supplementary criteria. Some further improvements of the technique are suggested. TI:Storage of cocoa seeds AU:Swarbrick,-J.T.; SO:Experimental Agriculture, 1(3):201-207 DE:Generative-propagation; Seed-storage; Temperature; Fungicides; Pod-storage; Drying; Seeds; PY:1965 GE:Africa; Nigeria **:Experiments on cocoa seed storage were conducted at Ibadan, W. Nigeria; beans treated with a fungicide were stored in plastic bags containing a storage medium. Pre-storage in the pod for 2 weeks had little effect; washing before storage was beneficial. Draining washed beans for 15 minutes and drying in the shade for 3 hours were equally good. Sterilised sawdust and charcoal were better storage media than sand; pre-drying reduced germination. A storage temperature of 22 †C. was near the optimum, the number of beans in the bag had no effect on germination. Soaking stored seeds before planting had no appreciable effect. Among several fungicides tested at a rate of 3 g/250 beans, captan, ziram and dimethyl-dithiocarbamate copper chelate were the most effective, followed by triphenyl tin acetate and cuprous oxide, thiram and maneb were but little effective. A mixture of 2 antibiotics was completely ineffective. No definite recommendations are made as to the optimum methods of storing cocoa seed, TI:Experiences in flavour evaluation of cocoa varieties AU:Glendinning,-D.R.; SO:Tropical Agriculture Trinidad, 42(4):297-304 DE:Quality; Taste; Sensory-evaluation; Fermentation; Sampling; Methods; Forestero; Amazon; PY:1965 GE:Africa; Ghana; **:Experience in submitting Forestero type cocoa samples for flavour evaluation to various manufacturers is reported. with one excpetion, no evidence for varietal differences in flavour has emerged, variation from sample to sample of a variety being as great as fro variety to variety. Considerable differences in the preferences of manufacturers for variants within the West African flavour range are apparent, and the general tone of reports on a series of samples differes greatly from firm to firm. Some possible improvements in manufacturers' methds of reporting are uggeted. Clearer and more satisfactory reports were obtained on a series of small samples processed in laboratory, though most large samples had been obtained by bulking cocoa from a number of small scale fermentations. TI:Verticillium wilt of cacao in Uganda: incidence and progress of infection in relation to time AU:Emechebe,-A.M.; Leakey,-C.L.A.; Banage,-W.B.; SO:East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal. 41(2):184-186 DE:Fungal-Diseases; Verticillium-dahliae; PY:1975 GE:Uganda **:Verticillium dahliae Kleb. from wilted cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was re-isolated from the stem above soil level 3 days after inoculating the roots of container grown plants and reached the top of some 45 cm tall seedlings within 6 days. No visible vascular discoloration was observed before the 9th day after inoculation. It is inferred that conidia or mycelium of the fungus must move passively within the transpiration stream. Mechanical damage to roots may facilitate early passage to the xylem and systemic distribution within the host. A Progress of Infection index reached 100 percent by the 13th day from inoculation. There were significant linear correlations both between internal progress of infection and between percent incidence, within replicates, and time. Authors' summary. TI:Pollination in tree fruits and cacao: a bibliographic study OT:Etude bibliographique. Pollinisation: arbres fruitiers et cacaoyers AU:Boussard,-B.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1981, 25(4):297-304. DE:Pollination; fruit-trees; pollinators; review PY:1981 GE:World **:After discussing the various factors which may affect pollination in (mainly) temperature tree fruits (cultural, climatic and insects), the author then considers the much more important role of insects in cacao pollination. The biology and behaviour of the Ceratopogonids (Forcipomyia spp. in particular) and cultural practices which lead to greater pollination are discussed. The relationship between pollination and crop production in cacao is also explored. TI:Fungal biomass distribution in Witches' Broom disease of cocoa. AU:Penman,-D. (Danny); SO:PhD thesis. University of Liverpool. DE:Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinpellis-perniciosa; Biochemistry; Composition; Mannan; Chitin; PY:1993 GE:England **:The BCCCA Cocoa Research fund sponsored a PhD at the University of Liverpool, UK on the changes in levels of chitin and mannan (both constituents of fungal walls) in an attempt to study the early stages of Witches broom infection. The chitin assay :developed was used to study infections in green and brown brooms and showed that the fungus was highly localised at the broom base and growing points. TI:New method for fertilizing cocoa OT:Un nueva sistema de abonamineto en el cultivo del cacao AU:Madero-B.A.; SO:Cacao en Colombia,2:77-89 DE:Fertiliser-application; Foliar-application PY:1953 GE:Colombia TI:Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit SO:PRNewswire 26-OCT-98 DE:Manufacuring; Companies; PY:1998 GE:Polans; USA; France; **:Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit : : :PRNewswire :26-OCT-98 : : : : : :WARSAW, Poland, Oct. 26 /PRNewswire/-- PepsiCo, Inc. (NYSE: PEP) announced today it has reached a preliminary agreement, subject to regulatory and Wedel shareholder approval, to sell its Delicja sweet biscuit business in Poland to Groupe Danone (NYSE: DA). The sale is expected to close by early 1999. : :The transaction will make Paris-based Group Danone, a leading global producer of packaged foods and beverages, the clear leader of Poland's biscuit market. : :Delicja, which is part of PepsiCo's Warsaw-based E. Wedel S.A. subsidiary, accounts for some 32% of the Polish sweet biscuit market and generated net revenues of 187 million zlotys in 1997. Delicja operates one plant in Plonsk and employs nearly 900 people. Its biggest-selling brands include Delicje, Pieguski and Pierniczki, which rank among the most popular consumer brands in Poland. : :PepsiCo announced in June its intention to divest the Wedel chocolate and biscuit businesses as part of a global strategy to focus on its core businesses of beverage and snacks. In September, PepsiCo said it had reached an agreement to sell the chocolate business to Cadbury Schweppes p.l.c. (NYSE: CSG), in a transaction which is expected to close by early 1999. : :PepsiCo estimates it will invest (U.S.) $200 million over the next several years to expand its Frito-Lay snacks and Pepsi-Cola operations in Poland, in addition to the over $500 million it has invested in the country since 1991. : :PepsiCo comprises: Pepsi-Cola Company, the world's second-largest beverage company; Frito-Lay Company, the world's largest manufacturer and distributor of snack foods, and Tropicana Products, the world's largest marketer and producer of branded juices. PepsiCo, which is based in Purchase, New York, U.S.A., generated (U.S.) $21 billion in revenues in 1997. TI:Ivorian 97 SO:Reuters 23-OCT-98 DE:Stocks; Farmgate-prices; FOB; PY:1998 GE:Ivory-Coast; **:ABIDJAN, Oct 23 (Reuters) - Stocks of cocoa from the 1997/98 crop season in Ivory Coast's ports of Abidjan and San Pedro total around 70,000 tonnes of generally low quality beans while there were few arrivals of new 1998/99 crop, exporters and shippers said on Friday. : :Forwarding agents in the southwestern port of San Pedro estimated stocks there at around 10,000 tonnes. : :"The stock of old cocoa here could be between 50,000 and 80,000 tonnes," said one shipper in Abidjan, but most estimated the old stock in Abidjan at around 60,000 tonnes. : :Most cocoa in Abidjan is of poor quality and has been in warehouse for the past four to six months, some for more than one year, according to shippers. : :Cocoa from the new 1998/99 crop is only trickling in with most of it being small sized-- around 120 beans per 100 grams -- and of low quality. : :"We have had few new crop arrivals, and what has come is small beans, of bad quality too, " said one shipper in Abidjan. : :Most cocoa arriving is from 1997/98 stocks held back by farmers in anticipation of a farmgate price rise. : :Retention of stocks by farmers from one crop season to the next is usually in a 40-70,000 tonnes range. : :Cocoa export figures for the third week of October were not immediately available but forwarders said that not much cocoa had been shipped since the start of the 1998/99 cocoa season. : :"The exporters have started buying and conditioning the cocoa but they are not yet ready to export," port sources in San Pedro said, adding that activities at the port would pick up in the second week of November. : :Ivory Coast opened its 1998/99 cocoa season on October 15 with a farmgate price of 575 CFA francs per kilo, up by 26 percent on last year's price. The FOB price, also up by 26 percent, is 850,866 CFA francs per tonne, including 150,000 CFA in export duties. : :The government estimated the 1997/98 crop at 1.113 million tonnes and forecast a crop between one and 1.1 million tonnes for the new season, the last before total liberalisation of cocoa marketing and exports. : :The London-based International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO) has provisionally forecast a 1998/99 Ivorian crop of around 1.114 million tonnes. TI: Influence of weather on the abundance of Selenothrips rubrocinctus in Surinam. OT:Over den invloed der weergesteldheid op het min of meer talrijk voorkomen der cacaothrips in Suriname. AU:Reyne,-A.; SO:Indische Mercuur. 52:987-989. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Heliothrips-rubrocinctus PY:1929 GE:Suriname TI:Cocoa thrips (Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard). OT:De cacaothrips (Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard). AU:Reyne,-A.; SO:Surinam Dept. van Landb. B. 44. 214 p. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Heliothrips-rubrocinctus PY:1921 GE:Suriname TI:A review of the cocoa processing industry in producing countries. SO:Foreign Agr. Circ., U.S. Dep. Agr., FCB 2-65, p. 1-8. DE:Storage; Grinding; Grinding-capacity; PY:1965 **:In their efforts to industrialise, a great many cocoa producing nations are opening or expanding cocoa processing and storage facilities. A review is given of the cocoa processing industry in Brazil, the Dominican Rep., Mexico, Ecuador, Venezuela and other Latin American countries as well as in the following African countries: Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Angola, Congo (LÈopoidville), and the Malagasy Rep. Lists of processing industries include (where known) number of factories, operating capacity, location and other relevant information pertaining to the industry TI:Bathycoelia thalassina (Herrich-Schaeffer), (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae); a pest of Theobroma cacao L. AU:Gerard,-B.M.; SO:Nature, 207, 4999, p. 881. DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Pentatomidae; Bathycoelia-thalassina; PY:1965 GE:Ghana; Nigeria; **:The pentatomid bug Bathycoelia thalassina has been known for many years as a minor cocoa pest in Cameroon and Congo (LÈopoldville), causing small pods to shrivel and fall but having no serious effect on older pods. Large nymphs and adults were recently found to inflict rather serious damage on developing cocoa pods in Ghana and Nigeria, penetrating the pod wall with their long stylets and sucking sap from the beans. Feeding results in inconspicuous black spots on the exterior of the pod wall; pods damaged at an early stage stop growing and show a constriction in the middle; when they ripen they are found to contain brown malformed beans without mucilage. Young nymphs feed mainly on the leaves and do little damage. TI:The effect of herbicides on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). AU:Kasasian,-L.; Donelan,-A.F.; SO:Trop. Agr., (Trinidad) 42(3):217-221. DE:Weeds; Weed-control; Chemical-control; Herbicides; Simazine; linuron; Paraquat; 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; MCPA; Dalapon; Linuron; Sodium-chlorate; TCA; Ametryne; Prometryne; Neburon; Amiben; Atrazine; Atraton; Rometone; Diuron; Fenac; Amitrole; 2,3,6-TBA; Bromacil; Isocil; PY:1965 GE:Trinidad; **:In Trinidad the effect of 21 herbicides applied to young cocoa stands was studied in 12 field trials, supplemented by pot experiments. The results indicated that good long-term weed control without appreciable harm to the crop can be attained by applying simazine or linuron at a rate of 3.3 kg active ingredient per ha. Paraquat at 0.56- t. 12 kg/ha, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or MCPA at 2.25 kg/ha, and dalapon at 5.6 kg/ha may be used for short-term control. The post-emergence effect of simazine and linuron is enhanced by addition of paraquat or 2,4-D. Sodium chlorate, TCA, ametryne, prometryne, neburon and amiben had little effect on the cocoa but gave unsatisfactory weed control. The cocoa was injured b atrazine atraton rometone diuron fenac, amitrole and 2,3,6-TBA, and especially by bromacil and isocil. TI:Theobroma grandiflorum (Spreng.) Schum. as source of inoculum of witch-broom disease of Theobroma cacao L. AU:GonÁalves,-J.R.C.; SO:Trop. Agr., (Trinidad), 42(3):261-263. DE:Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Hosts; PY:1965 GE:Brazil; **:Inoculation experiments conducted at BÈlem do Par·, Brazil, demonstrated that witchbroom disease in Theobroma cacao and Th. grandiflorum is caused by the same strain or strains, of the fungus Marasmius perniciosus, as was presumed by several authors. Consequently, Th. grandiflorum, which in the State of Para is used for the refreshment and canned fruit industries, should not be allowed near cocoa fields. TI:Cover crops (for cacao). AU:Opuku, A. A. SO:Mem. Agr. Res. Stat. Kade, Univ. Ghana, 3, p. 16-21 DE:Cover-crops; PY:1963 GE:West-Africa; Ghana; **:Results are presented of 3 field trials conducted at Kade, Ghana, to compare soil covers for young cocoa. In experiment CC2 the cocoa grew better with hedges of Flemingia congesta or Pennisetum purpureum than with natural regeneration, Cajanus cajan, Leucaena glauca or Tithonia Diversifolia; application of P. fertilizer to the covers had no effect on the growth of the cocoa. Experiment CC.6 showed cocoa yields, in the 2nd year of bearing, of 1,194 kg/ha under mulch, 901 kg/ha with Calopogonium, 826 kg/ha with Pueraria, 770 kg/ha with Mimosa invisa, 725 kg/ha with Centrosema, and 332 kg/ha with natural regeneration. Among 9 cover plants compared in experiment CC.7, Flemingia congesta gave the best overall development of cocoa seedlings in their 1st year. This species tolerates poor drainage but its cost of establishment is rather high. Hedges could best be established from seedlings; sowing was satisfactory, cuttings were a failure. TI:Shade in young cocoa plantations OT:Peneduh ditanaman coklat muda. AU:Simandjuntak, S. B. SO:Bull. Res. Inst. S.P.A. 52, p.1-18. DE:Intercropping; Shade-trees; PY:1964 GE:Indonesia; Sumatra **:This literature review on the role of shade in young cocoa includes information on the use of shade and the planting of cocoa under other perennial crops such as coconut palm and oil palm. Whereas the yields of cocoa under rubber in various countries have been disappointing, preliminary results of cocoa under oil palm in Indonesia are promising. The practice of planting cocoa under oil palm on 2 estates on Sumatra is briefly described. It is concluded that further information is needed in order to assess the merits of intercropping cocoa and oil palms TI:Dwarf cacao. AU:Creencia,-R.P.; SO:Coffee Cacao J. 8(4):74. DE:Germplasm; Dwarfism; Low-vigour; Heritability; PY:1965 GE:Philippines **:Plants of a dwarf type of Criollo cocoa are grown on a farm in the Philippines. The dwarf character is heritable; seeds obtained in 1955 for an experimental plot at Los Banos yielded dwarf trees that have been bearing pods for 5 years. The trees grow to a height of no more than 2 m and form few chupons; pod and bean size are normal. Since they can be planted close together, normal yields per ha can be obtained. TI:Cocoa mirid control. AU:Gerard,-B.M.; SO:Nature 201, 4917, p. 353-4 DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Distantiella-theobroma; Sahlbergella-singularis; Resistance; gamma-BHC; PY:1964) GE:Ghana; Cameroon; Ivory-Coast; **:A report on a conference held at Tafo, Ghana, in Aug. 1963, to discuss the recent discovery that cacao mirids had developed resistance to insecticides. Resistance has not yet been observed in Cameroun and the Ivory Coast. In Ghana, however, Distantiella theobroma in several locations survived spraying with 0.5% gamma BHC at a rate of 56 l/ha, whereas in Nigeria resistance of Sahlbergella singularis has been observed in one small area. D. theobroma resistant to gamma BHC proved to exhibit no resistance to DDT, organophosphorus compounds, and carbamates. Other subjects discussed included taints imparted to commercial cocoa as the result of spraying with insecticides, increases in noxious insect populations due to spraying with insecticides other than gamma BHC, and shifts in the relative abundance of D. theobroma and S. singularis. TI:Cocoa cultivation OT:Cultura de cacaueiro. AU:Goncalves,-R.M.; SO:Brazil. Min. do Agr., Indus. e Com. B., 15(2):171-209, 319-350. PY:1926 GE:Brazil; TI:Colombian cacao OT:El cacaotero Colombiano SO:Cacaotero Colombiano, No. 39, 52 p.; DE:cultivation; production; consumption; Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; PY:1995 GE:Colombia **:The cultivation of cocoa and rubber in South America is discussed, and the world production and consumption of cocoa during 1993-1994 is reviewed. Cocoa production in Colombia amounted to 53 504 t in 1993, an increase of 14% above the 1992 level. Data on the world production and world processing of cocoa, and cocoa production in Colombia during 1984-1993 are tabulated. A study of the relationship between climate and cocoa production in South America, using a regression equation, revealed a correlation between production and rainfall during the 6 preceding months. The susceptibility of cocoa clones or hybrids to Ceratocystis fimbriata, especially that of clones ICS 1 and IMC 67, was investigated in Colombia. The history, importance and cultural practices of rubber growing in South America are reviewed. It is concluding that growing of some 30 000 ha of rubber in Colombia is to be recommended. TI:The control thrips based on modern insights and experiments on Sao Thome OT:Die bek”mpfung des kakaothripses unter neuzeitlichen gesichtspunkten mit berucksichtigung der verhaltnisse in San Tome, Golf von Guinea. AU:Kaden,-O.F.; SO:Tropenpflanzer 37:139-148. 1934. DE:Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; PY:1934 GE:Sao-ThomÈ TI:Intercropping coconut with cacao AU:Creencia,-R.P.; SO:Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies, 4(4):29-35. DE:Intercropping; Shade-trees; PY:1979 GE:Phillipines **:Growing cacao under coconut results in a more effective utilization of a coconut plantation in terms of an increased net return. The article deals with the benefits from coconut-cacao intercropping, factors to consider in planting cacao under coconuts and cultural management of cacao under coconuts in respect of nursery practices, field planting and maintenance. TI:Problems of forecasting the cocoa crop in Ghana. AU:Gordon,-J.; SO:World Crops, 17(3):64-65 DE:Crop-forecasting; Statisitcs; Weather; Long-term-forecasting; Wages; Urabanization; Development; PY:1965 GE:Ghana; **:Forecasting the cocoa crop involves 2 problems; that of seasonal forecasts of main- and midcrops and the much more difficult problem of forecasting long-range trends in production. Seasonal forecasts depend mainly on climate but the amount of crop actually harvested depends upon farmers' decisions. Sampling is the greatest difficulty in accurately estimating the crop because of the large number of small farms. Seasonal forecasting is not so much a statistical problem as an economic one. Long-term forecasts of production trends can be determined provided that government wage rates are not further inflated, that farm wages move in sympathy with town labour rates, and that cocoa prices are not further depressed. In the author's opinion Ghana has already reached and passed its peak of production, and the increase of 100.000 :tons of cocoa envisaged in the 7-year plan is considered too optimistic. The future production aspects are critically commented upon. TI:Cocoa of Sao Tome and Principe, on the polyphenols during fermentation. OT:Cacaus de S. Tome È Principe; dos polifenois durante a fermentaÁao AU:Ferrao,-J.E.M.; SO:Anais Inst. Superior Agron. 25, p. 17-222. DE:Polyphenols; Fermentation; Drying; Duration; PY:1963 GE:Sao-Tome **:The bulk of this paper (p. 21-150) reviews literature on: (1) the history of cocoa cultivation; (2) the taxonomy of cultivated cocoa; (3) the history and development of the cocoa industry in Sao Tome and Principe, and cultivation and processing methods in these islands; (4) the structure and reactions of polyphenolic compounds in the cocoa bean; (5) the chemistry of cocoa processing with special reference to the transformations of polyphenols during fermentation and drying. The author's investigations on polyphenol transformation during the processing of cocoa (p. 151-189), which yielded results similar to those of other authors working with the same type of cocoa, are discussed in relation to the desirability of shortening the period of fermentation usual in Sao Tome. TI:Report to the government of Nigeria on agricultural industries for the processing of raw materials in the Eastern Region. AU:Zwanhuizen,-M.Th.; SO:Expanded Techn. Assistance Progr., FAO Rep. 1741, 94p. DE:Quality-improvement; Cooperatives; PY:1963 GE:Nigeria; **:This report, the result of a study made in 1962-63, describes the proper procedures for the harvesting and processing of coffee, cocoa, rubber, oil palm fruits, and rice, and discusses the possibility of introducing improved methods that are within the reach of individual farmers or farmers' co-operatives in E. Nigeria. Improvements in processing methods, resulting in better quality products, would provide a necessary stimulus for the improvement of agriculture in the country. In particular, improvements in coffee processing would probably create a good local market for coffee produced in E. Nigeria. TI:A note on the control of Toxoptera aurantii B. de Fon, in cocoa nurseries in Uganda. AU:Ingram,-W.R.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.112-113 DE:Insect-pests; Aphids; Toxoptera-aurantii; Nurseries; Chemical-control; Insecticides; DDT; Menazon; PY:1964 GE:Uganda; **:In Uganda the aphid Toxoptera aurantii may cause severe malformation of cocoa seedlings in the nursery; its high incidence may be the result of regular spraying with DDT against leaf-eatin.@ caterpillars. Good control of the aphid on potted plants was attained by spraying with the systemic insecticide menazon at a concentration of 0.25 % active ingredient, applying 3.5 1 of fluid per 1,000 plants. Caterpillars, which are not controlled by the aphicide, have still to be sprayed with DDT; it is advisable not to apply this treatment when aphids are still present. TI:Rat control in cacao fields AU:Anon. SO:Cacau Atualidades 1(6):8-9. DE:Vertebrae-pests; Rats; Rat-control; Warfarin; PY:1964 GE:Brazil; **:Cocoa planters in the Brazilian State of Bahia are advised to control rats by the destruction of nests, the protection of snakes, and birds of prey, and the use of poisoned baits. Baits can be prepared from maize meal, rice plus 2% groundnut oil, or fruits, poisoned with one of the common rodenticides such as warfarin. About 20 bamboo joints provided with 200 g of bait, or 20-30 poisoned fruits are required per ha. A simple, effective bait may be prepared by sticking matches into bananas; after 24 hours the matches and a slice of the peel are removed, and the banana is tied in the fork of a cocoa tree. TI:The use of herbicides to eliminate Setaria stilcata OT:EmprÍgo de herbicides na eliminaÁao do "canoao". AU:Pereira-Caravalho,-R.J.; SO:Cacau Atualidades 1(11-12):3-7. DE:Weeds; Setaria-sulcata; Herbicides; Dalapon; Paraquat; 2,4-D; TCA; PY:1964 GE:Brazil; **:The grass Setaria suicata (Panicum sulcatum), introduced as an ornamental or forage crop from Trinidad, has become a highly noxious weed of cocoa fields in the Brazilian State of Bahia. Herbicide trials showed that it can be successfully controlled by spraying twice, at an interval of 15-30 days, with dalapon at a rate of 2.5 kg acid equivalent per ha or with TCA at a rate of 10 kg active ingredient per ha, whereas monuron at 7.5 kg/ha and 2,4-D at 7.5 kg/ha were but little effective. Two sprayings with paraquat at a 30-day interval, using 1 and 0.5 kg active substance per ha, respectively, killed the aerial parts so rapidly that the herbicide was not translocated to the roots; consequently the grass recovered within short time after the treatment. TI:A study of the resistance of cocoa trees to pod rot caused by Phytophtliora palmivora in the Ivory Coast. Part 1: Experimental inoculation of wounds with culture fragments. OT:Etude de la resistance des cacaoyers :1 la pourriture brune des cabosses due an Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Bull. en CÙte d'Ivoire. PremiËre partie: Inoculations expÈrimentales par blessure et fragments de culture. AU:Tarjot,-M.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 9(2):126-33. DE:Resistance-breeding; Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; PY:1965 GE:Ivory-Coast; **:Susceptibility to pod rot of cocoa trees in the Ivory Coast was assessed by filling a hole punched in the pericarp of detached fruits with a culture of Phytophthora palmivora, and measuring the diseased patch after 5 days. All trees of the local Amelonado type and of the Upper Amazon type, and all crosses of Upper Amazon trees with Amelonado, Trinitario and Criollo trees included in the tests proved to be equally susceptible. Among 9 Trinitario trees tested, 1 tree (received from the United Fruit Company) showed some resistance, crosses with 2 Upper Amazon trees were as susceptible as the Upper Amazon trees were susceptible as the Upper Amazon parents. TI:Effect of iron on the development of plant roots OT:Efecto del hierro en el desarrollo de las raices de las plantas. AU:Correa-Velfisquez,-J.; SO:Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron., Colombia 24, 61, p. 27-52. DE:Nutrient-uptake; Fe; Iron; PY:1964 GE:Colombia; **:In Colombia cocoa seedlings were grown in a Fe-free nutrient solution; Fe chelate was added to the solution or sprayed on the leaves when the plants had become chlorotic. Root growth was stimulated by chelate in the solution at up to 6 p.p.m. Fe and by foliar spraying at 10 p.p.m., depressed by foliar spraying at 20 p.p.m. Stem growth was depressed by 6 p.p.m. Fe in the solution and by foliar application at 20 p.p.m., not affected by lower concentrations. Fe 59-labelled FeCI3 sprayed on the leaves was readily absorbed and translocated to the roots; the roots readily absorbed FeCl3 added to the solution but translocation to the aerial parts was rather slow. A similar trial with coffee seedlings indicated a stimulating effect of the chelate on root and stem growth when it was applied either to the roots or to the leaves. TI:Insects associated with unshaded Theobroma cacao L. in Ghana. AU:Gerard,-B.M.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.101-111. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids;Thrips; Bathycoelia thalassina; Shade; PY:1964 GE:Ghana; **:Actual and potential side-effects of shade removal in cocoa fields are discussed with special reference to insect pests. Among the species attacking shaded fields as well, mirids become less easy to control because of the changed growth habit of the cocoa; thrips tend to cause more serious defoliation in unshaded fields. In general the insect fauna shows a shift from species naturally occurring in forests to savanna types. In Ghana a pentatomid bug, Bathycoelia thalassina, threatens to become a serious pest of unshaded cocoa. It pierces the pericarp of young pods to feed on the developing seeds. For the time being, successful growing of cocoa without shade appears to depend on effective chemical control of the most important pests. TI:A preliminary world review of cacao mirids. AU:Entwistle,-P.F.; Youdeowei,-A.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.71-79. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Monalonion; Sahlbergella; Distantiella; Bryocoropsis; Odoniella; Boxiopsis; Helopeltis; Pseudodoniella; Platyngomiriodes; Reviews; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria; **:A review is presented of the distribution of mirid species associated with cocoa in all countries growing this crop, and of their host plants, biology, and ecology. The 35 species mentioned pertain to 9 genera, of which Monalonion is restricted to the New World and is the only genus found there; Sahlbergella, Distantiella and Bryocoropsis are restricted to W. Africa, Odoniella to the Congo, and Boxiopsis to Madagascar, Helopeltis occurs from New Guinea to W. Africa, Pseudodoniella in the Philippines and eastern New Guinea; Platyngomiriodes has been found in Sabah. TI:A note on mirid bugs (Hempitera: Miridae) and some other insect pests of cocoa in Sabah, Malaysia, AU:Conway,-G.R.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.80-84. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Helopeltis-clavifer; Platyngomiriodes-apiformis; Phassus-hosei; Zeuzera; Colobesthes-falcata; PY:1964 GE:Malaysia; Sabah; **:Major cocoa pests in Sabah all appear to occur naturally in adjacent forests; they include the ring-bark borer Phassus hosei, a branch-boring Zeuzera sp., a few other lepidopterous species attacking the leaves, mealybugs, the flatid Colobesthes falcata, and 2 mirids. One mirid, Helopeltis clavifer, prefers the pods, feeding on young shoots only when no pods are present. The other mirid, Platyngomiriodes apiformis, causes serious damage to pods by its gregarious feeding on the tips and bases; it does not feed on young shoots but was found to feed on partially lignified chupons and in a few trees on branches and sterns. The mirids can be controlled with lindane; other pests are kept in check by their natural enemies since chemical control was discontinued in 1961. TI:A brief outline of the climate of the main cocoa growing area of western Nigeria AU:Wessel,-M.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.90-96 DE:Temperature; Rainfall; Radiation; PY:1964 **:Fairly detailed data are presented of the climate of the cocoa belt extending from Ilaro to Ikare in W. Nigeria. Cocoa growing areas within this belt total 450,000 ha; the average yield is 400 kg of commercial cocoa per ha. The climate is characterised by an annual rainfall of 1,100-1,500 mm, of which only 9% falls in Nov.-Feb.; during the severe dry season the harmattan penetrates deeply into the cocoa belt. A comparison with other cocoa producing countries of West Africa indicates that this climate is similar to that of Abengourou in the Ivory Coast, and is much more extreme than that of the cocoa growing regions of Ghana. TI:Observations on the effects of gibberellic acid on the growth of cocoa seedlings. AU:Are,-L.; SO:Nigerian agricultural journal. 1(1):26-29. DE:Growth-regulators; Gibberilines; GA; Hormones; Growth; Elongation; PY:1964 GE:nigeria; **:In Nigeria 20-day-old seedlings of Upper Amazon cocoa were sprayed with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1,000 p.p.m. During 4 weeks after treatment the chemical increased the rate of elongation of the stem and the rate of maturation of new leaves, the effect increasing with the concentration. After that time the effect of gibberellic acid gradually decreased. No differences in the number or size of leaves were observed between treated and untreated plants TI:Cocoa in Sao Tome and Principe OT:O cacaueiro em S. Tome e Principe AU:Ferrao,-J.E.M. SO:Revista Ciencias Agrarias, 14(1):85-94. DE:Regional; Production; Cultivation; History; Propects; PY:1991 GE:Sao-Tome; Principe; **:The history of cocoa production in the islands of Sao Tome and Principe is presented. Information on cultivation practices and on production levels at different periods in time are provided, and the future of the crop in these islands is also discussed. TI:Some aspects of vertabrate damage to cocoa in West Africa AU:Everard,-C.O.R.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.114-119. DE:Pests-; Pest-control; Rodents; Rats; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; **:Vertebrate damage to cocoa was found in W. Nigeria to he mainly caused by rodents. Seeds and young seedlings are dug up, older seedlings are gnawed through at the base. Rodent damage to pods may be fairly serious but has been exaggerated because it was confused with damage caused by the caterpillars of Characoma stictograpta. Fermenting beans may be contaminated with faeces because the mucilage attracts several animals; stored cocoa is consumed by rodents and contaminated with faeces of rodents and lizards. Wire netting or corrugated iron sheeting should enclose nurseries; stores should be made rodent-proof. Protection of plants in the field against porcupines and rats may be attained by treating the plants with a formulation containing nicotine, or by spraying the ground with endrin. TI:World Cocoa Survey AU:Krug,-C.A.; Quartey-Papafio,-E.; SO:FAO Agricultural studies, No 63. 242p. DE:Regional; Climate ; Production; Research PY:1964 GE:World **:A survey based on questionnaires and visits to cocoa producing countries presenting concise information on the cocoa industry in each of these countries: climate and soils, types cultivated, cultural practices, extension and training, and research. Maps show the extent of actual and/or potential cocoa growing regions. The final chapter contains a summary of the information arranged according to subjects, and indicates problems to be solved. The appendices present sources of information, a summary of replies to questionnaires sent in 1958 and 1963, a list of stations and centres working on cocoa research, a list of scientific names of plants, pests and pathogens connected with cocoa, and conversion tables. TI:A toxicogenic leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) observed on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Salas,-A.; Hansen,-A.J.; SO:Cacao, 8(1):6-12. DE:Insect-pests; Homoptera; Cicadellidae; Chainaia-runescens; PY:1964 GE:Coats-Rica; TI:Extension work on mirid control in Western Nigeria AU:Akinwolemiwa,-J.O.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.66-69. DE:Extension; Dissemination; Insect-pets; Hemiptera; Mirids; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria; TI:Cocoa, a pre-Colombian food OT:El cacao (Theobroma cacao), alimento precolombino. AU:Arana,-O.; SO:Agricultura Trop. 21(3):179-182. DE:Regional; Germplasm; Diseases-incidence; Monliophthora-pod-rot; PY:1965 GE:Colombia **:Colombia has the 2nd largest per capita cocoa consumption in the world. The total annual consumption is about 30,000 tons; the annual production is only 17.000 tons. About 35,000 ha are planted with cocoa, yielding an average of 400-600 kg/ha/y. The varieties planted are Trinitarios and Amazon Forasteros 91.5%, locally selected clones 5%, imported hybrids 2.5%, and Criollo 1%. Potentially Colombia could be a cocoa exporting country instead a cocoa importing country. low yields are the result of deficient management, particularly control of pests and diseases. Monilia alone causes a estimated reduction of 30-40%. There is no official marketing organisation for the product. A national committee has suggested the establishment of a programme of support to the cocoa growers. Regions suitable for an expansion of the industry are enumerated. TI:The control of cocoa mirids (Hemiptera; Miridae) in Ghana with low volume applications of carbaryl and sumithion. AU:Peterson,-D.G., Bond,-E.F.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.18-25. DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Chemical-control; Insecitcides; Carbaryl; Sumithion; Fenitrothion; Application-technique; Mist-blower; PY:1964 GE:Ghana; **:Trials conducted in Ghana indicated that a 95 % reduction of the cocoa mirid population can be attained by spraying each tree twice, from opposite directions, with carbaryl or fenitrothion (sumithion) at a concentration of 0.625% active ingredient, using a mist-blower with a delivery rate of 0.9 l/minute. In a normal field with 1,875 cocoa trees per ha this works out at a rate of application of 112 l/ha. In contrast to the usual method of applying lindane, the spray should be directed to the trunks and canopies of the cocoa trees. TI:Research on the chemical control of cacao rnirids conducted by the I.F.C.C. in the Ivory Coast from Sept. 1963 to March 1964 OT:Travaux rÈalisÈs par l'I.F.C.C. en CÙte d'lvoire sur la lutte chimique contre les mirides du cacaoyer de Septembre 1963 ý Mars 1964. AU:Decelle,-J.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.35-37. DE:insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insecticides; Fenitrothion; Dichlorvos; Carbaryl; Insecticide-residues; Flavour; Quality; PY:1964 **:Cocoa mirids in the Ivory Coast are usually controlled by spraying with lindane , Field trials showed that 0.3%, fenitrothion (active) gave the best results when trees were sprayed from both sides; 0.3 % dichlorvos was but little effective. Spraying with l.7 kg carbaryl in 100 l water per ha resulted in a residue of 0.13% in the pods and one of 0.15 p.p,m. in the processed beans; it had no perceptible effect on the flavour of the beans. Two sprayings with 500 g fenitrothion per ha at a 4-week interval caused no deterioration of flavour, but a few tasters experienced slight allergenic effects. TI:Insects associated with unshaded Theobroma cacao L. in Ghana. AU:Gerard,-B.M.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.101-111. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; PY:1964 GE:Ghana; TI:Field experiments in the control of Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemptera: Miridae) with Sevin and Sumithion in Nigeria AU:Entwistle,-P.F.; Youdeowei,-A.; Eugagie,-W.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.26-34. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insecticides; Sevin; Sumithion; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria; TI:The distribution of mirid species and of resistant mirids in Nigeria. AU:Entwistle,-P.F.; SO:Proc. of the Conference on mirids and other pests of cacao at the W. Afr. Cocoa Res, Inst. (Nigeria), 24th to 27th March, 1964, Ibadan, 1964. p.9-17. DE:Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Mirids; Sahlbergella-singularis; Distantiella-theobroma; Helopeltis; Bryocoropsis-laticollis; Syrvey; Insect-damage; Resistance; lindane; Dieldrin; PY:1964 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria; **:A survey of cocoa mirids in Nigeria was made in 1962/64. Sahlbergella singularis proved to be the dominant species, occurring in all cocoa growing areas and making up 97%, of the catches. Resistance of this species to lindane and dieldrin was only found in an area of 150 km2 in the vicinty of Ondo. The occurrence of Distantiella theobroma was mainly restricted to a large area in the eastern part of the Western Region, where it constituted 18% of the catches. Damage to cocoa by D. theobroma appeared to occur almost exclusively at altitudes of over 250 m. Only 2 Helopeltis spp. and no Bryocoropsis laticollis were collected during the survey. TI:Progress in the laboratory rearing of cocoa mirids in Nigeria. AU:Youdeowei,-A.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March 1964. p.98-100. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; PY:1964 GE:Nigeria; TI:The Badianus manuscirpt (Codex Barberini, Latin 241, Vatican Library), An Aztec Herbal of 1552 AU:Emmart,-E.W.; SO:John, Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 341pp. 118 plates DE:history PY:1940 TI:The Natural and Moral History of the Indians OT:Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, en que se tratan las Cosas natables del Cielo, elementos, metales, plantas y animales dellas y los ritos y ceremonias, leyes y govierno y guerras de los indios. Comuesta por el padre Joseph de Acosta. Religioso de la compania de Jesus. AU:Acosta,-J.-de (Joseph); SO:Impreso en Sevilla en Casa de Juan de Leon. Ano MDXC DE:History; Trade; Roasting; Shade; Health; Medicine; Money; PY:1590 **:[Mueller] Acosta, Spanish historian, jesuit. Born around 1540 Medina del Campo, Died 1599. Went to America in 1577,after his return in 1586 became rector of the University of Salamanca. : :[Ost] According to Markahm's introduction the Spanish Jesuit tre\avelled in 1570 to S. America unitl the end of 1583 or the beginning of 1584 he remained in Peru. Thereafter in Mexico. He returned to Spain in 1587. in Peru he wrote the two books in Latin with the title 'De natura novi orbis,libris dus, et de Promulgatione Evangelii apud barbars,sive de procuranda Inorum Salute, libri sex. First edition Salamanca 1588 (de Natura) resp. 1589 (De promulgatione); Thereafter 2ed. Salamance 1595, Keulen, 1596. : De two books were translated inSpanish by Acosta himself as parts I and II of Historia natural y moral de las Indias; he completed this wrk with an additional 5 books. As a result the comlete work contains 7 volumes. Complete edition Sevilla 1590; Barceona 1591; Madrid 1608 and 1610. Trabnslated in Dutch by Linschoten, Enkhuizen 1598, Amsterdam 1624. English translation by E.G. = Edward Grinston, London 1604. This translation was reprinted by Markham, with a few correction resulting from comaprisons with the Madrid 1608 edition. : :The first volume deals with the discovery of America etc. in relations to the Bible and opinions fo church leaders. Vols. II and II deal with meteorolgy and geography. Vol. IV deals in the first place with mineral resources followed by cultivated plants. Of which :Vol. 4 Chapter 22, p.244 Of cacao and coca : :"Although the plantain be the most profitable, yet cacao is the most esteemed in Mexico, and the Coca in Peru, in which two trees they have great superstition. The cacao is a fruit little lesse than almonds, yet more fatte, the which being roasted hath no ill taste. It is so much esteemed among the Indians (yea, and among the Spaniards), that it is one of the richest and the greatest trafficks of New Spain, for being a drie fruite that keeps long without corruption, they carry whole shippes laoden from the Province of Guatimala. The last year an English Pirat did burne in the Port of Guatulco in New Spain above one hundred thousand cargoes of Cacao. They use it instead of money, for with five Cacaos they buy one thing, with thirtie an other, and with a hundred an other, without any contradiction; and they use to give it to the poore that beg for almes. The chief use of this cacao, is in a drinke which they call ChocolatÈ, thereof they make great accompt in that country, foolishly, and without reason, for it is loatsome to such as are not acquainted with it,having skumme or froth that is very unpleasant to taste, if they be not very well conceited thereof. [p.245] Yet it is a drink very much esteemed among the indians wherewith they feast noble men as they passe through their country. The spaniards, both men and women, that are accustomed to the country, are very greedy of this CholatÈ. They say they male diverse sortes of it, some hote, some colde, and some temperate, and therein much of that Chili, yea they make a paste thereof, the which they say is good for the stomake, and against catarch. Whatsover it be,such have not been nourished there, are not very curious thereof. The tree whereon this fruite growes is of a reasonble bigness, and well fashioned; it is so tender, that to keepe it from burning of the sunne, they plant neer unto it a great tree, which serves onely to shade it and they call it the mother of Cacao. There are plantations where they are grown like to the vines and olive trees of Spain. The province where there is greatest trade in cacao is Gutemala. There growes none in Peru,but this country yields Coca .........." TI:Cyclodine resistance in cocoa mirids in Ghana AU:Telford,-J.N.; SO:Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute (Nigeria), 24-27 March. 1964. p.4-7. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insects; Capsids; PY:1964 GE:Africa; Ghana TI:Effect of Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher on growth of cocoa seedlings AU:Yuen-Pak-Mun SO:MARDI Research Bulletin, 11(3):305-308. DE:Nematodes-; Helicotylenchus-dihystera; dry-matter-content; leaf-; stem-; root-; seedling; Damage PY:1983 GE:Malaysia **:An initial inoculum level of 2800, 3500 and 4200 Helicotylenchus dihystera did not significantly depress growth of Upper Amazon seedlings after 4 and a half months in the following variables: dry weight of leaves, stem and roots, total dry weight, leaf number and plant height. Final soil population of nematodes exceeded numbers encountered in cocoa plantings. Author's summary. TI:Nutritional requirements of the cacao plant during a yearly cycle, AU:Rodriguez, R. M., et al. SO:Cacao, 8(4):1-7 DE:Nutrient-uptake; Periodicity; PY:1963 GE:Costa-Rica; **:A trial with 3-year-old cocoa plants grown in nutrient solution, conducted in Costa Rica, showed that the greatest amounts of nutrients were absorbed during periods of leaf formation (March.-Apr. and Sept.-Oct,), Initiation of flowering coincided with a decrease in absorption of Ca, K, and P; much N was absorbed during this stage, and absorption of Mg reached a peak. Root apex development in July was accompanied by increased absorption of P, Ca during fruit ripening. During the 2nd half of the cycle absorption was somewhat erratic. Evidently, the rate at which the cocoa plant absorbs nutrients varies greatly, depending on the physiological state of the plant; differences between plants in the same stage of development were only quantitative. TI:Basis for kina and cocoa cultivation OT:Grondslagen voor de kina- en cacaocultuur AU:Geus,-J.G.-de; SO:Plant en Bodem (advertisment of Mirandolle, Voute & Co.) No.9 p.26-48 PY:1951 TI:Effective rainfall and soil moisture in Trinidad AU:Hardy,-F.; SO:Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 24:45-51. DE:Rainfall; Soil-moisture; Water-relations; PY:1947 GE:Trinidad TI:Recent work of Cotterell and Posnette on swollen-shoot. OT:Travaux rÈcents de G. S. Cotterell et de A. F. Posnette sur le swollen-shoot. AU:Mimeur,-G.; SO:Rev. Internationale de Bot. Appl. et d'Agr. Trop. 29:297-300. DE:Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV; PY:1949 GE:Ghana; TI:Pedological notes of cocoa cultivation in Zaire OT:Notice pÈdologique sur la culture du cacaoyer au Congo Belge. AU:Croegaert,-J.; SO:B. Agr. du Congo Belge 40:865-870. DE:Soils; Climate; PY:1949 GE:Zaire **:Edaphic and climatic requirements of cacao and analyses of some cacao-growing soils of Belgian Congo. TI:Studies on cacao. AU:Ciferri,-R. (Rafael); SO:Porto Rico Dept. Agr. J., 15:223-286. DE:Quality; Cocoa-beans; Food-safety; Microbiology; Actinomycetes; Fungi; Drying; PY:1931 GE:Dominican-Republic; **:I. Actinomycetes on cacao beans. If. Fungous flora of dry cacao beans. Ill. Cacao moulding. IV. Tests for enzymes of cacao. V. An improved method for the desiccation of cacao beans. VI. The yeasts of the, Dominican cacao. TI:Colonisation, people and cocoa plantings in the South of Bahia OT:Colonisation, peuplement et plantation de cacao dans le sud de l'etat de Bahia. AU:Monbeig,-P.; SO:Ann. de Geog., 46:278-299. DE:Regional; PY:1937 GE:Brazil; Bahia; **:Discusses the limits at the cacao-growing zone, ways of communication, production and commerce, methods of exploitation and business and social aspects of cacao culture In Bahia. :Title according to Ostendoirf: Le cacaoyer dnas le Sud de l'etat de Bahia TI:(Agricultural performance of 12 cocoa clones in Turrialba, Costa Rica) OT:Comportamiento agronomico de 12 clones de cacao bajo las condiciones de Turrialba, Costa Rica AU:Morera,-J.; Mora,-A. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia). 1996, v. 15(41) p. 15-25; Nov, figs, table, 9 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora; Phytophthora-a; disease-resistance; PY:1996 GE:Costa Rica **:The resistance to the principal cocoa diseases of 12 cocoa clones was investigated in Costa Rica, during 1985-1992. The principal parameters studied were the dry weight and number of healthy and diseased pods. The clones CC 137, EET 183, EET 59 and EET 67 surpassed the average production of 683 kg/ha dry weight. The resistance to Phytophthora palmivora was not significant, whereas differences in resistance to Moniliophthora roreri were very marked with yields oscillating between 158.3 and 811.5 kg/ha. Especially clones EET 183 and UF 183 were superior. A narrow relationship between seed index and yield was observed. TI:(Development of yoghurt stirred with Amazonian fruit pulps: cocoa and cocoa/cupuassu) OT:Elaboracao de iogurte batido com polpas de frutas da Amazonia: cacau e cacau/cupuacu AU:Pina,-M.G.M.; Ribeiro,-C.C.; Dias,-J.C. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil). 1996, v. 8(2) p. 45-50; May, figs, 27 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fruits-; yoghurt-; milk-products; food-technology PY:1996 GE:Brazil; Amazon **:Yoghurts made of cocoa fruit pulp and a mixture of cocoa and cupuassu fruit pulps, were selected through acceptability tests. The main physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics were determined. Eight formulations were developed, differing in total milk solids (with and without the addition of powdered milk), percentage of syrup added to the yoghurt, and the percentages of the cocoa and cupuassu pulps added to the syrup. The test panel results did not reveal significant differences; however, the formulation with 70% yoghurt (integral milk + 4% powder milk) plus 30% syrup (95% cacao + 5% cupuassu), and the formulation with 80% yoghurt (integral milk) plus 20% syrup (100% cocoa) were selected most frequently. The latter formulation has the lowest cost of production. Microbiological analysis of the selected formulations demonstrated their suitability for human consumption. From authors' summary. TI:The effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of cherelle wilt of cacao AU:BartolomÈ,-R.; SO:Turrialba, 2(1):9-11 DE:Cherelle-wilt; Nutrition; Ferltilizer; PY:1952 GE:America; Costa-Rica; TI:Mission to Mexico during 10-20 January 1994 OT:Mission au Mexique du 10 au 20 janvier 1994 AU:Barel,-M. SO:1994, 34 p., summary ( DE:processing-; international-cooperation PY:1994 GE:Mexico **:The goals of this mission were to make contacts for a cocoa study and to test a prototype of a controlled cocoa dryer; to examine possibilities of latex supplies for studying rubber drying; and to provide support for the coffee improvement and operation programme, which includes a project for treating wastewater from pulping stations. TI:Effects of inoculum forms and densities on cacao root infection by Phytophthora spp. AU:Luz,-E.D.M.N.; Mitchell,-D.J. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(2) p. 41-51; May, 37 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; inoculation-methods; pathogenicity-; PY:1994 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:Responses of cocoa seedlings to infection by different levels and forms of inoculum of Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora heveae, Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora in soil were determined in Bahia, Brazil. Inoculations were done with 100 and 250 chlamydospores or oospores/g of soil and 100 000, 500 000 and 1 million zoospores/plant. Cocoa seedlings of susceptible and tolerant cultivars were used. The plants were harvested 8 weeks after inoculation. Infection occurred in roots of both susceptible and tolerant cultivars using all forms of inoculum. Levels of infection and disease severity varied with species of Phytophthora, inoculum concentrations and types of cultivars tested. Damage to the roots was greatest at the highest inoculum levels, and mortality was generally restricted to inoculation with P. citrophthora and P. palmivora at 100 000 zoospores/plant or 250 chlamydospores/g of soil. These 2 species also caused the greatest damage to the root systems of cocoa seedlings. Phytophthora megakarya caused little damage to roots and no mortality, even at the highest concentration of zoospores or chlamydospores. The mortality of plants exposed to zoospores or oospores of P. capsici or P. heveae was low. All 5 species have the potential to infect cocoa root systems, and, although the plants may not show external symptoms, the colonized roots may function as inoculum reservoirs to infect the canopy. Authors' summary. TI:(Re-evaluation of planters in Cameroon?) OT:Les planteurs camerounais ont-ils ete reevalues? AU:Courade,-G.; Alary,-V. SO:Politique-Africaine (France).1994, no. 54, p. 74-87, tables; summaries (En, DE:price-policies; cocoa-beans; coffee-; monetary-policies; producer-prices PY:1994 GE:Cameroon **:The recent devaluation of the currency was not particularly aimed at the coffee and cocoa planters in Cameroon. The expected rise in producer prices would not act as an incentive to heavily indebted producers of these crops. The high price of inputs is the first bottleneck they face. This lack of opportunities is responsible for the planters' caution. A lasting improvement of prices would incite them to extend rather than regenerate their orchards. Devaluation is no substitute for agricultural and social policies. TI:Report on cocoa marketing and quality. Project for improving cocoa processing. Cocoa Department, Secretary of Agriculture, Dominican Republic OT:Informe comercializacion y calidad del cacao. Proyecto mejora de la elaboracion del cacao. Departamento de Cacao, Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Republica Dominicana AU:Roche,-G. SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-IRCC, 1992, 72 p., figs, tables; summary ( DE:cocoa-beans; cooperative-activities; finance-; marketing-; processing-; quality- PY:1992 GE:Dominican Republic **:CONACADO is a well-organized association of cocoa growers in the Dominican Republic. Its funds are expanding as a result of earnings from interest. The commercial operations of the 6 groups that constitute CONACADO provide net benefits. The credit system for growers continues to give satisfactory results, but it is advisable to decrease the total volume of these loans. An analysis of the sales system shows that setting cocoa prices each week or every 2 weeks results in sufficient profits, particularly for fermented cocoa. Cocoa should not be stocked to wait for prices to rise: this could lead to huge financial losses and lower product quality. (diffusion restricted) TI:Report on marketing and quality of cocoa. Project for improving cocoa processing. Cocoa Department, Secretary of Agriculture, Dominican Republic OT:Informe comercializacion y calidad del cacao. Proyecto mejora de la elaboracion del cacao. Departamento de Cacao, Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Republica Dominicana AU:Roche,-G. SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-CP, 1993, 90 p., figs, tables; summary ( DE:cocoa-beans; quality-; finance-; exports-; marketing-; cooperative-activities PY:1993 GE:Dominican Republic **:The local cocoa growers' association CONACADO has gained access to new markets in Europe. Rains during the month of May, the main harvesting period, have had a negative influence on cocoa quality, and numerous mouldy beans have been observed. The Presidency of the Dominican Republic has created a fund for interest-free financing of infrastructure that would improve cocoa quality, and the Agricultural Bank has granted a sales loan. (diffusion restricted) TI:Guarantee fund for coffee and cocoa co-operatives in the Ivory Coast OT:L'experience ivoirienne en matiere de fonds de garantie au benefice des cooperatives cafe-cacao AU:Lohoury-Guigui,-M.L.; Vannini,-P. SO:Aproma (France).1994, no. 37, p. 7-14, summaries (En, DE:cooperative-activities; credit-; marketing-; support-measures PY:1994 GE:Ivory Coast **:The coffee-cocoa co-operatives guarantee fund was set up in 1991 following an analysis of the system of sales of these products in the Ivory Coast and a thorough study of the co-operative movement. After a review of the conclusions of these preliminary studies, the objectives and organization of the fund and its activities since its creation are described. The importance of the fluidity of the circuit is stressed, and the concepts of financial facilitation and institutionalization of the fund are emphasized. TI:Symptoms of mineral deficiencies in cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) grown in nutrient solution OT:Sintomas de deficiencias nutricionais em cupuacuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum) cultivado em solucao nutritiva AU:Salvador,-J.O.; Muraoka,-T.; Rossetto,-R.; Ribeiro,-G.-de-A. SO:Scientia-Agricola (Brazil).1994, v. 51(3) p. 407-414; Sep, colour photos, 11 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fruit-crops; Theobroma-grandiflorum; mineral-deficiencies; symptoms-; tissue-analysis PY:1994 GE:Brazil **:The visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies of cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) were studied in Brazil. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse, in nutrient solutions without N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn or Zn, as well as a complete nutrient solution. All the symptoms, which were very similar to those of cocoa plants, are described and presented in an identification chart. To assess the nutrient concentrations, leaves were collected from different parts of the plants. The concentrations found in leaves of plants from which an element had been omitted were always lower than those in plants submitted to the complete treatment, thereby demonstrating that the symptoms really were due to the induced deficiency. Although the mineral contents of leaves with deficiency symptoms were always lower than those found in other samples, the reference leaf recommended in the literature for cocoa (third leaf from the tip), was also adequate for the identification of nutritional deficiencies in cupuassu, with the exception of Cu. Authors' summary. TI:Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from parts of cocoa flowers OT:Embryogenese somatique et regeneration des plantes de cacaoyer Theobroma cacao L. a partir de pieces florales AU:Lopez-Baez,-O. SO:1994, 145 p., figs, bibliography (160 ref.); summaries (En, DE:somatic-embryos; culture-media; propagation-materials PY:1994 **:A cocoa plant propagation protocol using somatic embryogenesis induced from petals, staminodes and strands of stamens was developed. This process is based on hormonal induction followed by expression on a hormone-free medium. The importance of hormone composition, concentration and length of induction on the expression and quality of embryogenesis was demonstrated. The workers obtained regular production of embryos on a semi-solid or liquid medium. Culture conditions and the media necessary for maturation, germination and conversion of embryos in plantlets were defined. A preliminary study of ploidy and nuclear DNA content conformity of 98 plants regenerated using this pathway indicate that these characters are not modified by somatic embryogenesis. Studies on morphological conformity were continued by transferring the 96 plants to a field in Ecuador. Initial observations show that all the plants have normal morphology and growth, similar to those of a plant grown from seed. TI:(Phenolic compounds in Theobroma cacao leaves and attractiveness for mirids) OT:Les composes phenoliques des feuilles et attractivite des cacaoyers aux mirides AU:Armengaud,-P. SO:1994, 40 p., figs, 16 ref.; summary ( DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Miridae-; phenolic-compounds; pest-resistance; PY:1994 **:The chemistry of cocoa attractiveness to mirids was studied, following research on the activity of flavonols in the cocoa-mirid relationship. The phenolic profile of new clones of different sensitivities was characterized. A study on the basis of leaf age showed significant, characteristic variations in relation to leaf maturity. Flavanols and flavonol-type compounds are most abundant in anthocyaninated leaves. Acids-phenols reach a maximum in mature leaves. Comparative analysis of all clones indicates real polymorphism of the phenolic pool and higher contents of certain flavonols in the most attractive individuals. TI:Tests of the effectiveness of FUMIVAP pyrotechnical insecticide generators: setting up a series of trials OT:Tests d'efficacite des generateurs pyrotechniques d'insecticides FUMIVAP: mise en place d'une serie d'essais AU:Decazy,-B. SO:1993, 22 p., figs, tables; summary ( DE:pest-insects; Miridae-; chemical-control; insecticides-; equipment-; Mirids; Fumigation; Application; PY:1993 **:Trials were set up to test the biological efficiency of a pyrotechnical generator of insecticides (FUMIVAP) on cocoa mirids. The programme and the progress of the trials, which were carried out in the Mbam region, are described. The functioning and the efficiency of FUMIVAP are analysed. The situation of both cocoa and coffee are examined. Major points of interest are the cocoa entomology research programme (tests of insecticides on mirids; evaluation of mirid resistance of plant material) and the coffee tree (inventory of the parasitoids of the berry borer) in Cameroon. TI:Allometric equations for estimating the above-ground biomass of cacao stands in the eastern Amazon Basin AU:Subler,-S. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(3) p. 65-72; Sep, figs, 21 ref.; summaries (En, DE:measurement-; biomass-; dimensions-; stems-; canopy- PY:1994 GE:Brazil; Para **:Allometric relationships are described for estimating cocoa tree leaf, branch, bole and total aboveground dry biomass from measurements of bole diameter and height, primary branch diameter and maximum canopy height. Eight cocoa trees in a 16-17-year-old plantation in Para, Brazil, in the eastern Amazon Basin, were measured and destructively sampled for component wet and dry weight determinations. Step-wise regression was used on log-transformed measures to develop equations of best fit. The best overall predictor of total and component dry biomass was the sum of the bole and branch diameters (Dt). Correlation coefficients for allometric regressions of biomass variables on Dt were generally above 0.90, with over 98% of the variation in branch and total biomass accounted for by variation in Dt. From author's summary. TI:(Simulation model for the development of witches' broom disease of cocoa in Bahia) OT:Modelo de simulacao da evolucao da vassoura-de-bruxa do cacaueiro na Bahia AU:Sgrillo,-R.B.; Araujo,-K.R.P.-de SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1994, v. 6(3) p. 73-84; Sep, figs, 6 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-; models-; crop-losses; disease-control; Epidemiology; PY:1994 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A deterministic compartmental model for simulation of the development of witches' broom (caused by Crinipellis perniciosa) in cocoa in Bahia, Brazil, is proposed. The compartments represent areas with different infection levels, and are mathematically represented by differential equations. The equation coefficients are variable and calculated by algebraic equations. The model was coded in Dynamic Simulation Language (DSL/VS). The model was calibrated by comparing simulation results with results from field surveys conducted during 1989-1991 and in 1993. Additional simulations were carried out for sensitivity analysis. Finally, 3 different scenarios were explored: a constant disease control rate, a decreasing disease control rate and an increasing disease control rate. Using the first scenario, by the end of the century, cocoa production in Bahia would be 40% of potential production. If the farmers gradually neglected their plantations (the second scenario) the losses in 1999/2000 would be about 80%. However, if the political and market conditions permitted an efficient control of the disease (the third scenario), the losses in 1999/2000 would not be significant. Authors' summary. TI:The CEPEC platform drier: its construction, operation and maintenance OT:Instalacao, operacao e manutencao do secador plataforma CEPEC AU:Cunha,-J.; Passos,-F.J.V.; Freire,-E.S. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1995, no. 177, 47 p., figs, photos, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cocoa-beans; dryers-; postharvest-equipment; hot-air-drying; processing- PY:1995 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A description is presented of the CEPEC platform dryer for cocoa, developed in Bahia, Brazil. The dryer uses a forced convection system, is relatively cheap, and is able to handle 2 products simultaneously. It has a high capacity and its products are of good quality and are not contaminated by the smell of smoke. The design, installation and construction of the dryer are outlined. The design includes a heating unit, consisting of a furnace in which fuelwood is burnt, the drying platform, a covering structure with a roof to protect the dryer and the cocoa from the rain, and a ventilator to force the air along the product. TI:First meeting on the agriculture of Sao Tome and Principe. Lisbon, National Museum of Ethnology, 9-11 December 1993 SO:Comunicacoes.-Serie-de-Ciencias-Agrarias (Portugal).1995, no. 19, 282 p., figs, tables; bibliography (vp.); summaries (En, DE:agricultural-policies; animal-production; plant-production; agronomy- PY:1995 GE:South Atlantic Islands; Sao Tome and Principe **:A workshop on agriculture in Sao Tome and Principe was held in Lisbon, Portugal, in Dec. 1993. Subjects dealt with included: (1) soil fertility and fertilization of cocoa and coffee; (2) conservation measures for forests and endemic species; (3) strategies for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry; (4) epidemic parasitosis of animals; (5) the need for a veterinary diagnosis laboratory; (6) projects for cocoa improvement; (7) development of oilseed crops; medicinal plants and their uses; (8) selection and introduction of food crop species and varieties; (9) cocoa pod rot; (10) coffee nematodes and the selection of resistant cultivars; (11) the promotion of integrated pest management; (12) the present status of cocoa cultivation and technology; (13) technological aspects of coffee quality; and (14) agro-food industries in developing countries. In addition, agrarian reforms and their prospects, and options available for agricultural development are discussed. TI:Variability of some physical and chemical characters of cupuassu fruit OT:Variabilidade de alguns caracteres fisicos e quimicos do fruto do cupuacuzeiro AU:Fonseca,-C.E.L.-da; Escobar,-J.R.; Bueno,-D.M. SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1990, v. 25(7) p. 1079-1084; Jul, 6 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cupuassu-; physico-chemical-properties; Composition; PY:1990 GE:Brazil, Amazonas **:The variability and correlation of several physical characteristics (length, girth, volume and weight, the weight of the fruit and seed components and the seed number) and chemical characteristics (soluble sugar content, Brix percentage, and the Brix/acid ratio) of the fruits of 19 cupuassu genotypes were studied in Amazonas, Brazil in 1984. The correlation coefficients were high for the seed and pulp percentage, while the fruit weight was highly correlated with the pulp weight, the fruit volume, the husk weight, and the fruit length. The chemical characteristics showed a poor correlation with the physical characteristics. TI:Absorption and water movement resistance in cocoa OT:Absorcao e resistencia ao movimento da agua no cacaueiro AU:Amorim,-S.M.C.-de; Valle,-R.R. SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1993, v. 28(8) p. 907-913; Aug, figs, table, 23 ref.; summaries (En, DE:water-potential; transpiration-; photosynthesis-; soil-temperature PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:The effects of root temperature on water movement resistance were studied in cocoa seedlings under greenhouse conditions in Bahia, Brazil, at root temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40degC. Observations were made of leaves covered with foil and black plastic bags, and of uncovered leaves. The leaves were located at the base, at the intermediate part, and at the apex of the stem. Measurements of water potential and its components, transpiration, photosynthesis, temperature, and stomatal conductance were done by psychrometry in the uncovered leaves adjacent to the covered leaves. The resistance to water movement did not depend on the position of the leaves on the stem, but depended on the transpirational flux. The water potential gradients across the plant varied at temperatures higher than 30degC. Gas exchanges at different root temperatures depended on the water status of the plant. Authors' summary. TI:(Black root rot of cocoa caused by Rosellinia spp. in Brazil) OT:Podridao negra da raiz do cacaueiro causada por Rosellinia spp. no Brasil AU:Oliveira,-M.L.-de SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1992, v. 4(2) p. 21-26; May, photos, 11 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Diseases; Fungi; Rosellinia; Black-root-rot; symptoms-; PY:1992 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:In a disease survey carried out in Bahia, Brazil, from 1981 to 1986, a root disease was found in several municipalities of southern Bahia, causing death of cocoa trees. Wilting, chlorosis of leaves, and death of the whole plant or branches, depending on plant age, were the main symptoms of the disease. In the root system, up to the collar level, a mycelial sheath was observed on the root surface which was at first light-grey and later black, and coalesced to form a carbonaceous mass with a woolly or felt-like surface and light-grey margin. Beneath the bark, on the surface of the wood, white mycelial (star-like) fans, for Rosellinia pepo, or black hyphal strands, for Rosellinia bunodes, were observed. In one case Rosellinia pepo was also found to cause root rot of Erythrina trees. Four-month-old cocoa plants inoculated with both species started to show symptoms 25 days after inoculation, while the first dead plants were observed 28 days after inoculation. Both species were re-isolated from all the artificially infected cocoa plants. Author's summary. TI:(Climatological parameters for modelling cocoa fruit growth) OT:Parametros para modelagem do crescimento do fruto do cacaueiro AU:Milde,-L.C.E.; Sgrillo,-R.B. SO:Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil).1993, v. 28(7) p. 759-765; Jul, fig, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:models-; fruiting-; growth-rate; development; temperature; PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:Research was conducted in Bahia, Brazil, on climatological parameters influencing cocoa fruit growth, to facilitate yield forecasting. Threshold temperature and thermal constants were calculated for each stage of fruit development after estimating the mean length of the different stages. The main meteorological factors found to have a significant relationship with the different lengths of the stages of fruit development were: rain, solar radiation, pitch evaporation, class A pan evaporation, cloudiness, maximum and minimum temperatures, average temperature, and hours of sunshine. Authors' summary. TI:(Available technology for the processing and storage of cocoa) OT:Tecnologia disponivel para o beneficiamento e armazenamento do cacau AU:Cunha,-J.; Serodio,-R.-dos-S. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1991, no. 172, 45 p., figs, 46 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cocoa-beans; fermentation-; drying-; storage-; postharvest-equipment PY:1991 **:Basic data are provided on various techniques for the processing and storage of cocoa. Subjects dealt with include methods and equipment for fermentation, drying and storage. Five types of fermentation equipment and 6 types of dryers are discussed. The control of cocoa quality by appropriate storage structures, including controlled atmosphere storage, is also reviewed. TI:(Extraction of theobromine from cocoa in an aqueous solution) OT:Extraction de la theobromine du cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en milieu aqueux AU:Nemlin,-G.J.; Coulibaly,-S. SO:Agronomie-Africaine (Ivory Coast).1992, v. 4(1) p. 61-66, figs, table, 16 ref.; summaries (En, DE:theobromine-; solvent-extraction; byproducts-; cocoa-beans; Composition; PY:1992 GE:Ivory-coast; **:A relatively inexpensive process for solid-liquid extraction of cocoa theobromine from cocoa cake is described. The finely ground cake is treated with a hot alkaline hydroxide solution of 2% Ca, dissolving the theobromine. The filtrate is concentrated in a vacuum and the theobromine, which is insoluble in water, is precipitated by neutralizing the medium with an acid. The average yield is 1.5% of the cocoa cake, giving an extraction rate of 75%. TI:Cacao standard production cost monitoring in Bahia, Brazil AU:Ferreira,-H.I.S. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1992, v. 4(3) p. 53-70; Sep, 30 ref.; summaries (En, DE:economics-; costs-; profitability-; producer-prices; production-functions PY:1992 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:An economic evalution of cocoa production was made in Bahia, Brazil, by the standard prime cost of production approach. Indicators such as price-cost break-even point (PCBEP) and still economic maximum price (SEMP) were used. Twelve scenarios were distinguished by the combination of 3 levels of fixed costs with 4 technologies. Two of these scenarios are described. A production cost function, used in the evaluation, was elaborated. Given the market prices of Dec. 1987 or Dec. 1989, the situation is very unfavourable for the cocoa producer. Author's summary. TI:(Fertility determinants in a rural forest area of Ivory Coast) OT:Facteurs de fecondite en milieu rural forestier ivoirien AU:N'Guessan,-K. SO:Dossiers-du-CEPED-Centre-Francais-sur-la-Population-et-le Developpement (France).1993, no. 25, 45 p.; Dec, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fertility-rate; commercial-farming; household-composition; social-change PY:1993 GE:Ivory Coast **:A fertility study was undertaken in an area of Ivory Coast which had undergone deforestation to make way for the production of coffee and cacao. In addition to changes in social organization, the transformation has led to a progressive reduction in household size and a growing participation of women in cash cropping and other commercial activities. Despite the socio-economic and cultural changes, there has been little change over time in fertility level which is related to complex relationships between the various proximate determinants involved: breast feeding, amenorrhoea and abstinence. Other variables that may explain the fertility pattern are associated to changes occurring in nuptiality: a delay in the age at first marriage and a higher frequency of marital disruptions as a result of an increased incidence of divorce. However, the effects of the latter set of factors are weaker than those of the former. From author's summary. TI:Influence of treatments with cupric fungicides on the mineral composition of cocoa trees AU:Lima,-J.S. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 43-51; Sep, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:copper-; fungicides-; nutrient-uptake; mineral-content; plant-analysis; copper-; iron-; zinc-; manganese-; phosphorus-; calcium-; magnesium-; potassium-; carbon-; nitrogen-; soil-analysis; seeds-; roots- PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:The influence of Cu surplus on the mineral composition of cocoa trees was studied in Bahia, Brazil, in 1990. The nutrient content of the cocoa trees was analysed in 3 plantations, in 1 of which agrochemicals had not been applied (A), and 2 plantations which had been treated with cupric fungicides for 5 and 16 years, respectively (B and C). The elements Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, P, Ca, Mg, K, C, and N were measured in the soil, and Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, P, Ca, Mg, and K were measured in tree samples. The nutrient contents of the vegetative tissues reflected those of the soil, but after a fungicide application the concentration of micronutrients in plant parts varied. Alterations in the nutrient contents of trees in the plantations B and C were observed 1 week after a fungicide application (at an interval of 1 year after the last fungicide application). The most evident alterations (e.g. Mg decrease in beans and Ca increase in roots and beans) were observed in plantation C. From author's summary. TI:(Adaptability and stability of cocoa cultivars) OT:Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de cacaueiro AU:Martins-Pinto,-L.R.; Lopes,-U.V.; Monteiro,-W.R.; Pereira,-M.G. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 53-63; Sep, figs, 18 ref.; summaries (En, DE:genotype-environment-interaction; hybrids-; variety-trials PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia, Espirito Santo **:The adaptability and phenotypic stability of 10 cocoa cultivars were evaluated at 6 different sites in cocoa producing areas of Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil, with different soils and climates. The plant characterstics evaluated were number of healthy pods/plant, moist seed weight/ha, and moist seed weight/pod. Variability was observed among various crosses for both adaptability and phenotypic stability for all 3 characterstics studied. Hybrids of cv. Scavina displayed great adaptability and an average stability in all environments. The performance of hybrids of ICS 1 was only high in the environments which were most suitable for cocoa cultivation, and their phenotypic stability was below average. From authors' summary. TI:Interactions of black pod disease (Phytophthora spp.) and the ant Azteca chartifex spiriti in Bahian cocoa plantations AU:Medeiros,-M.A.-de; Fowler,-H.G.; Delabie,-J.H.C. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1993, v. 5(3) p. 65-68; Sep, fig, 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; vectors-; predators-; Formicidae-; PY:1993 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:The interaction of black pod disease (caused by Phytophthora spp.) and the ant Azteca chartifex spiriti was studied in Bahia, Brazil, in 1990 and 1991. In a cocoa plantation of 1 ha, with 537 cocoa plants of 15 years old, shaded with Erythrina, the incidence of black pod disease was higher in trees where A. chartifex was found (21%), than in trees without ants (10%). Laboratory cultures demonstrated the capacity of the ant to act as a mechanical vector of Phytophthora spp. spores. However, the percentage of transmission was low. Azteca chartifex is probably more efficient in mechanically transmitting spores from one pod to another on the same plant, due to its territorial behaviour. Azteca chartifex may be important in inhibiting the rate of disease spread through predation of other vector insects. The association between black pod disease and A. chartifex should be considered when designing integrated control programmes, using this ant to reduce populations of phytophagous cocoa pests. From authors' summary. TI:Study of the agricultural potential of sugar cane froth and bagasse in Sosuho, Gabon OT:Etude des possibilites de valorisation agricole des ecumes et de la bagasse de canne a sucre de Sosuho (Gabon) AU:Makita-Ngadi,-J.; M'Batchi,-B.; Kilbertus,-G. SO:Tropicultura (Belgium).1993, v. 11(1) p. 20-24, 17 ref.; summaries (En, DE:waste-utilization; bagasse-; sugar-byproducts; organic-fertilizers PY:1993 GE:Gabon **:The use of organic fertilizers to improve soils of Upper Ogooue District, Gabon, is examined, taking the case of sugar cane wastes. The germination and growth of various crops (maize, rice, cocoa, okra, marrow and soybean) using soil fertilized by two types of sugar cane wastes, namely froth and bagasse, was examined. In comparison with commercial compost, the bagasse and froth did not inhibit germination of the tested seed. However, growth of all species is better on froth than on bagasse. The results of chemical analyses of these two types of waste can partially explain the good growth observed on the froth alone or on froth mixed with soil. TI:Food production and trade dynamics in the N'Tem District, northern Gabon OT:La production vivriere et la dynamique commerciale dans le departement du Ntem, Nord Gabon AU:Delpech,-B.; Flitner,-M.; Hulshof,-M.; Toueilles,-J.C.; Twagiramungu,-F. SO:Documents-de-Travail-ICRA (Netherlands).1993, 110 p., 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cropping-systems; cash-crops; ; constraints-; farm-surveys PY:1993 GE:Gabon **:Farming systems in Woleu Ntem District of Ntem Province, northern Gabon, are based on shifting cultivation; land and labour being the factors of production. The main crops are cassava, plantain, groundnut and cucumber. Those crops, mostly grown by women, are meant to satisfy the subsistence needs of their families. Since the beginning of this century, men have grown cocoa as a cash crop. Its importance has been declining since the beginning of the 1980s and no other crop has been able to replace it despite the establishment of small-scale rubber plantations. Agriculture in the province lacks public as well as private technical assistance. Credit for farm investment and extension services is of little importance or not available. In order to obtain cash, women have to sell some of their produce at Bitam market, within the village or to traders-collectors. Bananas are the most important agricultural commodity: they are sold by order to merchants who sell them at the markets of Libreville. TI:Role of phenolic compounds in the development of soluble colouring matter during alkalinization of cocoa OT:Role des composes phenoliques dans le developpement de la matiere colorante soluble au cours de l'alcalinisation du cacao AU:Bianchi,-J.; Cros,-E.; Pontillon,-J. SO:Bulletin-de-Liaison-du-Groupe-Polyphenols (France).1992, v. 16(2) p. 92-95, table, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:phenolic-compounds; colour-; alkali-treatment; cocoa-beans; Phenols; composition; PY:1992 **:The flavan-3-ols of the cocoa bean are precursors of soluble colouring matter that develops during alkalinization. When this soluble colouring matter is fractioned on gels it produces several fractions of the same colour. However, they are not polymers of the same basic unit. The insoluble amino and polyphenol compounds of the bean also participate in forming soluble colouring matter. TI:(Population structure of Phytophthora on cocoa trees infected with black pod rot in Cameroon) OT:Structure d'une population de Phytophthora sp. des cacaoyeres camerounaises atteintes de pourriture brune AU:Nyasse,-S. SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-IRCC, 1992, 65 p., figs, 45 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; pathotypes-; PY:1992 GE:Cameroon **:Studies were made of 131 strains of Phytophthora sampled on pods of cocoa trees in various parts of Cameroon. There were two major groups composed of 5 subgroups in the population. This variability can also be observed in the population's sexuality and pathogenicity (classification into groups by aggressiveness being consistent no matter which clone was used). The isoenzymatic profiles of constituent systems (PGI: phosphogluco-isomerases, and MDH2: malate-deshydrogenases locus 2) confirm this variability, showing that all of the strains studied belong to the same species, namely Phytophthora megakarya. TI:(Regional revival of small-scale coffee and cocoa growing in Cameroon. Status of agronomic research on coffee and cocoa: current development prospects) OT:Relance regionalisee de la production paysanne de cafe et de cacao au Cameroun. Bilan-diagnostic de la recherche agronomique cafe/cacao: quels acquis pour le developpement dans le contexte actuel? AU:Petithuguenin,-P. SO:1993, 46 p., 32 ref.; summary ( DE:cropping-systems; development-projects PY:1993 GE:Cameroon **:A study was carried out following a mission to Cameroon in December 1992. This mission was part of a feasibility study on the regional revival of coffee and cocoa growing. The characteristics of coffee and cocoa cropping systems, recent developments in relation to declining prices, and major questions facing research on cocoa and on Robusta and Arabica coffee growing are reviewed. Advances made in major areas of agricultural research are assessed in relation to expectations. In certain cases, these advances can provide more profitable systems that are compatible with the farming conditions and constraints. The assessment also reveals short and medium term research needs. TI:Evaluation of the aromatic quality of coffee and cocoa OT:Evaluation de la qualite aromatique du cafe et de la masse de cacao AU:Hashim,-L. SO:1990, 181 p., bibliography (127 ref.); summary ( DE:Flavour-; beans; roasting-; chemical-composition; quality-; Pyrazine; Precursors; PY:1990 **:The aromas of cocoa and coffee develop primarily during roasting. Changes in certain methylpyrazines in these products was studied during roasting by combining a steam/microdistillation unit with gas chromatography assay using a thermionic detector. Methylpyrazine assays in cocoa beans, undertaken in Ivory Coast, show the pre-existence of the mono-, 2,3 di-, 2,5 di-, 2,6 di-, tri et tetramethylpyrazine in unroasted cocoa. During roasting, there is a slow but steady increase in methylpyrazines, except for tetramethylpyrazine. It reaches a maximum with roasting. Monomethylpyrazine is the most important component in coffee. The pyrazine composition of the two products, particularly the values of certain ratios, can provide information on the aromatic quality of cocoa and coffee. TI:(Appropriation and management of forest resources in the Ivory Coast) OT:Appropriation et gestion de la rente forestiere en Cote d'Ivoire AU:Leonard,-E.; Ibo,-J.G. SO:Politique-Africaine (France).1994, no. 53, p. 25-36, summaries (En, DE:forestry-policies; resource-conservation; resource-depletion PY:1994 GE:Ivory-Coast; West-Africa; Africa; **:The economy of Ivory Coast relies on forest products, including wood, coffee and cocoa. Forest capital is the source of the "economic miracle" and of the stability of the political system. It is threatened by the depletion of forest resources, the agricultural colonization of pioneer frontiers, political strategies, and the quest for immediate profit. The State and peasants must undertake a concerted policy of forest rehabilitation if forest capital is to be regenerated. TI:The virobacterial agglutination test as a rapid means of detecting cocoa swollen shoot virus. AU:Hughes,-J.-d'A; Ollennu,-L.A.A.; SO:Annals-of-Applied-Biology. 1993, 122: 2, 299-310; 13 ref. DE:Diseases; detection-; techniques-; plant-pathology; plant-viruses; cacao-swollen-shoot-badnavirus; badnavirus-group; viruses; PY:1993 **:The virobacterial agglutination (VBA) test was developed to detect cocoa swollen shoot virus [cacao swollen shoot badnavirus] (CSSV). The VBA test successfully detected CSSV in infected sap diluted to 1/2560. Antisera to a range of mild and severe CSSV isolates were tested, and the results suggest a close relationship between 7 isolates (1A, Bosomtwi, Bosomuso, Nkrankwanta, Nsaba, Seidi-Nkawie and SS365B) while the mild isolate N1 appears to be less closely related. The VBA test was compared with both direct and indirect ELISA in the field. Only VBA detected all the cocoa trees which were known to be infected and additionally identified infection in many symptomless trees. TI:Mild strain protection of cocoa in Ghana against cocoa swollen shoot virus - a review. AU:Hughes,-J-d'A; Ollennu,-L.A.A.; SO:Plant-Pathology. 1994, 43: 3, 442-457; 86 ref. DE:plant-pathogens; plant-viruses; plant-diseases; cacao-swollen-shoot-badnavirus; reviews-; induced-resistance; viruses-; Badnavirus- PY:1994 GE:Ghana-; **:In this review, mild strain protection of cocoa against isolates and strains of cocoa [cacao] swollen shoot badnavirus in Ghana is considered under the headings: introduction; viruses of Theobroma cacao; mild strain protection; variations within the CSSV group; virus complexes; experimental transmission of mild and severe strains and isolates; cross-protection observations and experiments; distribution of CSSV strains and isolates within trees; effect of mild strain protection on growth and yield; and appropriateness of mild strain protection in the control of CSSV. It is concluded that the appropriate combinations of mild strains and new hybrids for distribution to the farmers needs to be determined to ensure a high yield of good quality cocoa as well as adequate protection against infection by isolates of CSSV. Methods for inoculating the mild strains to cocoa beans, seedling or trees or a technique for multiplying mild strain-infected planting material vegetatively need to be developed. This could enable mild strain protection to be developed as a part of an integrated control programme to protect the Ghanaian cocoa industry against CSSV. TI:Levels of nutrients in healthy tissues of cocoa and those infected by Crinipellis perniciosa. OT:Teores de nutrientes em tecidos de cacaueiro sadios e infectados por Crinipellis perniciosa. AU:Bastos,-C.N.; Pereira,-G.C.; SO:Fitopatologia Brasileira. 19(2):245-247. DE:Fungal-diseases; nutrients; Crinipellis-perniciosa; biochemistry- PY:1994 **:Ca, Mg, P, Zn and Mn levels were higher in healthy cocoa tissues compared with those infected by C. perniciosa. There were no significant differences in N, S, Cu and Fe levels between healthy and diseased tissues. Higher levels of Ca, Mg, N, Zn, Cu and Mn were detected in dry brooms and of P, K, S and Fe in green brooms. The total sugar levels were significantly lower in dry brooms. TI:The effect of ornithine decarboxylase inhibition on growth, enzyme activities, and polyamine concentrations in Crinipellis perniciosa. AU:Zarb,-J; Walters,-D.R.; SO:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 47(1):44-50. DE:Crinipellis-perniciosa; Polyamine; Biosynthesis-inhibitors; activity; ornithine-decarboxylase; Putrescine; Spermidine PY:1993 **:Growth, polyamine concentration and the activities of enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis and breakdown were examined in the cocoa pathogen grown in the presence of irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase: difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), monofluoromethyl-dehydro-ornithine methyl ester (MFMOCH3) and 6-heptyne 2,5 diamine (RRMAP) and in the presence of difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), an irreversible inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase. All treatments reduced mycelial growth and depressed ornithine decarboxylase activity, but these events were not always directly linked to polyamine depletion. Putrescine concentration was markedly increased by DFMO but was not affected by DFMA and was decreased by both RRMAP and MFMOCH3. All treatments, apart from MFMOCH3, increased spermidine. No spermine was detectable in DFMO- and MFMOCH3-treated mycelia. All treatments, apart from DFMA, increased S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity. The activities of di- and polyamine oxidase were increased by DFMO but not significantly affected by other treatments. It is suggested that the growth reduction induced by DFMO, DFMA and RRMAP may be due, in part, to spermidine accumulation. In this scheme, the action of polyamine oxidase on spermidine would generate hydrogen peroxide and free radicals, both of which would induce membrane damage. TI:Preliminary information on food marketing networks in eastern Cameroon OT:Premieres informations sur les reseaux commerciaux des vivres dans la region de l'Est-Cameroun: protocole d'enquete pour l'approfondissement de la connaissance de ces reseaux. Protocole de reunions avec les commer AU:Leplaideur,-A.; Manga,-A.; Sieffert,-A.; SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-CA, 1992, 62 p., figs, tables; summary ( DE:Marketing-channels; food-supply; domestic-markets; surveys- PY:1992 GE:Cameroon **:Since 1989, eastern Cameroon has undergone a decline in economic activity. Outside of the logging industry, cash crops are based primarily on coffee and cocoa, and to a lesser extent on tobacco. These crops are suffering from low international market rates. Since 1989, small farmers have not received all of the cash anticipated for their delivery of these products. The crisis is also affecting urban areas, which are subject to austerity programmes. Within this context, a new project (API) is trying to define new lines of action for the forestry and agricultural sectors. The survey of food marketing networks in eastern Cameroon began in May 1992. The current mission was assigned the task of producing a systematic approach and preparing the programme of negotiations that could lead to a charter of joint actions involving merchants and the API Project at the end of 1992. TI:Evaluation of antisporulants for the control of Crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa AU:Laker,-H.A.; SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1992, v. 4(1) p. 7-15; Jan, 17 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; fungicides-; chemical-control; Tebuconazole; cyproconazole PY:1992 GE:Brazil, Rondonia **:The effectiveness of 12 systemic and 6 protectant fungicides to prevent sporulation of Crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa, was assessed in Rondonia, Brazil. The fungicides were applied to green brooms still attached to the trees and to dry detached brooms. These were subsequently kept in an environment conducive to sporulation. Production of basidiocarps on these brooms were monitored weekly for a total of 20 to 36 weeks. Tebuconazole and cyproconazole emerged as the most efficient antisporulants. Their effects were characterized by a delay in the initiation of fructification, a reduction in the percentage of active brooms and a decrease in the number of basidiocarps produced per broom. Inoculum from basidiocarps formed on brooms sprayed with the chemicals were infective to cocoa seedlings. Antisporulants could be used to reduce the inoculum intensity and consequently pod losses in regions with high witches' broom disease pressure. Author's summary. TI:Growth and establishment of Cordia alliodora as affected by various planting methods in agroforestry systems in the Atlantic region of Costa Rica OT:Aufwuchsentwicklung von Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken in Abhangigkeit verschiedener Pflanzmethoden in agroforstlichen Systemen in der Atlantikzone von Costa Rica AU:Schlonvoigt,-M.; SO:Gottinger Beitrage zur Land -und Forstwirtschaft in den Tropen und Subtropen, no. 80, 201 p. DE:Shade-trees; planting-; propagation-materials; agroforestry- PY:1993 GE:Costa-Rica **:On-farm trials were conducted in Costa Rica, to determine the effects of various planting methods on the growth and establishment of Cordia alliodora, as a shade tree in agroforestry systems with cocoa and pasture. The influence of planting date, soil and shade were determined. The influence of planting methods on the development of the root system was also studied. The mortality of the plants after 3 months was lowest for seedlings raised in containers, and highest for seedlings transplanted with uncovered, pruned roots, and for direct-seeded plants from uncovered seed. Growth at the end of the trials, after 6, 12 or 18 months, was also best for the container-grown plants. Container-grown plants performed best independently of the planting season, but in certain seasons good results were also obtained with various forms of bare-root planting, which may have practical advantages under certain circumstances. A brief review of literature on C. alliodora is included. TI:Economically important Chalcididae of oil palm in tropical America OT:Les Chalcididae d'importance economique dans les palmeraies d'Amerique tropicale (Hymenoptera) AU:Delvare,-G.; SO:Bulletin-de-la-Societe-Entomologique-de-France (France).1992, v. 97(4) p. 349-372, figs, 13 ref.; summaries (En, DE:parasites-; Chalcididae-; identification-; pest-insects; PY:1992 GE:Tropical America **:A key for the identification of the parasites or hyperparasites of pests of oil palm (such as Haltichella spp. and Brachymeria spp.) in tropical America is provided. A number of new species are described, including Conura acragae, Conura desmieri, Conura elaeisis, Conura hispinephaga, Conura magdalensis, Conura martinezi, Conura napo, and Conura phobetronae. TI:Cocoa in French Guiana OT:Le cacaoyer en Guyane francaise AU:Bereau,-M.; Lachenaud,-P.; Planquette,-P.; SO:Cahiers-d'Outre-Mer (France).1992, v. 45(179-180) p. 349-356, figs, 6 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cultivation-; processing-; chocolate-; traditional-technology; Management; PY:1992 GE:French-Guiana **:After a brief review of the conditions and circumstances involved in setting up cocoa plantations in French Guiana, an illustrated commentary on non-industrial chocolate manufacture is provided. The product is called "homemade chocolate" or "baton cacao". TI:History of cocoa riches OT:Le cacao, richesse des pays pauvres AU:Huetz-de-Lemps,-A.; SO:Cahiers-d'Outre-Mer (France).1992, v. 45(179-180) p. 357-372, figs; summaries (En, DE:Plant-introduction; history; chocolate; Aztecs PY:1992 **:The cocoa tree played an essential role in Aztec civilization. Its grains were used as money and, when ground into powder, as a ceremonial drink, chocolate. In the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors in Mexico sweetened naturally bitter chocolate by adding sugar, and the resulting product became fashionable in Spain and France. Venezuela was then the leading supplier of cocoa, as a result of new plantations. The major boom in cocoa dates from the 19th century, when the solid form of chocolate became a common consumer item. Manufacturing was refined, particularly in Holland, Switzerland and France. To satisfy growing demand, plantations were developed in Africa. At the present time, Ghana, the Ivory Coast and Nigeria are the leading producers. In South America, Brazil and Ecuador have also developed large plantations. TI:The problems of controlling cocoa swollen shoot disease in Ghana AU:Legg,-J.T.; Owusu,-G.K.; Ollennu,-L.A.A.; Lovi,-N.K.; SO:In: 6. International Cocoa Research Conference: proceedings, Caracas, Venezuela, 6-12 Nov 1977.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. DE:virus-diseases; swollen-shoot; PY:1981 GE:Africa; Ghana **:The most pertinent aspects of the 5 most important cacao diseases, black pod (Phytophthora palmivora), witches' broom (Crinipellis perniciosa), monila pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri), ceratocystis (Ceratocystis fimbriata) and swollen shoot are discussed. Research methodologies for resistance screening are summarized and the most important cacao cultivars mentioned in the literature listed. TI:Ureum and cherelle wilt of young cacao fruits OT:La urea en el marchitamiento de las frutas jovenes de cacao AU:Jaramillo,-R.A.; SO:Cacao en Colombia, 2:63-76 DE:Growth-regulators; Foliar-fertilizers; Ureum PY:1953 GE:Colombia **:A decrease in cherelle wilt has been reported while spraying with 50 - 100 ppm naphyphtylacetic acid (NAA). TI:Annual report on cacao research 1970. AU:ICTA SO:Regional research centre, ICTA, University of W.I. DE:plant breeding; plant physiology; agronomy; biochemistry; new trials; shade trees; witches' broom inoculations; fermentation; fatty acids; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1970 TI:Annual report on cacao research 1966. AU:ICTA SO:Regional research centre, ICTA, University of W.I. DE:plant-breeding; physiology; agronomy; biochemistry; germplasm, genetics; witches-broom; black-pod; leucocyanidins; fermentation. Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1966 TI:The effect of mulching on the status of major nutrients and the growth of cacao seedlings. AU:Wasowicz,-T; SO:Tropical Agriculture, 29:163-169 DE:Mulch; Litter; PY:1952 GE:Trinidad; TI:Temperature relations in cacao fruit AU:Schroeder,-C.A.; SO:Cacao 8(4):8-10. DE:Pods; Temperature; PY:1963 GE:USA **:Measurements of temperatures inside the pericarp of nearly mature cocoa :fruits, made in Costa Rica, demonstrate that tissues of pods exposed to the sun undergo a daily fluctuation in temperature greater than that of the air. Fruits on the north side of the trees or inside the leaf canopy attain lower temperatures than those on the south side. Dark red fruits develop higher daytime temperatures than do light green fruits. A temperature gradient within the fruit could be demonstrated, according to which surface temperatures are higher during the day and comparatively lower at night. TI:(Evaluation of the reaction to moniliasis in cacao clones and hybrids at Rio Frio, Costa Rica) OT:Evaluacion de la reaccion a moniliasis en clones e hibridos de cacao en Rio Frio, Costa Rica AU:Gonzalez,-L.C.; Vega,-E.V. SO:Agronomia-Costarricense (Costa Rica).1992, v. 16(1) p. 13-22; Jan, fig, 10 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-resistance; hybrids-; PY:1992 GE:Costa-Rica **:Data are presented on the susceptibility to Moniliophthora roreri under high inoculum pressure, as well as data on yield, from the sixth year of evaluation of 10 cocoa clones and 26 of their hybrids, planted in the very humid tropics of Costa Rica. The 36 clones and hybrids ranged from 2 to 40% in incidence of moniliasis and from 8 to 114 fruits/tree/year. Out of 11 commercial cultivars planted as borders, to provide a reference and inoculum source, IMC 67 and SPA 9 showed resistance and productivity comparable to the best hybrids, whereas Pound 7, UF 29 and EET 400, although very productive, proved highly susceptible to moniliasis. During the following year (1990-91), a follow-up was focused on 17 individual, promising hybrid trees, from which 8 were selected, on the basis of their resistance and productivity, for vegetative propagation. Authors' summary. TI:Notes on the fertility of cacao soils (a) Diminishing fertility of successive soil layers. (b) Effect of drying on soil fertility AU:Wasowicz,-T; SO:Trop. Agric., 29:156-162 PY:1952 GE:Trinidad TI:Pathogenicity and characteristics of the isolate of Crinipellis perniciosa from Urucuca, Bahia Brazil. AU:Bastos-C.N.; SO:Fitopatologia brasileira, 15(4): 344-346 DE:Witches-broom-disease; Biochemical-tests; Diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1990 GE:Brazil; Urucuca; Bahia; **:Witches' broom disease of cocoa, caused by the basidiomycete Crinipellis perniciosa, was recently reported in South Bahia, the principal cocoa growing region of Brazil. Pathogenicity tests conduced on differential hosts proved the pathogenic activity of the parthogen only to cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Biochemical tests and compatibility studies with mycelial cultures were used to compare the isolate from Urucuca-Bahia to isolates from the Amazon region. It was observed that the isolate from Urucuca was identical to those belonging to the group from Ouro Preto an Jaru, Amazon region. TI:(Postharvest pod-storage influence on bean fermentation and kernel acidity of cocoa) OT:Influencia do periodo de pos-colheita do fruto no tempo de fermentacao e acidez do cacau AU:Dias,-J.C.; Avila,-M.-da-G.M. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1990, v. 2(3) p. 145-150; Sep, figs, table, 21 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Cocoa-beans; Fermentation-; Chemical-composition; Pod-storage; PY:1990 GE:Brazil, Para **:As cocoa pods are not usually opened on the day they are harvested, the possible effects of this delay on the required length of bean fermentation and on the resulting kernel acidity were investigated in Para, Brazil. Seeds were extracted from pods that had been stored for periods of 1 to 5 days and fermented for 7 days. Samples were taken daily during fermentation to determine the total sugars, acidity and pigments. In this period, the total sugar content of the pulp dropped steadily and ranged between 79.4% and 87.81% of the initial content. The values of the pigment index for all treatments indicated an acceptable level of fermentation from the sixth day onwards. In the last 3 days of fermentation the titratable acidity ranged from 14.16 to 16.47 meq NaOH per 100 g kernels, but no significant differences between the storage periods were found. Authors' summary. TI:Performance of the "Burareiro" 3 x 3 m dryer for cocoa OT:Desempenho do secador "Burareiro" 3 x 3 m na secagem do cacau AU:Cunha,-J. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1990, v. 2(3) p. 157-164; Sep, figs, table, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Dryers; Equipment; Appropriate-technology PY:1990 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:A technical description is provided of a dryer for cocoa beans, developed in Bahia, Brazil. Based on the Burareiro 2 x 2 m artificial cocoa dryer with an iron furnace, suitable for small farmers, the Burareiro 3 x 3 m was developed for medium size farms (16.3% of the farms in the region). The average temperature of the drying air immediately below the drying platform was 62degC, and due to the ease of mixing, carrried out every 2 h, the drying process was very uniform, with an average variation of 1.94% w.b. (wet basis). Because of the reduction in the construction cost per m2 (18.7%), the new dryer is affordable for medium and small farms. Its performance and capacity is suitable for 67.9% of the medium size farms, all small farms and burareiros (cocoa farmers producing less than 6000 kg per year) in a phase of increasing production. From author's summary. TI:Potential for potash production from cocoa-pod husk in Nigeria AU:Oduwole,-O.O.; Arueya,-G.L. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1990, v. 2(3) p. 171-175; Sep, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cocoa-husks; waste-utilization; crop-residues; salts- PY:1990 GE:Nigeria **:The potential for potash production from burnt cocoa-pod husk (CPH) was examined in Nigeria. Dried CPH was burnt in an incinerator, and the crude ash was transferred to a gas kiln and kept for 40-60 min at 700-710degC to ensure complete ashing. The ash was mixed with water and boiled for 20 min. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was dried. The economic feasibility of a small scale processing unit (14 kg of potash/day) is also examined. The profitability of the small scale production unit at different prices, costs and operating capacities shows that the method has economic potential. From authors' summary. TI:Fungicide application as a potential method against witches' broom of cocoa OT:Uso de agroquimicos como posible medida de control de la "escoba de Bruja" (Crinipellis perniciosa) del cacao AU:Mayorga-P,-M.; Aranzazu-H,-F. SO:Revista-ICA-Instituto-Colombiano-Agropecuario (Colombia).1990, v. 25(1) p. 61-67; Jan, 15 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; chemical-control; PY:1990 GE:Colombia **:An experiment was carried out in Colombia to find an alternative for the control of Crinipellis perniciosa in cocoa. The systemic fungicides pyracarbolid, oxicarboxin, triadimefon and a mineral oil were evaluated under field conditions, in 1981-82. Three types of brooms were sprayed twice during the highest peak of sporulation. A high inhibition of sporulation was observed with mineral oil alone or mixed with fungicides. Good sporulation inhibition was also observed when oxicarboxin was applied in water. Sporulation of brooms on trees was lower in those sprayed with oil or fungicides in oil. Green and dry brooms detached from trees and hung up under the canopy, produced significantly fewer basidiocarps than the control. An integrated programme of control should be used, taking into consideration the efficiency of the fungicide, the spray cover and the disease cycle. From authors' summary. TI:The performance of the "Tubular" dryer, with forced airflow, for cocoa drying OT:Desempenho do secador "Tubular", com ventilacao forcada, na secagem do cacau AU:Cunho,-J. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1991, v. 3(1) p. 39-43; Jan, figs, table, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Dryers; Equipment; PY:1991 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:The "Tubular" dryer, traditionally used for artificial cocoa drying in the southern region of Bahia, Brazil, has natural convection as its working principle. The dryer has a low efficiency and a high cost of construction. A fan-driven airflow system was added to the dryer. The advantages include: (1) a large increase in drying capacity; (2) a much better drying uniformity of the product; (3) an increase in the lifetime of the furnace and heat exchanger parts; (4) a large increase in overall drying efficiency; (5) a reduction in fuelwood consumption; (6) a better balance between the drying capacity and the initial investment. The fan is made by metal workshops in the region, and its costs are only 5.7% of the total costs of the dryer. From author's summary. TI:Processing tropical crops: a technological approach OT:La transformation des produits agricoles en zone tropicale: approche technologique AU:Asiedu,-J.J. SO:Economie-et-Developpement (France).Paris (France), Karthala, 1991, 335 p., figs, ref.; summary ( DE:food-technology; equipment-; processing-; traditional-technology; industrial-crops PY:1991 **:This manual covers all aspects of the processing of cassava, cocoa, coconuts, coffee, groundnuts, maize, palm oil, sorghum, millet, soybeans and yams. Each product is examined in light of traditional processing methods. The technology and equipment used are discussed and the physical and chemical properties of the various products are considered. Modern processing methods are also reviewed. TI:Cocoa planting systems on a clayey yellow Latosol of the Brazilian Amazon basin OT:Sistemas de implantacao do cacaueiro em latossol muito argiloso da Amazonia Brasileira AU:Morais,-F.I.-de-O.; Anizio,-G.L.C. SO:Agrotropica (Brazil).1991, v. 3(1) p. 23-28; Jan, fig, 13 ref.; summaries (En, DE:shading-; intercropping-; agroforestry-; forest-soils PY:1991 GE:Brazil, Amazonas **:In Amazonas, Brazil, alternative cocoa planting systems were evaluated on clayey (>60% clay) yellow latosols of the Amazon basin, to solve problems related to temporary shading with banana. Cocoa cv. IMC 67 x BE 10 was established in a thinned forest (secondary regrowth) under shade of Gliricidia sp. and intercropped with food crops, legumes and forest trees, after slash and burn of the natural vegetation. Intercropping with Gliricidia, alone or mixed with papaya and forest regrowth, was found to be the best cocoa planting system on the basis of the death rate of the plants, and growth and productivity of cocoa. The performance of the system with banana plus Inga edulis was intermediate, and could be an option for shade in new plantings, provided moko-tolerant varieties of banana are used. Thinned forest, pigeon pea plus gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and cassava plus Inga edulis were not adequate due to a lesser precocity and lower productivity in a market where production efficiency is of prime importance. Information is also provided on the changes in the chemical soil properties as a result of the different intercropping treatments. From authors' summary. TI:The impact of tree ants on a population outbreak of Achaea catocaloides (Lepidoptera, Nocutidae) in cocoa plantations of Cameroon, and a study of their associated Homoptera OT:Impact des fourmis arboricoles sur une pullulation d'Achaea catocaloides (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) dans des plantations de cacaoyers du Cameroun, et etude de leurs homopteres associes AU:Dejean,-A.; Nkongmeneck,-B.; Corbara,-B.; Djieto-Lordon,-C. SO:Acta-Oecologica (France).1991, v. 12(4) p. 471-488, 60 ref.; summaries (En, DE:IPM-; Achaea-catocaloides; natural-enemies; Formicidae; Biological-control; Ants; Tetramorium-aculeatum; Oecophylla-longinoda; Crematogaster-depressa; Chromoleana-odorata; Defoliator; Predation; Biological-control; Aphis-citricola; PY:1991 GE:Cameroon **:A study was carried out in cocoa plantations in Cameroon, during the period of maximum proliferation of Achaea catocaloides caterpillars, in 2 neighbouring cocoa plantations with similar sun exposure but different ant populations. In plantation A, Tetramorium aculeatum was abundant and the crop was hardly attacked. Plantation B, in which the ant population was low, was heavily defoliated. The study of the impact on the cocoa trees of the three dominant ant species, T. aculeatum, Oecophylla longinoda and Crematogaster depressa, showed a beneficial effect of all 3 insects. The effects of Tetramorium and Oecophylla are very similar. The protective role of Crematogaster is less pronounced. TI:New behaviour of Akye growers in a suburban rural environment. Elements for a demographic-economical approach OT:Nouveaux comportements des planteurs Akye en milieu rural periurbain. Elements d'une approche demo-economique AU:Faussey-Domalain,-C.; Vimard,-P. SO:In: 10. Seminaire d'economie et de sociologie.Montpellier (France), CIRAD-MES, 1990, p. 689-700, fig, 9 ref.; summary ( DE:farmers-; production-structure; socioeconomic-development; suburban-areas PY:1990 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Cash crops in the Ivory Coast, such as coffee, cocoa and palm oil, are controlled by international factors (competition and falling prices). An analysis is provided of a production system oriented towards perennial crops (coffee and cocoa), in which food crops are intended for personal consumption. Two villages were studied (Memni and Montezo), which are part of the former pioneer zone of the smallholdings economy (southeastern Ivory Coast) that was confronted with the national agricultural crisis as soon as it occurred. Located on the outskirts of an urban environment (50 km from Abidjan), these smallholdings are characterized by a declining economy and high natural population growth that is modifying the economic and social landscape. The agricultural system is characterized by stagnation, land saturation, low level technology use, family labour and temporary farm workers. Demographic and sociologic variables prevent the system from developing in the direction of intensified farming. New individual and family mechanisms are evolving, based on increasing integration into the city (schooling for children) and closer city-country relations (rapid circulation of men, products and income). TI:(The evolution of farming systems in the SODECAO zone in Cameroon, and producer responses to the cocoa crisis) OT:Evolution des systemes de production agricoles en zone SODECAO et principales reactions des producteurs camerounais a la crise cacaoyere AU:Losch,-B. SO:Montpellier (France), CIRAD-DSA, 1990, 71 p., ref.; summary ( DE:farming-systems; production-economics; marketing-; constraints- PY:1990 GE:Cameroon **:Cameroon, like other cocoa-producing countries, has been hard hit by the crisis on the international market. Within this context, it must embark upon the delicate phase of replanting and rejuvenating its orchards. The low prices on the international markets necessitate a reorganization of the cocoa marketing channels. The ONCBP (Office de Commercialisation) and the SODECAO (Societe de Developpement du Cacao) are being reorganized. Official purchase prices have been reduced by 40%, which is a drastic cut in the cash income of the growers, and is leading to sharp cutbacks in household budgets. In the central and southern regions where SODECAO is active, there are few alternatives to cocoa growing. The creation of alternatives depends on agricultural policy measures in the areas of marketing, storage and processing of products, and on technical and financial support for livestock production or palm growing. On the other hand, the possible responses of cocoa management differ in the various areas. In Mbam available land resources are fueling a pioneering movement. In Lekie the land is saturated and orchard age leaves little room to manoeuvre. In the south, lack of labour is a major handicap in attempting to respond to the unfavourable changes in the environment. TI:(The main characteristics of the cocoa marketing channels in Cameroon) OT:Caracteristiques principales de la filiere cacaoyere camerounaise AU:Lebailly,-P. SO:In: 10. Seminaire d'economie et de sociologie.Montpellier (France), CIRAD-MES, 1990, p. 711-719, fig, 9 ref.; summary ( DE:cocoa-beans; marketing-channels; production-economics; prices- PY:1990 GE:Cameroon **:Cocoa ranks with coffee as the main export crop of Cameroon. In spite of discouraging price prospects on the world market, cocoa cannot be abandoned. It is a pillar of the agricultural economy in the forest zone, and the main source of cash income for numerous growers. The main characteristics of the commodity chain are presented. An analysis of cocoa production is provided. With the exception of a few areas, growing is nonintensive, growers are old, and black pod rot is spreading rapidly. Changes in production and prices to producers are discussed. Participants are grouped into 6 categories, viz. growers, agents, cooperatives, exporters, ONCPB and NPMB (National Produce Marketing Board), and processors. A calculation was made of commodity chain costs and domestic costs of DRC resources on the basis of a bibliographic study and information gathered on production, supervision, marketing and exports. TI:Feasibility study of the reorganization of the cooperatives in Moungo, Cameroon OT:Etude de factibilite de la restructuration des cooperatives du Moungo SO:Paris (France), BDPA SCETAGRI, 1990, 215 p., tables; summary ( DE:cooperative-activities; Management; PY:1990 GE:Cameroon **:Given the difficult situation facing the coffee and cocoa producers cooperative of Moungo, southern Cameroon, the Cameroon government has decided to carry out a thorough reorganization of this cooperative sector. The study of the socioeconomic factors governing production, the administrative and commercial environment, and the situation of the cooperative has led to the proposal of a series of recovery actions. This reorganization project should last 5 years and cost 1215 million CFA francs. The Moungo region produces 40% of the country's Robusta coffee; 15 to 20% of this production passes through 9 cooperatives; 6870 t of cocoa is produced. One union of cooperatives (UCAL) has been designated to deal with exporters and will complete this ready-for-export production chain. Growing conditions, coffee production characteristics and the situation of each of the 10 cooperatives are analysed. The overall situation is catastrophic, because of deficient installations, poor management, embezzlement and huge liabilities. This is a particularly difficult context for reorganization. Recovery action should be based on a 3-step approach, consisting of the elimination of deficits, then mergers and/or redeployment to strengthen the potential of a limited number of cooperatives, and finally, a reconditioning effort focused on cooperative education of growers, contract policies and the organization of collection and of personnel. (Diffusion restricted) TI:Observations on varieties and cultivars of cacao in Bahia, Brazil OT:Observaciones sobre las variedades y cultivares de cacao en Bahia, Brasil AU:Soria,-V.J.; SO:Cacao 8(1):1-6 DE:Germplasm; Para; Maranhao; Commun; Almeida; Catongo; PY:1963 GE:America; Brazil; Bahia **:Review of the planting material available in Brazil. These are of 3 types: Para, Maranhao and Commun. 2 albino mutants were discovered in 1937/38: Almeida and Catongo. in later years several more albino trees have been found. Probably all these trees are segregates resulting from one mutation. Segregation from a cross with Criollo is unlikely because albinism affects various parts of the trees, not just the seeds. The alleged resistance of Catongo to Phvtophthora should be further investigated. Selection work has been performed by the Urucuca and Jucari experiment stations; the main criteria were high yield and a low incidence of pod rot. TI:The virobacterial agglutination test as a rapid means of detecting cocoa swollen shoot virus AU:Hughes-J-d'A.; Ollennu-L.A.A.; SO:Annals-of-Applied-Biology, 122(2):299-310. DE:Diseases; CSSV; Virobacterial-Agglutination; ELISA; Detection; Plant-viruses; Mild-strain-virus; PY:1993 GE:Africa; Ghana **:The virobacterial agglutination (VBA) test was developed as a means of detection of cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV). Identification of CSSV-infected Theobroma cacao in the field has only been possible by visual examination of symptoms, by virus transmission using mealybugs and by grafting to induce symptom expression in Amelonado cocoa seedlings. Detection of latent infection has not been possible even using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The VBA test successfully detected CSSV in infected sap diluted to 1/2560. Antisera to a range of mild and severe CSSV isolates were tested, and the results suggest a close relationship between seven isolates (1A, Bosomtwi, Bosomuoso, Nkrankwanta, Nsaba, Seidi-Nkawie and SS365B) while the mild isolate N1 appears to be less closely related. The VBA test was compared with both direct and indirect ELISA in the field. Only VBA detected all the cocoa trees which were known to be infected and additionally identified infection in many symptomless trees. TI:Symptoms of mineral deficiency in cacao AU:Greenwood,-M.; Djokoto,-R.K.; SO:J. Hort. Sci., 27:223-236 DE:Disorders; Nutrients; PY:1952 TI:Iron and Zinc deficiencies in cacao in the Gold Coast AU:Greenwood,-M.; Hayfron,-R.J.; SO:Emp. J. Exp. Agr. 19:73-86 DE:Mineral-deficiency; Zinc; Iron; Disorders; PY:1951 GE:Africa; Ghana TI:Some problems in the physiology of cacao AU:Evans,-H.; SO:Agr. Soc. Trinidad Tob. Proc. 51:277-292. DE:Fertilization; Nutrient-disorders; PY:1951 GE:West-Indies; Trinidad; TI:Mineral nutrition of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) OT:L'alimentation minÈrale du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Homes,-M.V.; with contributions from Molle,-A; Ringoet,-A.; Schoor,-G.-van; SO:INEAC, SÈr. Scientific. No.58, 128p. PY:1953 GE:Africa; Zaire TI:Study of the regional and seasonal development of the populations of miridae (Capsidae) in the Ivory Coast OT:Etude de l'Èvelation rÈgionale et saisonniËre des populations de mirides (capsides) en CÙte d'Ivoire. AU:Lavabre,-E.M.; Decelle,-J.; Debord,-P.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 7(3):267-289. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Sahlbergella-singularis; Distantiella-theobromae; Bryocoropsis-laticollis; Survey; Geography; Season; Die-back; Stag-headed; Control; Insecticides; C-HCH; Lindane; PY:1963 GE:Africa; Ivory-coast; TI:Soil and manuring in cocoa cultivation OT:Bodem en bemesting in de cacao-cultuur AU:Ebes,-K.; Vink,-A.P.A.; SO:Archief voor de koffiecultuur in Nederlansch-IndiÎ, 17:(1):53-99 DE:Fertilizers; Field-experimentation; Soil-types; Soil-management; PY:1950 GE:Indonesia; Java; Sumatra **:With annex by A.P.A. Vink, De voornaamste literatuur over bodem en bemesting van de cacao tot 1950 (The most important literature on soils and fertilization of cocoa until 1950) TI:Cocoa storage and shipment AU:Mould,-H.A.; SO:1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome, 7-11 Sept. 1964. Paper CA 64/10 DE:Storage; Transport; Fumigation PY:1964 GE:Africa; Ghana **:Increase cocoa production in Ghana has aggravated problems of insect infestation. Initial infestation should be kept low by avoiding contact with foodstuffs and by keeping warehouses clean. The moth Cadra cautella can be controlled by nightly fogging with 0.5% pyrethrins in oil; the spray is effective for 1 day only and piperonyl butoxide has no synergistic effect against this insect. Weevils and beetles are controlled by fumigation with methyl bromide under gas tight sheets; leaving the cocoa covered with the sheets protects it against mould, but mould development should be prevented in the first place by constructing and managing warehouses so as to keep the humidity of the air as low as possible. Ship inspection was started in 1962; misting of holds with 0,2% malathion is effective against most insects found in them, but fumigation with methyl bromide is necessary when Trogoderma is present. TI:A new type of fermenting box for cacao AU:Maravalhas,-N.; SO:1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome, 7-11 Sept. 1964. Paper CA 64/27 DE:Fermentation; Fermentation-box; Fermentary PY:1964 GE:America; Brazil; Bahia **: :Trials with a new type of swaet box were conducted at Itabuna (Bahia, Brazil). The box measured 1.2x1x1 m and is divided into 4 compartments by removable vertical positions 25 cm apart, consisting of double wall lath works. Two lateral walls are provided with rows of holes 8 cm apart, coinciding with the position of the partitions and giving access of air to the gaps in the middle of the partitions; a perforated lath sliding over the holes regulates the passage of air. One of the walls facing the partitions can be removed for unloading. Improved aeration, which can be regulated according to the stage of the fermentation process, renders turning of the cocoa unnecessary and allows the process to be completed in 3-41 days. A series of trials resulted in an average of 50% fully fermented and 43% partially fermented beans TI:A new fermentary for small quantities of cocoa OT:Caugacua - Un nuovo fermentador para pequenas cantidades de cacao AU:Reyes,-E.H.; SO:1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome, 7-11 Sept. 1964. Paper CA 64/25, 5p. DE:Fermentation; Fermentary PY:1964 GE:America; Venezuela **:Successful trials with a new type of cocoa fermentary were conducted at Caucagua in Venezuela. The fermentary consisted of a basket holding 32 kg of wet cocoa, made from a tall reed (Gynerium sagillatum) and strengthened with a rim of lianas (Bauhinia sp,) It was exposed to the sun and covered with a polyethylene sheet; the cocoa was turned every 24 hours. A charge of Trinitario cocoa reached a temperature of over SO'C in the upper layer on the 2nd day and at the bottom on the 5th day; fermentation was completed in 5 days, and after drying 86% of the beans were found to be well fermented. TI:Soils of the Ouro Preto Project OT:Solos do projeto Ouro Preto AU:Silva,-L.F.-da; Filho,-R.C.; Santana,-M.B.M. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1973, no. 23, 31 p., 13 refs; summaries (En, , 2 maps DE:Land-Evaluation; Soil-Survey; PY:1973 GE:Brazil; Rondonia **:Results are described of a soil survey of the 600-km2 Ouro Preto settlement project along the highway to Porto Velho. The soils should be used for perennial tree crops and pastures. Special attention is paid to their suitability for cacao growing. TI:The influence of soil components on the nutrient conditions of the Adio series and of the Agodi soil of the Egbeda series in Nigeria AU:Unamba-Oparah,-I. SO:Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin, 12(2):159-171. DE:Soil-Fertility; PY:1974 GE:Nigeria **:Analysis of an entisol and ultisol showed a correlation between the properties of these soils and the occurrence of Phytophthora palmivora on cacao plants. The disease was particularly prevalent on soil with insufficient exchangeable and reserve potassium and with a high sodium content. TI:Aspects of general and economic geology in the polygon area of the cacao region Itabuna-Bahia OT:Aspectos da geologia geral e economica da area do poligono AU:Siqueira-Filho,-J.-de SO:Boletim-de-Recursos-Naturais-da-SUDENE (Brazil).1974, v. 12(1) p. 37-76; Jan, 21 refs; summary ( , maps DE:Geography-; Natural-Resources PY:1974 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The study discusses geographical aspects, geology at great length, and mineral resources and their utilization. The area is of economic importance from a mining point of view. TI:(A study of fluctuations in the pollination of cacao by the midges Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Palmira, Valle, Colombia). OT:Estudio de fluctuaciones de polinizacion del cacao por las mosquitas Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), en Palmira, Valle, Colombia AU:Cruz-L,-J.-de-la; Soria-V,-S. SO:Acta-Agronomica (Colombia).1973, v. 23(3-4) p. 1-17, 26 refs; DE: Plant-Growth-and-Development; Animal-Biology PY:1973 GE:Colombia **:In a study in Colombia, the number of Forcipomyia midges was found to be 1 midge to 1,038 cacao flowers. A midge pollinated 0 to 4 flowers per tree per day. Pollination fluctuated throughout the year in direct dependence on flowering and rainfall. TI:(S. Tome and Principe islands - agricultural aspects). OT:S. Tome e Priincipe - sob o ponto de vista agricola AU:Rodrigues,-F.M.-de-C. SO:Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos, Junta de Investigacoes Cientificas do Ultramar.Lisboa (Portugal), Junta de Investigacoes Cientificas do Ultramar, 1974, no. 130, 203 p.; no. 130A, 4 maps;, figs, photos, 72 refs; summaries (En, maps DE:Agricultural-Sector-Analysis; Regional-Development; General-Agriculture; Geography- PY:1974 GE:Central-Africa; Principe; Sao-Tome **:The present work has its origin in the studies for the ordinance survey record of rural real estate in the S. Tome and Principe overseas islands. The 1st part of this work is an analysis and a brief description of Principe island's farming procedures. The 2nd part is an analysis and a description f S. Tome islands's farming procedures, focused on several problems related to the cyclic agricultural crisis in S. Tome island, such as cacao tree monoculture, intensification of crops, concentration of rural real estate, labour problems, and its productivity. The problem of the developing agriculture in the overseas province is presented as a commentary on the development plan data. The 3rd part is a commentary on the agricultural map of S. Tome and Principe islands, drafted from data of the parceling from the ordinance survey record. TI:Preliminary study on hybrid vigour in cacao OT:Estudio preliminar sobre vigor hibrido en cacao AU:Dominguez-R,-P.F. SO:Revista-de-la-Facultad-de-Agronomia (Venezuela).1975, v. 8(3) p. 61-75; Jul, 10 refs; DE:Girth; PY:1975 GE:Venezuela **:In Venezuela the best crosses with respect to stem diameter at 5 cm height of 12-month-old seedlings were ICS-1 x Porcelana and ICS-1 x OC-73. TI:New information on "engurrunadera" of cacao in Venezuela OT:Nueva informacion sobre la "engurrunadera" del cacao en Venezuela AU:Doreste-S,-E.; Reyes,-L.C.-de; Aponte-L,-O.; Mijares,-J. SO:Revista-de-la-Facultad-de-Agronomia (Venezuela).1975, v. 8(3) p. 119-127; Jul, figs, photos, 3 refs; DE:Pests; Insects; Floracarus-theobromae; Eriophyes-reyesi PY:1975 GE:Venezuela **:Investigations showed that eriophyd insects (Floracarus theobromae and Eriophyes reyesi) can be held responsible for the growth disorder "engurrunadera" occurring in cacao trees. Symptoms consisting of shedding of leaves and dieback of the branch ends and distributions of the pest and intensity and variability of attack over the year are described and susceptible varieties are indicated. Long periods of dry weather appear to promote heavy attacks. TI:(Hybridization and selection of cacao in Bahia). OT:Producao e selecao de cacaueiros hibridos na Bahia AU:Vello,-F.; Garcia,-J.R.; Magalhaes,-W.S. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 38-56, 10 refs; summaries (En, PY:1972 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Dry cocoa yields are listed of progenies derived from crosses between local cacao clones and clones of different genetic and geographical origin, as obtained in 12 field trials at different locations and using progenies from open pollinated Catongo cacao as control. Progenies from crosses between local clones and Upper Amazon or local clones yielded better and were more precocious than progenies from crosses between local clones and Trinitario cacao clones. Yields of 12 different 3-year-old clonal progenies ranged from 148 to 1,340 kg/ha as compared with 19 to 283 kg/ha for the Catongo seedlings. TI:The programme of genetic improvement of cacao in Venezuela OT:Programa de mejoramiento genetico de cacao en Venezuela AU:Perez-Zamora,-A.; Reyes-E,-H.; Reyes,-L.C.-de SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 57-68, 8 refs; DE:Programmes; Selection-criteria; Vigour; Precocity; Yields; Bean-weight; PY:1972 GE:Venezuela **:Breeding work using locally selected cacao clones and introduced clones is described. Excellent results have been obtained from crosses between Criollo (Porcelana) cacao clones and Upper Amazon clones regarding vigour, precociousness in bearing, yield, and bean weight. Criollo clones of the Chuao and Ocumare types have shown good combining ability and homozygosity. Resistance to fungal diseases (Marasmius, Ceratocystis and Fusarium spp.) is evaluated. TI:Preliminary results of regional trials in Venezuela OT:Resultados preliminares del proyecto de ensayos regionales de cacao en Venezuela AU:Molina-Maggi,-C. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 90-98, map, 9 refs; DE:Yields; Disease-resistance; PY:1972 GE:Venezuela **:Preliminary results are given of regional trials started in 1963 with progenies derived from crosses between several Criollo, Trinitario, and Upper Amazon clones. The behaviour in respect to yield, quality and resistance of progenies of the 10 best combinations with 3 or 4 years of yield is described. TI:(Classification of the main cacao soils in Bahia, Brazil). OT:Classificao taxonomica dos principais solos de cacau da Bahia, Brasil AU:Silva,-L.F.-da SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 129-134, 6 refs; summaries (En, DE:Soil-Survey; Soil-Chemistry PY:1972 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The good soils for growing cacao in the Bahia region of Brazil are classified according to the 7th approximation classification system. Of the 9 identified orders within this system, only the alfisols and inceptisols are important with respect to cacao growing in the area concerned. These soils are relatively young and are characterized by their high base saturation index, average to high total cation exchange capacity, pH of 5.5-6.5 good moisture retention capacity, medium depth of 80-150 cm, loam to clay texture, and richness in primary minerals. TI:A study of the fertilizer requirements of cacao in the Ivory Coast using soil analysis OT:Etude de la fertilisation minerale des cacaoyers en Cote d'Ivoire a partir du diagnostic 'sol' AU:Jadin,-P.; SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 135-152, graph, map, tables; summaries (En, DE:Soil-Fertility; Fertiliser-and-Manure-Application PY:1972 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Pedological studies carried out on demonstration plots at different locations in the Ivory Coast have shown that for the choice of a fertilizer formula the balance between the elements is more important than the actual level of the elements. A linear relation was found between exchangeable bases and N for a given pH. A balance was also shown between K, Ca and Mg, which balance expressed as a percentage of total exchangeable bases had an optimum ratio of about 8% K, 68% Ca and 24% Mg. Furthermore, a balance between N and P, with an optimum ratio of 2, was found. In 4-year-old cacao, the adoption of this fertilizer formula has led to an increase of 300 to 600 kg/ha of dry cocoa in the 2nd year of application. TI:(Effect of fertilizers and spacing on the growth and yield of young cacao). OT:Influence des apports fractionnes d'engrais et de la densite de plantation sur la croissance et la production des jeunes cacaoyers AU:Capot,-J. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 190-198, tables; summaries (En, DE: Crop-Planting-and-Propagation; Fertiliser-and-Manure-Application PY:1972 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:In a field trial carried out in Upper Amazon cacao planted in 1964 on a sandy soil in the Ivory Coast, the effect was studied of annually NPK fertilizing in 2 or 6 equal split applications, combined with planting at a spacing of 2.5 x 30 cm, 2.5 x 2.5 m or 2.5 x 2.0 m. Over the first 4-year cropping period, fertilizing in 2 and 6 applications resulted in total yield increases of 10 and 26%, respectively, as compared with no fertilizing. Planting at a spacing of 2.5 x 3.0 m gave a total yield of 6,122 kg/ha of dry cocoa as compared with 5,365 and 5,194 kg/ha, respectively, for the 2 closer spacings. No interactions between fertilizing and spacing was observed. TI:Response of cacao to fertilizers on the alluvial soils of Rio Quevedo, Ecuador OT:Respuetas del cacao a la fertilizacion quimica, en las condiciones del suelo aluvial del Rio Quevedo, Ecuador AU:Lainez-C,-J. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 204-209, 11 refs; DE:Fertiliser-Responses PY:1972 GE:Ecuador **:In a 10-year field trial on the effect of NPK fertilizing in cacao, only N fertilizing resulted in a considerable yield increase. Leaf contents of P and K in unfertilized cacao were found adequate. The very high leaf content of Ca can be related to the occurrence of B deficiency in the soils of the region concerned. TI:Effects of drainage on cacao production OT:Efectos del drenaje sobre la produccion del cacaotero AU:Cadima-AZ; Alvim-P-de-T; SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 296-299, table, 4 refs; DE:Drainage; Yields; Water-logging; Soil-water PY:1972 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Yields of cacao areas with distinctly different groundwater tables were compared during a 5-year period. A moderately drained area, showing a water table of a little above 1 m for 13 months and a markedly lower one for the other months, had an average yield of 897 kg/ha of dry cocoa. The yield of a poorly drained area, having a water table near the surface for 41 months and below the 1-m mark for 19 months, averaged only 306 kg/ha. TI:Research on varieties resistant to Phytophthora palmivora: the reaction to experimental infection of pods OT:Recherche de cultivars resistants a Phytophthora palmivora. Etude comparative des reactions aux infections experimentales effectuees sur cabosses AU:Blaha,-G. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 435-445, tables; summaries (En, DE:Plant-Diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1972 GE:Cameroon **:In Cameroon, a number of locally selected and introduced clones of Trinitario cacao as well as of Upper Amazon cacao have been tested under different ecological conditions regarding their susceptibility to artificial infection with P. palmivora. TI:Trials with systemic fungicides against witches' broom caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Ecuador OT:Pruebas con fungicidas sistemicos para combatir el 'Mal de Machete' del cacao, causado por Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted, en el Ecuador AU:Espinoza,-A.; Delgado,-J.; Suarez,-C. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 511-516, 12 refs; DE:Plant-Diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1972 GE:Ecuador **:In laboratory studies, 8-month-old seedlings were infected artificially with C. fimbriata. The effect on the rate of survival of 10 seedlings was studied regarding treatment with 6 fungicides, i.e. Plantvax 75W (oxycarboxin), Vitavax 75W (carboxin), Benlate 50W (benomyl), Demosan 65W (chloroneb), Cercobin (thiophanate), and NF-35. Treatment with water solutions was carried out 2 times, either 40 and 20 days before infection or 4 and 24 days after infection, by spraying at 7.5 ml/plant or by watering into the soil at 15 ml/plant. Only watering into the soil of NF-35 (1,2 bis(3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-diureido) benzene 50%) proved to be very effective. This fungicide, applied at concentrations of 7.2, 5.4 and 3.6 g/l reduced the percentage of seedlings killed by the pathogen from 88.0 in the untreated control to 2.0, 2.7 and 13.2, respectively. TI:(Studies on the efficiency and reduction in cost of anti-mirid treatments on African plantations). OT:Considerations sur l'efficacite et la reduction des couts des traitements antimirides dans les plantations africaines AU:Lavabre,-E.M. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 521-531, tables; summaries (En, DE: Crop-Protection; Plant-Pests PY:1972 GE:West Africa **:Experiments conducted in the Cameroon and the Ivory Coast to reduce the high costs of spraying cacao against attack by mirids, mainly Sahlbergella singularis, are discussed. In the Ivory Coast, very promising results have been obtained with ultra-low-volume (U.L.V.) spraying, using rates as low as 3 l/ha. The standard treatment is still with lindane, but endosulfan, Thiodan and Nuvacron (monocrotophos) have shown to be very effective insecticides as well (90-100% mortality in mirids exposed to the insecticide). In the Cameroon mist blowing has been practised already for many years with satisfactory results. Techniques are explained for minimizing the sanitary hazards involved in the adoption of U.L.V. spraying, and for improving its efficacy. TI:Insect pollinators of cacao in cross fertilization in the Cameroon OT:Insectes pollinisateurs du cacaoyer en fecondation croisee au Cameroun AU:Mire-B-de; Mbondji-Mbondji-P; SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 566-569, table; summaries (En, DE:Pollination; Insects; PY:1972 GE:Cameroon **:A flower-loving insect species, Drosophila (Scaptodrosophila) triangulifer seems to have alone been responsible for more than 43% of identified fertilizations, followed by Crematogaster and Ceratopogonids, mainly of the Stilobezzia genus. TI:Studies in the use of Rohan trays in Venezuela OT:Estudios concernientes al uso del fermentador Rohan en Venezuela AU:Vivas,-J.A.; Reyes-E,-H. SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 612-619, 11 refs; DE:Fermentation; PY:1972 GE:Venezuela **:Information is given regarding the appropriate use of the fermenting trays, fermentation time according to the type of cacao grown, and the necessity of regularly turning of the beans during fermentation. TI:A new rehabilitation programme for cacao in Bahia OT:Novo programa de renovacao de cacauais na Bahia AU:Vasconcelos,-A.; Alencar,-M.H.; Ferreira,-H.I.S.; SO:In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 8-18 January, 1972.St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p. 677-686, 3 refs; summaries (En, , map DE:Rehabilitation; PY:1972 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Under a 10-year (1972-1982) programme, 150,000 ha of old cacao plantations, mainly owned by smallholders, will be replanted with high-yielding hybrids. Two-fifths of these new plantations will be established by total felling of the old cacao, and the balance by interplanting, using the old cacao trees as temporary shade which will be gradually removed. Along with the expansion of cacao growing in new areas and the application of improved cultivation techniques, the programme is expected to increase cocoa production from the pre-1970 annual level of about 160,000 tons to a volume of at least 320,000 tons by 1989/90. TI:(The IUM system for determining the use and management of sloping soils). OT:Sistema IUM para determinacion del uso y manejo de los suelos de ladera AU:Gomez-Aristizabal,-A. SO:Cenicafe (Colombia).1975, v. 26(2) p. 72-86; Apr, 30 refs; DE:Soil-Physics; Land-Conservation-and-Management PY:1975 GE:Colombia **:I(ndex of) U(se and) M(anagement) = AxSxE. A is a factor for the erosive agressivity of the rainfall, S for the inherent susceptibility of soils to erosion, and E for the degree of soil exposure, brought about by the plant cover. Values for A depend upon rainfall distribution and intensities, and have been calculated using the annual index of Fournier. A ranges from < 2 (light aggressivity) to > 5 (very high aggressivity). S is based upon soil structure, depth, permeability, stability and organic matter content, and runs from 1 (very little susceptible) to 5 (very susceptible). E takes into account the nature of the vegetation and the degree in which it requires soil disturbance. It ranges from 1 (forests) to 5 (annual, cultivated crops). The IUM for several areas and crops in Colombia has been calculated, and the measures to be taken accordingly, are listed. TI:(The application of the IUM system to determine the use and management of coffee soils in the Tolima Department). OT:Aplicacion des sistema IUM para determinar el uso y manejo de los suelos cafeteros del Departamento del Tolima AU:Fajardo-Puertas,-N.F.; Gomez-Aristizabal,-A. SO:Cenicafe (Colombia).1975, v. 26(2) p. 87-100; Apr, 4 refs; DE:Land-Conservation-and-Management; Soil-Survey; PY:1975 GE:Colombia **:The IUM (see previous abstract) was calculated, using rainfall data from 10 meteorological stations in the area, and results of analyses of soil samples from 10 agrological units. The units originating from volcanic ashes did not show any limitations for crop planting. In the other units there were limitations on the establishment of crops which gave little protection to the soil. TI:A new fig disease (Ficus carica) in Venezuela) OT:Nueva enfermedad fungosa del higo (Ficus carica L.) en Venezuela AU:Rondon-G,-A.J. SO:Agronomia-Tropical (Venezuela).1975, v. 25(5) p. 487-494; Sep, colour photos, 8 refs; DE:Diseases; PY:1975 GE:Venezuela **:A fungus of the genus Phytophthora causing rot of fruits, leaves, and shoots was isolated. Its pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation tests. TI:Nutritional requirements and manuring of the cacao tree OT:Exigencias nutricionais e fertilizacao do cacaueiro AU:Rosand,-P.C.; Miranda,-E.R.-de; Santana,-M.B.M.; Santana,-C.J.L. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1975, no. 30, 59 p.; Oct, tables; summary ( ; bibliography (106 refs) DE:Reference-Documents PY:1975 **:This is essentially a review article, dealing with the history and economic importance of cacao, nutritional requirements in relation to climate, botanical material and soil, the evolution of research on fertilizer application, and the use of fertilizers. TI:Some physical and chemical characteristics of the pod husk of Fdn3 Amazon, Trinitario and Amelonado cocoa in Nigeria AU:Ogutuga,-D.B.A. SO:Ghana-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science (Ghana).1975, v. 8(2) p. 115-120; Aug, photos, 10 ref.; summary (En, DE:Pod-husks; PY:1975 GE:Nigeria; West-Africa; Africa; **:Studies of some physical and chemical characteristics of F3 Amazon, T9/15 and Amelonado cocoa have shown that the pod husk of each cultivar is separable into 3 portions: the 'outer' pericarp, the 'middle' pericarp and the 'inner' pericarp. Most of the crude fibre is located in the 'middle' pericarp. The 'outer' pericarp constitutes over one-half of the whole husk. It is suggested that if ways could be found to separate the outer pericarp economically, it might be useful as food for livestock. Author's summary. TI:Relation between plant vigour and resistance to the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao OT:Relacion entre vigor de las plantas y resistencia al hongo Ceratocystis fimbriata en cacao AU:Dominguez,-R.,-P.F.; SO:Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central (Venezuela) 1976, v. 9(1) p. 5-21; Jun, figs, 3 ref.; DE:Diseases; Selection; Ceratocystis-fimbriata PY:1976 GE:Venezuela **:This study of the potential use of native cacao clones for obtaining resistance to Ceratocystis (Ceratomella wilt) and a higher productivity resulted in a proposal for a breeding programme. TI:(Soil survey of the "Project Burareiro" in Rondonia). OT:Solos da area do Projecto Burareiro, Rondonia AU:Leao,-A.C.; Carvalho-Filho,-R. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).Itabuna, Bahia (Brazil), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, 1977, no. 52, 31 p.; Feb, maps (1 separate), 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE: Soil-Surveying-and-Mapping PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Rondonia **:This bulletin contains the results of a preliminary study of the soils of a colonization project in the Federal Territory of Rondonia, Brazil. The soils were mapped and tentatively grouped according to their potential suitability for cacao cultivation. TI:Eco-physiological studies on cocoa OT:Recherches eco-physiologiques sur le cacaoyer AU:Lemee-G; SO:Revue-Generale-de-Botanique (France).Paris (France), Librairie Generale de l'Enseignement, 1956, v. 63, 54 p., tables; bibliography (67 ref.); summary ( ; reprint DE:Water-stress; Stomata; Micro-climate; Photosynthesis; Transpiration; PY:1956 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Pot experiments on cocoa in the Ivory Coast showed that growth and stomatal aperture were more rapidly affected by decreasing soil moisture than leaf water deficit , diffusion pressure deficit, apparent photosynthesis, and transpiration per unit of leaf area. Field observations demonstrated the pronounced interactions between age of leaf, stomatal aperture, soil moisture content, light intensity, leaf water deficit, apparent photosynthesis, water conductivity of tissues, and transpiration. Cocoa was found to be highly susceptible to both excess and shortage of soil water and to prefer light shade over full sunlight. TI:(Agrarian structures and evolution of rural areas (the cocoa region of Mid-South Cameroon)). OT:Structures agraires et evolution des milieux ruraux: le cas de la region cacaoyere du centre-sud Cameroun AU:Weber,-J. SO:Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Sciences-Humaines (France).1977, v. 14(2) p. 113-139, maps, photos, 44 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Rural-Sociology; Population-Migration-and-Settlement PY:1977 GE:Cameroon; Centre-Sud Province **:The aim of this article is to study the consequences that social evolution has had on land tenure, and then those that changes in the system of land tenure have had on rural society. At the beginning of the 20th century the population of the Mid-South province still migrated towards the sea. The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao), which gradually led to private ownership of the land on which it was planted, finally bound the population to that land, more so than colonization did. The system of land tenure has evolved rapidly, but is still opposed to the formation of large plantations. Where the land is exposed to strong population pressure, its use is also undergoing transformation. Finally this evo lution is accompanied by a good deal of townward migration. TI:(Problems concering the development of cocoa-production in the Sembe and Souanke districts (Congo)). OT:Problemes de developpement de la production cacaoyere dans les districts de sembe et souanke (Congo) AU:Guillot,-B. SO:Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Sciences-Humaines (France).1977, v. 14(2) p. 151-169, maps, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Agricultural-Production; Population-Migration-and-Settlement; Regional-Development PY:1977 GE:Congo; Sangha **:These districts have a total population of 22 000 inhabitants on an area of 22 000 km2 (i.e. 1 inhabitant/km2). Their economy is based on cocoa (Theobroma cacao), but production is limited by the low population and its bad distribution. Only 1/3 live in the most favourable areas. A better distribution could develop the very fertile eastern part (Sembe district), where the per capita income reached US $80 in 1972. This population redistribution could increase cocoa production to 3500 tons in 1985. Improved farming techniques could further increase that level. TI:The effect of planting density on the behaviour of hybrid cocoa plants OT:Efecto del distanciamiento de siembra sobre el comportamiento de plantas hibridas de cacao AU:Reyes-E.,-H.; Reyes,-L.C.-de; Rojas,-E.; Valera,-A. SO:Caucagua (Venezuela), Estacion Experimental, 197, 17 p., 5 ref.; DE:Densities; Weed-control; Hybids; Disease-Incidence; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1970 GE:Venezuela **:Hybrid cocoa, ICS-6 x Scavina 6, was planted in a statistical plan at 2 x 2, 2 x 3, 3 x 3 and 4 x 4 m in 4 replications during 1964. The highest yields over the first 9 years of production were obtained in 2 x 2 m spacing. This may be attributed to an early control of grasses, that form a serious competition for water and nutrients, and a lower soil temperature, that may cause a slower decomposition of organic matter. Dense planting will reduce weed control costs early. These costs may be up to 30% of the total exploitation costs. Disadvantages of dense planting are increased costs in sanitary pruning, fertilizer application and sucker removal. A 2 x 3 m spacing allows easier management. Witches' brooms incidence in brooms per plot was highest in the wide spacing. TI:Effectiveness of fungicides in the control of witches broom, Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer in cocoa trees OT:Efectividad de fungicidas para el control de escoba de bruja Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer en plantas de cacao AU:Reyes,-L.C.-de; Freites,-A. SO:Caucagua (Venezuela), Estacion Experimental, 197, 8 p., 10 ref.; DE:Diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Chemical-control; PY:1977 GE:Venezuela **:The control of witches' broom caused by Crinipellis perniciosa in cocoa was studied on var. UF-677 which was badly affected. Cupravit (copper oxychloride) 10 g/l and Brestan-60 (fentin acetate) 2 g/l were applied in 8 biweekly applications during the rainy season. Cupravit gave 264% and Brestan-60 225% higher bean production than the control, indicating a good control of pod rot. Cupravit application gave more pods. There is no effect of the fungicides on witches' broom control. The leaf area index increased 75% with Cupravit and 39% with Brestan as compared with the control. This effect is probably due to a protective action on healthy branches. Fungicide application is highly profitable in view of the benefit-cost ratio. Spray frequency may be reduced when sanitary pruning and fruit waste removal are implemented. TI:Behaviour of cocoa varieties affected by witches' broom caused by Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer OT:Comportamiento de cultivares de cacao al ataque de escoba de bruja Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer AU:Reyes,-L.C.-de; Rojas,-C.E. SO:Caucagua (Venezuela), Estacion Experimental, 197, 18 p., 11 ref.; DE:Diseases; Crinipellis-periciosa; PY:1970 GE:Venezuela **:The problems encountered in inoculation with Crinipellis perniciosa of germinated cocoa seed and 8 months old seedlings are discussed. Inoculation presents problems as it is not possible to culture the mould in vitro. Data are presented on many mature cocoa progenies in respect of field resistance as observed in different sites. The Scavina 6 progenies seems the most resistant material available although some field infection has been observed. The less vigorous Criollo types such as Porcelena, Criollos de Merida and Chuao-2 normally escape field infection. Infection is favoured by pruning at the beginning of the rains, too much fertilizer and poor drainage. Higher planting density than normally recommended and a better distribution of shade trees will reduce disease incidence. TI:Biochemical differences between cacao plants resistant and susceptible to Phytophthora megasperma OT:Diferencias bioquimicas entre plantas de cacao resistentes y susceptibles a Phytophthora megasperma AU:Reyes,-E.-H.; Reyes,-L.C.-de; Martin,-J.; Briceno,-J.; SO:Caracas (Venezuela), Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, 197, 6 p., table, 5 ref.; DE:Plant-Diseases; Biochemistry; Selection; Susceptibility; Phytophthora; PY:1977 GE:Venezuela **:Resistance of cocoa to black pod disease, Phytophthora megasperma, seems related to the presence of a group of phenolamines in the pod tissue. TI:The effectiveness of systemic fungicides in the control of Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ell and Hals) in cacao OT:Efectividad de fungicidas sistemicos en el control de Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ell y Hals) en plantitas de cacao AU:Reyes,-L.C.-de; Sanchez,-P.; Mijares,-J.; Palacios,-C. SO:Caucagua (Venezuela), Estacion Experimental, 197, 11 p., 6 ref.; DE:Plant-Diseases; Chemical-control; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Benomyl; Cycosin PY:1970 GE:Venezuela **:Five systemic fungicides were tested on 18 month old cocoa seedlings inoculated at 10 cm above the ground with Ceratocystis fimbriata. The best results were obtained with benlate (benomyl) and cycosin. The fungicides were applied before and after inoculation on the foliage or on the soil. No curative effects were observed but there seems a possibility of preventive use of Cycosin-70 at 200 mg per plant applied on the foliage or 400 mg benlate applied on the ground close to the plant. The use of Actidione (cycloheximide), Triforine and Mertec (thiabendazole) resulted in chlorosis to necrosis of the leaves. TI:(Cocoa plantations soils in Woleu-Ntem (Gabon)). OT:Les sols des cacaoyeres du Woleu-Ntem (Gabon) AU:Martin,-D. SO:Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Pedologie (France).1977, v. 15(3) p. 303-318, map, 23 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Soil-Physics; Soil-Chemistry PY:1977 GE:Gabon **:A study with 50 soil profiles showed that though a nearly homogenous ferrallitic material was developed, the 1st m of these profiles varied in morphology and in physical and chemical properties. The multivariate type analysis showed the morphologically detectable impoverishment of texture had effects on properties other than clay content: the absorption complex, as characterized by pH, S and S/T improved with Mg/Ca ratio, whereas fulvic acids/humic acids ratio decreased with increased impoverishment. Soils with texture impoverishment were most suitable for cacao plantations and non-impoverished soils were to be enriched with lime. The multivariate type analysis was used to classify soils according to decreasing texture impoverishment. TI:Land resources of the Solomon Islands. Vol. 6. Choiseul and the Shortland Islands AU:Wall,-J.R.D.; Hansell,-J.R.F. SO:Land-Resource-Study (UK).1976, no. 18, 205 p., figs, photos, 29 ref.; maps (8 in cover, some in colour) summaries (En, ; DE:Land-Evaluation; Soil-Surveying-and-Mapping PY:1976 GE:Pacific; Solomon-Islands, Choiseul, Shortland-Islands **:The area of Choiseul and the Shortland Islands is estimated at 3714 km2. The islands are studied on a reconnaissance basis and their physiography, landforms, soils, forest types and present land use are mapped and described. There are 8 land regions subdivided into 33 land systems; component land facets are described in detail with areal measurements. The agricultural potential of the land regions is discussed and areas having a large proportion of land suitable for large-scale cash crop agriculture (228 km2) are mapped. These maps are presented under a separate cover. TI:Research on cocoa diseases in Ecuador: Past and present AU:Evans,-H.C.; Edwards,-D.F.; Rodriguez,-M. SO:PANS.-Pest Articles-and-News-Summaries (UK).1977, v. 23(1) p. 68-80; Mar, photos, table, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Diseases PY:1977 GE:Ecuador **:The history and importance of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Ecuador are discussed and the biology of the two more important pathogens is described. Chemical methods offer few prospects for economic control. Cultural control appears ineffective in reducing infection by Crinipellis perniciosa (witches' broom) but there are possibilities of a partial control of Monilia roreri (Monilia pod rot) by cultural methods. Manipulation of the crop to escape infection has shown promise in reducing pod losses from both diseases. Authors' summary. TI:Cocoa flower Diptera; their identity, pollinating activity and breeding sites AU:Winder,-J.A. SO:PANS.-Pest Articles-and-News.1978, v. 24(1) p. 5-18. DE: Animal-Biology PY:1978 GE:World **:The Diptera associated with cocoa flowers throughout the world, their pollinating activity and known breeding sites are reviewed, and the disadvantages of using cages for assessing pollinating potential are discussed. Author's summary. TI:Plantation crops in selected rural development units AU:Evans,-R.C. SO:TAD-Reports (Germany F.R.).Eschborn (Germany F.R.), German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), 1978, no. 18, 119 p., fig, graph, maps, tables; summary (En) DE:Agricultural-Projects-and-Programmes; Rural-Development; Production-Economics PY:1978 GE:Indonesia; East Kalimantan **:This report presents the findings and recommendations for the improvement of existing plantation crops and the development of a perennial tree crop pilot project in East Kalimantan. Coconuts in the growing areas show sub-standard maintenance resulting in low yields. There is scope for rehabilitating the existing coconut smallholdings. The ground conditions of rubber smallholdings are very poor, with alang alang (Imperata cylindrica) and other noxious and forest growths predominating. Most trees are being badly tapped and wounded, and 90 to 95% of the total area is a replanting proposition. Rehabilitation is not considered practicable or economical. Cacao and oil palm have not been cultivated in this area before. TI:Coconut intercropping systems in Peninsular Malaysia AU:Denamany,-G.; Md-Sharif-Bin-Ahmad; Nasrun-Bin-Baginda-Hamid SO:Oleagineux (France).1979, v. 34(1) p. 7-15; Jan, table, 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Inter-cropping PY:1979 GE:Malaysia **:Intercropping trials in coconut plantations in Malaysia showed that the combination with cacao gives the highest income, followed by pineapple, coffee and banana. Vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato and shallots gave a higher gross income but are also more labour-intensive. Possibilities of intercropping on various soils and under various climatic conditions in Malaysia are discussed. TI:Host plants of the okra mosaic virus OT:La gamme d'hotes du virus de la mosaique du gombo (okra mosaic virus) AU:Givord,-L. SO:Agronomie-Tropicale (France).1979, v. 34(1) p. 88-90; Jan, 3 ref.; DE:Plant-Diseases; Host-Plants PY:1979 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Okra mosaic virus is a tymovirus which is easily transmitted mechanically to a great number of plants. To determine its host range it was inoculated into 287 plant species and varieties belonging to 44 different families. 171 plants distributed in 31 families are susceptible and react either by local or systemic infection. Important useful plants were found among these hosts in Ivory Coast, viz. cotton (Gossypium spp.), coffee (Coffea spp.), cacao (Theobroma cacao), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and several vegetables. Author's summary. TI:Economic viability of black pepper cultivation in the cacao region of Bahia. Estimation of investment costs for one hectare of pepper OT:Viabilidade economica do cultivo da pimenta-do-reino na regiao cacaueira da Bahia. Estimativa das despesas de capital para foramcao de um hectare de pimenta-do-reino na regiao cacaueira da Bahia AU:Brandao,-A.L.-de-A.; Tafani,-R.R.; Lima,-L.P. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1978, no. 64, 56 p., 5 ref.; summary ( DE:Production; Costs; Intercropping; PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:One hundred and twenty-four plantations, representing 70% of the area under black pepper (Piper nigrum) were investigated. The investment costs for 1 ha of black pepper at a planting distance of 2.0 x 2.0 m during its economic life of 16 years were estimated at US$ 12 700 with a cash return of US$ 15 867. Investment costs were recovered in the 10th year of cultivation when planted at a distance of 2.0 x 2.0 m, in the 11th year for a spacing of 2.0 x 2.5 m, inthe 9th year for a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m and in the 8th year for a spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m. TI:Detection of shea butter in cocoa butter OT:Detection du beurre de karite dans le beurre de cacao AU:Derbesy,-M.; Richert,-M.T. SO:Oleagineux (France).1979, v. 34(8-9) p. 405-409; Aug, 12 ref.; DE:Analytical-Chemistry; Product-Properties PY:1979 **:The unsaponifiable part of shea butter contains constituents which make detection of shea butter in cacao butter possible by quantitative chromatographic determination. TI:The evaluation of a motorised knapsack mistblower AU:Clayphon,-J.E. SO:PANS.-Pest Articles-and-News- (UK).1979, v. 25(4) p. 440-443; Dec, photo, table, 3 ref.; summa DE:Crop-Protection; Agricultural-Equipment PY:1979 GE:Ghana **:Cacao (Theobroma cacao) trees grow to more than 11 m high in Ghana because of tall shade trees, making it more difficult to control insect pests in the top. Field tests carried out using live capsids (the main pest) suspended in cages at various heights and distances from the nozzle of a Porta-Pak mistblower, manufactured by H.D. Hudson Mfg. Co., USA, and designed specifically for ULV application, are described. Other possible uses are also discussed. TI:Composition of various organic residues used as organo-mineral fertilizers OT:Composition de divers residus organiques utilises comme amendement organo-mineral AU:Godefroy-J; SO:Fruits, 34(10):579-584; 637-640. DE:Wastes; Mineral-composition; Cocoa-husks; Cocoa-shell; Coffee-parchment; PY:1979 GE:Ivory-Coast **:The carbon, N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents of various agricultural residues sampled in Ivory Coast are presented. Farmyard manure, household composts, coffee parchment, cacao bean shells and integuments have a balanced mineral composition and have a good fertilizing value. The grading rejects from banana processing factories and pineapple waste from canning plants are only rich in K. Brewers' grains and sawdust are rich in carbon but low in the other mineral elements. TI:(Equipment for phytosanitary treatment in the tropics: sprayers). OT:Les appareils de traitement phytosanitaire en milieu tropical: les pulverisateurs AU:Weber,-R. SO:Machinisme-Agricole-Tropical-CEEMAT (France).1979, no. 68, p. 3-27; Oct, figs, photos, tables; summaries (En, DE:Agricultural-Equipment; PY:1979 **:This study on sprayers from France contains: classification according to the spraying principle, the transporting principle and versatility; description and specifications; adjustments and maintenance; capacity; treatment specifications; and examples of use and level of mechanization . Some concrete cases of treatments currently applied in Africa are quoted, i.e. herbicides on hevea groves (Hevea brasiliensis), insecticides on cotton (Gossypium sp.), on stored products, on cocoa (Theobroma cacao) against mirids, and on pineapple (Ananas comosus). TI:(The fertility of the cacao soils of Colombia). OT:Generalidades sobre la fertilidad de los suelos en las zonas cacaoteras colombianas AU:Garcia-Ocampo,-A. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1979, no. 10, p. 15-30; Sep, 12 ref.; DE:Soil-Fertility; PY:1979 GE:Colombia **:Results of a soil fertility study on the cacao soils in Colombia based on soil analysis data from some 2400 soil samples are discussed with particular attention to pH, exchangeable Al, Ca, Mg, organic matter, P and K contents. TI:(A method for the isolation of the fungus Monilia roreri). OT:Un metodo de aislamiento del hongo Monilia roreri, Cif y Par AU:Baros-N,-O.; Sanchez-L,-J.A. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1979, no. 11, p. 27-40; Dec, colour photos, 3 ref.; DE:Fungal-Diseases; Microbiology-; Moniliophthora-roreri; PY:1979 GE:Colombia **:Studies conducted in Colombia showed that isolation in pure cultures of the fungus causing pod rot in cacao, Monilia roreri, is no longer a problem. The method which was most successful is described. Infected pods 1 to 3 months of age were washed in running water, disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite, treated with 40% alcohol and flamed with an alcohol burner. Then small pieces of infected tissue were removed from the pod and transferred to the culture medium. TI:Cacao leaf mosaic disease: electron microscope observations). OT:Penyakit mosaik pada coklat: pengamatan dengan mikroskop elektron AU:Sumardiyono,-Y.B.; Harjosudarmo,-J. SO:Ilmu-Pertanian (Indonesia).1978, v. 2(5) p. 279-284; Dec, photos, table, 11 ref.; summaries (En, In) DE:cacao-; viral-diseases; mosaic-virus PY:1978 GE:Indonesia **:The leaf mosaic virus disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) has long been known in Java. The disease can be transmitted by grafting and also by the mealy bugs Pseudococcos sp. and Ferrisia virgata. In an electron microscope study it was found that the virus causing this disease in Java lies between CLMV (Cocoa Leaf Mottle Virus) and CSSV (Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus), while that in North Sumatra belongs to the CSSV group according to Kenten and Woods. The latter needs further research to support this observation. TI:The use of diuron in coffee and cocoa nurseries in the Ivory Coast OT:Utilisation du diuron en pepiniere cafe et cacao en Cote d'Ivoire AU:Snoeck-J; SO:Troisieme Symposium sur le Desherbage des Cultures Tropicales, Dakar, Senegal.1978, vol. 2, p. 340-346, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:weed-control-chemical; herbicides-; diuron- PY:1978 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Weeding of coffee (Coffea sp.) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) is very laborious, requiring 50 mandays per month per ha. Trials were conducted applying 600, 900 and 1200 g of diuron 80% a.i./ha, 6 days before the transplanting of the young coffee seedlings (T-6). Weeds were indeed controlled for 3 months, but complementary hand weedings were still necessary. In a cacao nursery, diuron 80% was applied at dosages of 0.83, 1.250 and 1.666 kg/ha at S-2 (2 days before sowing) and this was repeated at S+1. It was shown that all the treated plots were nearly free of weeds for a period of 6 to 8 months, without any signs of phytotoxicity. Chemical treatment was shown to be 66% cheaper than hand weeding. TI:(Effect of increasing rates of soil applied Mg on growth of cacao (Theobroma cacao) seedlings). OT:Efecto de varias dosis de magnesio aplicadas al suelo sobre el crecimiento de plantulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Quiceno,-O,-J.; Naranjo,-A,-G.; Garcia,-O,-A. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1980, no. 14, p. 26-39; Sep, 23 ref.; DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; magnesium- PY:1980 GE:Colombia **:Seeds of cacao (Theobroma cacao) var. ICS 60 x SCA 12 were sown in polythene bags containing soil with high levels of Ca, Mg and K. Magnesium sulphate was added at rates between 0 and 38.9 meq. per 100 g of soil. One hundred and twenty days after sowing the young seedlings were uprooted and analysed for Ca, Mg and K content. Height, stem diameter, foliar area and number of leaves were also determined. The results obtained indicated that best seedling development was obtained in soils with a Ca/Mg ratio between 1:1 and 1:2. Ca/Mg ratios of 1:3 and 1:4 had adverse effects on plant growth. TI:(Control of Monilia pod rot in the cacao plantation "'Cacaoteras del Dique'). OT:El control de la moniliasis en "'Cacaoteras del Dique' AU:Barros-N,-O. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1980, no. 15, p. 31-44; Dec, colour photo, 15 ref.; DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-incidence; disease-control-cultural PY:1980 GE:Colombia **:A phytosanitary review of this cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantation since its establishment in 1967, is made. Monilia pod rot, caused by Monilia roreri, was first observed in 1971. Six years later disease incidence was 52.8%. A field experiment was carried out to study the efficacy of various cultural practices on disease incidence, including 4 weeding rounds and 6 pruning rounds (with immediate disinfection of the pruning wounds) per year, careful drainage, regulation of shading and the collection of both diseased and ripe pods every 8 days. It was shown that all these cultural practices, especially the collection of diseased and ripe pods, increased yields by 250 kg dry beans/ha in the second year of application. TI:(Aspects of production and area distribution of cacao in Bahia state OT:Aspectos da distribuicao da producao e area de cacaou do estado da Bahia AU:Vergara,-J.R.A.; Monteiro,-A.; Alves,-F.A.; Bordoni,-O.F.G. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1980, no. 75, 21 p., 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Regional; production-survey; crop-area; productivity- PY:1980 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Various agricultural statistics relating to cacao plantations in the Bahia region are given, including cropped area, production and productivity. 78.6 per cent of the total farms produced under 22 500 kg of cacao and 76 per cent of farms had less than 30 ha. Of the total production the 'buraras' and small farms contributed 36 per cent. Counties that had the biggest and lowest cacao production are identified. Information is given on area in production, area with growing cacao trees, productivity, number of farms and recent expansion of the agricultural frontier. TI:Cacao genetic resources in Latin America AU:Williams,-J.T. SO:FAO-Plant Genetic-Resources-Newsletter (FAO).1981, no. 45, p. 20-22; Apr, 2 ref.; summaries ( DE:cacao-; genetic-resources PY:1981 GE:Latin America **:Since cacao is an important cash crop for developing countries and its genetic resources are being threatened, IBPGR convened a working group in 1980 to propose counter-measures. Its report recommends that Brazil and Ecuador maintain primary collections, Trinidad and Costa Rica universal collection depositories and USA and UK quarantine transfer collections. Priority areas for collecting in Central and South America were identified. TI:Mammalian pests of cocoa in South India AU:Bhat,-S.K.; Nair,-C.P.R.; Mathew,-D.N. SO:Tropical-Pest Management (UK).1981, v. 27(3) p. 297-302; Sep, photos, 11 ref.; DE:cacao-; mammal-pests; pest-damage PY:1981 GE:India; South India **:By 1977, some 6500 ha were planted to cacao (Theobroma cacao) in South India, most in mixed plantations. The Western Ghats squirrel, Funambulus tristriatus; the South Indian palm squirrel, F. palmarum and the black rat, Rattus rattus were observed to be causing much damage to cacao in South India; the palm civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and the bonnet monkey, Macaca radiata were causing minor damage. Monthly surveys made for one year in Karnataka showed that the percentage of damage caused by rodents was 29.0; that by civets and monkeys 0.4 and 0.3 respectively. In Kerala and one district of Tamil Nadu rodents were estimated to be causing 15% damage and civets 3%; no monkey damage was found. Authors' summary. TI:(The effect of diseased fallen pods on the incidence of Monilia pod rot of cacao caused by Moniliophthora roreri). OT:Exploraciones acerca de la importancia que tienen los frutos enfermos dejados sobre el suelo como fuentes primarias de infeccion de Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. & Par.) Evans et al. AU:Cubillos-Z.,-G. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1981, no. 18, p. 38-43; Sep, fig, table, 7 ref.; DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-incidence; disease-control-cultural PY:1981 GE:Colombia **:Good results have been obtained in controlling Monilia pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao), caused by Moniliophthora roreri, through collecting and destroying affected pods twice weekly. However, this method is very labour-intensive. A field trial was conducted in which 400 infected, sporulating pods were spread over 16 plots. Disease incidence countings started 2 weeks later and were continued over a period of 3 months. The results showed that high concentrations of diseased material did not affect disease incidence. The best control measure seems to be weekly collection of all diseased pods. TI:(Importance of endomycorrhiza in the mineral nutrition of cacao). OT:Importancia da endomicorriza na nutricao mineral do cacaueiro AU:Ezeta,-F.N.; Santos,-O.M. SO:Revista-Brasileira-de-Ciencia-do-Solo (Brazil).1981, v. 5(1) p. 22-27; Jan, fig, 17 ref.; summaries (En, DE:mycorrhiza; nutrient-uptake; inoculation-; soil-sterilization PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Mycorrhiza for cacao were studied in pot experiments under unsterile and partially sterile soil conditions. Plants grown in sterile soil were stunted showing symptoms of zinc deficiency. Plants inoculated with Gigaspora margarita recovered after 15 weeks while control plants remained stunted. Zn concentration as well as total Zn uptake increased by inoculating with G. margarita. In sterile soil, inoculation with G. margarita increased total nutrient uptake two-fold relative to other species. TI:Control of bark canker in cocoa with metalaxyl AU:Prior,-C.; Smith,-E.S.C. SO:Tropical-Pest Management (UK).1982, v. 28(1) p. 45-48; Mar, table, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; metalaxyl- PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:Bark canker caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora causes serious damage to cocoa of all ages in Papua New Guinea, and its severity has recently increased. Bark cankers very often start around bark damage made by the larvae of wood-boring insects. 0.25% a.i. metalaxyl added to an aqueous dichlorvos/white oil mixture used to control these insects was also effective in eliminating the fungus. It was considered that scraping (removal of outer bark) followed by natural desiccation, which effectively controls canker in W. Malaysia, would not be reliable under the wetter conditions in Papua New Guinea. Painting with 0.5% metalaxyl very effectively controlled the fungus, with or without scraping. TI:(Residual value of fertilizers on abandoned black pepper plantations OT:Nivel atual de fertilidade dos solos de pimentais decadentes AU:Neves-AD-de-S; Pereira-GC; Morais-FI-de-O; Campos-AX-de; SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1981, no. 87, 10 p., fig, map, table, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fertiliser-response; residual-effect PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Para **:Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is an important crop in Para State, receiving heavy fertilizer dressings in the order of 100-180 kg N, 200-900 kg P2O5, 200-250 kg K2O, 0-720 kg CaO and 0-450 kg MgO/ha a year. However, most plantations have to be replaced by other crops like cacao, because the pepper plant is attacked by the fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis after 6 to 8 years. This article deals with the residual value of the fertilizers which were applied on these black pepper plantations. Available P in the top 20 cm was very high, showing an average of 30-50 ppm as compared with 1 to 5 ppm on soils without P. nigrum. TI:(The Compania Nacional de Chocolates S.A. and the development of cacao cultivation in Colombia). OT:La Compania Nacional de Chocolates S.A. y el fomento del cultivo del cacao en Colombia AU:Moreno-P,-L.J. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1981, no. 19, p. 21-29; Dec, 2 ref.; DE:cacao-; production-development; government-agencies; cultural-practices; agricultural-research PY:1981 GE:Colombia **:This article describes recent developments in Colombian cacao production, and its research and extension organizations. Information is given about on-going agronomic and crop protection research and major recommendations about clones and cultural practices. TI:Influence of seedling age on cacao growth following transplanting OT:Influencia de la edad de la plantula sobre el crecimiento del cacao despues del transplante AU:Souza,-J.-de; Garcia,-J.R.; Muller,-M.W.; Midlej,-P.R.M. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1981, no. 19, p. 39-45; Dec, 5 ref.; DE:Transplanting; Seedlings; Plant-age PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Studies were conducted on methods for transplanting cacao and optimum seedling age at transplanting. Seedling survival and growth was better for transplantings of 2 to 6 month old seedlings than for older seedlings or for direct seeding. TI:Recent work on biological control in Papua New Guinea and some suggestions for the future AU:Young,-G.R. SO:Tropical-Pest Management (UK).1982, v. 28(2) p. 107-114; Jun, 25 ref.; DE:insect-pests; pest-control-biological; weed-control-biological PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:The biological control of some insect crop pests in Papua New Guinea from the late 1950s to 1979 is reviewed. The pests are considered according to the crops affected which include coconut, citrus, cocoa, coffee, legumes, rice, sugar-cane, grain sorghum, cruciferous vegetables and forest trees. The distribution in Papua New Guinea of each pest and the damage it causes are briefly described. Potential biological control agents are discussed with reference to the effects of any pest introductions and some comments on possible future use. The biological control of some weed species, in particular lantana (Lantana camara) and salvinia (Salvinia molesta), the giant snail (Achatina fulica hammilei), and cattle dung is also considered. Author's summary. TI:(Fertilizing of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with compound fertilizers in the banana-growing zone of the Riofrio region). OT:Abonamiento del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) con fertilizantes compuestos en el corregimiento de Riofrio, zona bananera AU:Quiroz-P,-G.; Bonilla-M,-A.; Delgado-V,-J.L. SO:Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia).1982, no. 20, p. 33-37; Apr, 7 ref.; DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; compound-Fertilisers PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:A field trial was conducted with recommended cacao (Theobroma cacao) varieties applying various compound fertilizers. The fertilizers included 13-26-4, 12-6-22-2, 12-12-17-2 and 14-14-14-2 at rates of 350, 400 and 450 kg/ha/year, applied in equal doses at 6-month intervals. Highest yield was obtained with 350 kg/ha/year of 13-26-4 followed by 12-6-22-2, giving 55 and 46% increases, respectively. TI:Development of agriculture in northeast Brazil since 1950 OT:Die Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft im Nordosten Brasiliens seit 1950: zu den Grundbedingungen der Entstehung und Entwicklung der Lohnarbeit auf dem Lande AU:Klagsbrunn,-V.H. SO:Sozialokonomische Schriften zur Agrarentwicklung (Germany F.R.) Saarbrucken (Germany F.R.), Verlag Breitenbach, 1982, no. 45, 670 p. DE:agricultural-development; agricultural-system; rural-labour; large-scale-farming; smallholders-; regional-survey PY:1982 GE:Brazil; North-East-Brazil **:Northeast Brazil may be divided into 4 zones: (1) the Zona-da-Mata (forest zone), a narrow, humid, fertile area along the east coast. Main crops are sugar-cane and cacao. This zone comprises 7% of the area and 23% of the population of northeast Brazil. (2) The Agreste, a small transitional zone with animal husbandry and smallholder production of cotton and staple food crops, comprising 3% of the area and 16% of the population. (3) The Sertao, a vast, semi-arid area with extensive cattle raising and smallholder production of cotton and staple food crops, comprising 60% of the area and 48% of the population. (4) The transition to the Amazon area, with higher rainfall, extensive cattle raising and production of vegetable raw materials, comprising 30% of the area and 13% of the population. Since 1950, the most important development has been the change from a traditional non-capitalistic production system to hired labour. TI:(Cacao yields and natural vegetation: a study of practical ecology in the forests of Sangha (Congo) and south-eastern Cameroon). OT:Rendements de la cacaoculture et formations vegetales: essai d'ecologie pratique des forets de la Sangha (Congo) et du Sud-Est du Cameroun AU:Guillot,-B. SO:Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Sciences-Humaines (France).1981, v. 18(1) p. 63-106, figs, photos, 26 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; soil-suitability; plant-ecology; tropical-forests PY:1981 GE:Cameroon, Congo **:In the Sangha region (Cameroon), a map of the distribution of cacao output per planter shows that the best yields are obtained in eastern Sembe district where soil studies have revealed the presence of good soils developed on tillite, limestone and argillite. The inventory made in the Ouesso region by the Forestry Department also shows that these soils give rise to well developed natural vegetation cover. Trees characteristic of these soil-vegetation localities might advantageously be used for the identification of good land for cacao cultivation. TI:Viruses and resistance to virus diseases in cocoa AU:Posnette-AF; SO:In: 6. International Cocoa Research Conference: proceedings, Caracas, Venezuela, 6-12 Nov 1977.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 262-266, 27 ref.; DE:Virus-diseases; Disease-resistance; CSSV PY:1981 GE:Nigeria, Ghana **:Two serologically related viruses, swollen shoot and mottle leaf, are known only from Nigeria and Ghana where swollen shoot has caused extensive damage to the main cultivar West African Amelonado. Some Trinitario and Upper Amazon types are more resistant and tolerant to infection. The strongest resistance and tolerance has been in certain Iquitos and Nanay types. These could be used to produce progeny in which the rate of virus spread and yield depression by infection should be considerably less. TI:7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 November 1979 AU:Lafforest,-J.-de (ed.) SO:Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, 728 p., figs, maps, photos, tables; bibliography (vp.); summaries (En, DE:cacao-; agricultural-research PY:1981 GE:World; Cameroon; **:During the 7th International Research Conference, held in Cameroon in November 1979, almost 100 papers were presented in the field of agronomy, soils, phytopathology, pests, genetics and breeding, and other research aspects. A number of these papers will be abstracted separately in ATA. TI:The influence of ecological and socio-economic factors on the yield of smallholder cocoa plantations in South-Cameroon AU:Embrechts-J; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 5-11, figs, map, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:smallholdings; yields; environmental-factors; socio-economic-factors; Production; PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:In southern Cameroon there are high and low yielding cacao smallholdings. In the first type climate is the major, and soil factors the minor, influence. In the other type soil factors do not contribute to yield. Difference in yield is essentially due to socio-economic factors. Five suitability classes have been distinguished: moderately suitable, marginally suitable, conditionally suitable, actually unsuitable but potentially suitable, and permanently unsuitable; these classes cover 15, 26, 12, 19 and 28%, respectively, of the area studied. TI:(Agronomic practices in Colombian cacao plantations). OT:El manejo agronomico en plantaciones de cacao en Colombia AU:Gutierrez-C,-H. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 25-29, tables; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; cultural-practices; productivity- PY:1981 GE:Colombia **:After 14 years devoted to clarify how to increase the yields of cacao in Colombia, the experimental work made at the Luker Farm has established a technological system proved efficient to obtain three times more cacao per hectare as compared with the regular yields obtained. Such a system is based on the correct application of certain agronomic practices. Figures presented on cacao yields in several cacao producing countries show how low they are. It is possible to increase these yields by using adequate management applied to cacao farms. Author's summary. TI:The interrelationships between shade types and cocoa pest and disease problems in Papua New Guinea AU:Smith,-E.S.C. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 37-43, tables; bibliography (53 ref.); DE:Pests; Diseases; shade-trees; pest-incidence; disease-incidence; reviews- PY:1981 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:The buffering effect on the cacao ecoclimate and the alternative food source provided by shade trees may have a profound effect on the incidence of pests and diseases in cacao. However, there have been few attempts to determine the interrelationships between these pests and diseases and the type of shade used. Many of the present-day problems have arisen from the use of Leucaena leucocephala as a shade tree. In contrast, the widespread practice of interplanting cacao under coconut has considerable economic and managerial advantages and generally suffers much less from insect and disease attack than sole planted cacao. TI:Responses of 10 year-old cacao trees (Theobroma cacao L.) to different thinning and fertilizer treatments AU:Moses,-D.D.; Enriquez,-G.A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 45-50, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; thinning-; Fertiliser-response PY:1981 GE:Costa-Rica **:Different plant densities and distributions as well as response to fertilizer applications at rates of 1500 or 2250 kg/ha of 18:10:6 were evaluated, based on wet cacao yield, tree girth, jorquette height, number and weight of chupons and the incidence of Phytophthora infection. At a planting distance of 2 x 2 m thinning out of 50% of the weak trees produced the highest yield, while at 2 x 3 m no thinning at all is best. Generally the lower level of fertilizer application resulted in higher yields of cacao/ha. Lesser plant densities and the lower fertilizer application resulted in lower Phytophthora infection. TI:Calibrating variates for yield of cocoa, as well as the relationships of several cacao features with the environment AU:Moses,-D.D.; Enriquez,-G.A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 51-55, figs, table, 8 ref.; DE:cacao-; yield-characters; climatic-factors PY:1981 GE:Costa-Rica **:Calibrating variates for cacao yields were identified and the response of cacao plants subjected to different treatments and to varying climatic conditions interpreted. Several highly significant correlations were observed. The results indicate that the trunk diameter at 0.3 m above the soil can be used in estimating yields, yields can be predicted by the number of pods harvested, temperature and rainfall play important roles in deciding the final yield of cacao, and the greater the yield of cacao the more pods are infected by Phytophthora and also lost due to the infection. TI:Long-term effects of chemical and manual weed control in cocoa. 1. Girth and height increments AU:Bonaparte-EENA; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 91-95, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Weed-control; Vegetative-growth; Varieties PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:The long-term effects of weed control are of prime importance in perennial crops. The first experiment compared the girth and height increments of four cacao cultivars subjected to three weed control treatments, from the 6th to the 44th month after planting. Weed control with paraquat six times a year was consistently superior to the manual weed control methods. Manual weed control twice a year produced non-significantly higher girth increments than manual weed control six times a year. Amelonado showed the least girth increment, and the differences among the hybrids were non-significant. The height increments followed the same trend. The girth increments during the dry seasons confirmed the superiority of the paraquat treatment over the high slashing methods. Author's summary. TI:Long-term effects of chemical and manual weed control in cocoa. 2. Flushing, flowering and early yields AU:Bonaparte-EENA; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 97-101, figs, tables; DE:Weed-control; Varieties; Flushing; Flowering; PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:In two experiments cultivars exhibited four to five flushing peaks during the year, including some occasional minor peaks, and periods of relatively minimal flushing. The seasonal pattern of flushing under weed control treatments showed relatively little year-to-year variation in the various cultivars, with few deviations from this consistency. Differences among the weed control treatments were also manifest in the duration to the attainment of 100% flowering of individual trees. In the hybrids, the paraquat treatment (T2) attained 100% flowering after 40 months, and the manual weed control treatments after 50 months. The T2 treatment outyielded the other weed control treatments in the three harvest seasons. Thus the initial superior growth and early yields of the T2 treatment were still being maintained after 6 years in the field. Author's summary. TI:Flushing, flowering and pod-setting of hybrid cocoa in a cocoa shade/spacing/cultivar experiment AU:Ampofo,-S.T.; Bonaparte,-E.E.N.A.; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 103-108, figs, 20 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Shade; Spacing; Varieties; Growth; Flushing; Flowering; Periodicity; PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:The cacao cultivar T85/799 x S84 tended to flush with a similar periodicity from year to year but the periods of flushing peaks differed slightly from year to year. Intensity of flushing also differed from year to year. There were generally five flushing peaks in a year. The pattern of pod-setting closely followed that of flower production. The effect of shade and spacing on the periodicity of flushing, flowering and pod-setting was negligible but the onset of flushing was delayed slightly by shade. Shading and close spacing suppressed both flowering and pod-setting. TI:Physiological reactions of cacao to water deficiency in the soil OT:Reacoes fisiologicas do cacaueiro adeficiencia de agua no solo AU:Machado,-R.C.R.; Alvim,-P.-de-T.; Milde,-L.C.E.; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 121-127, figs, table, 13 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Water-stress; PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The effect of water deficiency in the soil on leaf water potential, stomatal aperture, turgidity of the cortex, flowering intensity and rate of leaf renewal of seven year old cacao trees was studied. In the greenhouse, flowering intensity was considerably reduced and leaf renewal was absent in the dry regime. However, there was intense foliar renewal out of season one week after the plants were watered normally. The control plants and the plants subjected to the moderate regime remained dormant until the period of maximal growth. Under field conditions normal leaf renewal was observed despite the water deficiency in the soil to a depth of 20 cm but with availability below 30 cm. TI:(Improvement of cacao: development of an early evaluation test of resistance to drought). OT:Amelioration du cacaoyer: mise au point d'un test d'evaluation precoce de la resistance a la secheresse AU:Segbor,-A.; Djiekpor,-E.K.; Amefia,-Y.K.; Partiot,-M. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 131-133, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; drought-tolerance PY:1981 GE:Togo **:With a perfected test it is possible to assess even at the nursery stage the behaviour of various cacao hybrids recommended for their drought resistance and local Amelonados. It was found that hybrids dl T65/7 and dl T7/12 which transpire less than the Amelonados and dl T86/45 are more resistant to drought. TI:Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in cocoa nutrition. 3. Standard curves and observations AU:Ahenkorah,-Y.; Halm,-B.J. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 177-182, figs, 12 ref.; DE:foliar-diagnosis- Leaf-analysis PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:The progress made on foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique for cacao nutrition in Ghana is presented. Whilst it is suggested that sampling to determine the optimum N, P and K concentration should be done between March and April, the need for further work in Ghana so that foliar analyses can be related to fertilizer application and crop yield is stressed. Authors' summary. TI:Cocoa diseases of West Africa AU:Adegbola-MOK; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 243-250, 4 ref.; DE:plant-diseases; disease-control PY:1981 GE:West-Africa; Nigeria **:Black pod disease, canker, seedling blight, leaf fall and chupon wilt, all caused by Phytophthora palmivora, pod rot caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa, charcoal pod rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, and the physiological disease cherelle wilt are discussed as well as control methods of these diseases. Also various trunk and root diseases and the problem of epiphytes are mentioned. TI:The International Black Pod Project: 1979 review AU:Maddison,-A.C.; Ward,-M.R. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 261-266, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; epidemiology-; disease-control-chemical; research-projects PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:The aim of the project has been to deepen the understanding of the epidemiology of Phytophthora pod rot on cacao and thereby rationalize and improve control measures. This report briefly outlines findings from detailed observation of the natural epidemic in unsprayed cacao and in cacao subjected to various treatments likely to delay or slow disease development. Tree base treatments (basal pod suppression and insecticide applications to prevent activity of tent-buildingn ants) reduced disease early in the season by blocking the major source - the soil, but later, when accompanied by fungicide, failed to prevent outbreak of disease in the canopy. Some of the reasons for this are discussed, but conclusions regarding control measures are left for the Final Summary Report of the Project which is in preparation. Authors' summary. TI:Speculations on Phytophthora as a cocoa root pathogen AU:Gregory,-P.H. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 267-269, 12 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; root-diseases PY:1981 GE:West Africa **:In some areas at least, soil is an important source of black pod Phytophthora. Evidence points against passive survival or saprobic growth in soil. It is suggested that the fungus may be a pathogen on feeding roots of mature trees (roots of seedlings are already known to be susceptible). Possible resulting loss of yield and replanting difficulties are discussed. Need for a pilot research project (perhaps with a root observation tunnel) is emphasized. Author's summary. TI:The effects of tree base treatments on the incidence of Phytophthora pod rot AU:Ward,-M.R. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 277-284, figs, 8 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; disease-control PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:Effects of tree base treatments on the incidence of black pods are described. The treatments were basal pod supression by the removal of flowers below 0.7 m and the application of dieldrin tree base insecticide. Basal pod supression gave a small reduction in the number of black pods but had no effect on percentage disease incidence due to a 14% reduction in healthy pod yields. Tree base insecticide decreased disease incidence form 12% to 7% and also slightly decreased healthy pod yields. Knapsack application of fungicide was more effective in controlling the disease than motorblow application but the difference between healthy pod yields was small. Two other insecticides, primicid and permethrin had no apparent effect on the disease. The fungicide CGA A5055A gave good control of the disease and increased healthy pod yields by 40% compared with the no fungicide control treatment. Author's summary. TI:Perfecting test methods for sensitivity to Phytophthora for use on cacao seedlings and on other dicotyledonous plants with epigeous development OT:Mise au point de methodes de tests de sensibilite aux Phytophthora sur semenceaux de cacaoyers et sur autres plantes dicotyledones a developpement epige AU:Blaha,-G.; Muller,-R.A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 303-310, figs; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; pathogenicity-; host-range; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1981 GE:France **:In order to assess the respective aggressivity of various geographical isolates of cacao Phytophthora, sensitivity tests were made on very young Amelonado plants and also on a range of plants originating from either temperate or tropical countries. Successive trials on very young cacao seedlings showed differences in pathogenesis between isolates and opened the way to a breeding technique in the laboratory and led to an improvement in the infection method through its standardization. If a whole range of different plants is subjected to infection, it is possible to characterize several strains in relation to the same plant and also a single strain in relation to several plants. The establishment of a range of differential hosts and knowledge of pathogensis in cacao would, in particular, make it possible to determine the level of parasitic specialization for each isolate. Authors' summary. TI:Variations in yield and disease patterns in a blackpod resistance trial in Ghana AU:Dakwa,-J.T. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 311-327, figs, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Diseases; Fungi; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-resistance; growing-season; yield-; disease-incidence PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:Variations in cacao yield and proportion of pods infected by Phytophthora palmivora were examined for the minor (April-August), main (September-March) and epiphytotic (June-November) periods. In the first 7 cropping years, yield on all progenies increased steadily in all periods but thereafter yield fell at different rates. Amazon x Trinitario and Amelonado crosses always outyielded Trinitario and Amelonado x Trinitario crosses: crosses from susceptible or susceptible x resistant parents outyielded those from selfed resistant or resistant x resistant parents. In all periods, black pod incidence increased from about 30% in the 5th year of the trial to various successive peaks in later years. Variations in disease were consistently less in the main and June-November periods when it rained frequently. Crosses from selfed susceptible or susceptible x resistant parents were more diseased than those from resistant or resistant x susceptible parents. Author's summary. TI:Phytophthora pod rot research in Papua New Guinea since 1971 AU:McGregor,-A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 339-345, figs, table, 6 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control; disease-resistance PY:1981 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:In clonal cacao removal of diseased pods gave a considerable yield increase but in open pollinated cacao the yield increase was marginal and the treatment uneconomic. Monthly sprays of cuprous oxide, at an average rate of 20 g a.i. copper per tree, to infected trees only, reduced the average annual infection rate of pods over 40 mm in length from 20% to about 5% and resulted in a yield increase of about 50%. In very high incidence periods yields from treated areas were consistently double those from untreatred areas. A yield differential between previously treated and untreated areas persisted for more than six months after spraying was terminated. Of 20 Trinitario clones, K82 and KA2-106 demonstrated a high degree of resistance, while KT140 was classed as moderately susceptible. The remaining seventeen were rated susceptible to extremely susceptible. TI:(Ridomil(R), a new fungicide for the control of Phytophthora pod rot on cacao). OT:Ridomil(R), un nouveau fongicide contre la pourriture brune (Phytophthora spp.) sur cacaoyer AU:Eberle,-J. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 361-364, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; metalaxyl-; biocide-science PY:1981 GE:Brazil, West Africa **:In Brazil, field trials with the systematic compound Ridomil (metalaxyl) at a rate of 200 g a.i./100 l applied over the entire tree at 5 to 7 week intervals resulted in good control of cacao black pod disease, as did 30-50 g a.i./100 l sprayed on pods at 21 day intervals in Cameroon. Tests in Ghana, Ivory Coast, Papua New Guinea and Nigeria also indicated promising results. No residues in cacao beans are expected after correct use of the fungicide. TI:(Swollen shoot disease: importance of host plants). OT:Maladie du swollen shoot du cacaoyer: importance des plantes relais AU:Amefia,-Y.K.; Brunel,-J.; Delecolle,-B.; Partiot,-M. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 387-388, 8 ref.; DE:viral-diseases; swollen-shoot-virus; host-plants PY:1981 GE:Togo **:A comparative study of the flora associated with healthy and diseased cacao plantations is in progress. This should make it possible to identify those plants which are liable to harbour the virus and to be the source of the first foci of infection. A study carried out on Commelina, a plant difficult to eradicate, has led to planning a particular method of management of plantations. Authors' summary. TI:(Tests on cacao seedlings: application to the study of anti-oomycetal systemic fungicides). OT:Les tests sur plantules chez le cacaoyer: application a l'etude des fongicides systemiques anti-oomycetes AU:Daguenet,-G. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 393-397, figs, 7 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; seedling-; translocation- PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:A method of studying the effectiveness and translocation of systemic fungicides was used on Amelonado cacao. The fungicides in aqueous suspension were introduced either to the soil or to the leaves of one-month old seedlings being grown in sand in laboratory conditions. Eight days after treatment, the inoculum of Phytophthora palmivora was deposited on the stem after section just above the leafstalk insertion of the two primary leaves. The intensity of the attack by the parasite was shown by the extent of necrosis on the stem. In the same way, this measurement was confirmed by isolation of the fungus on the stalk fragments. Application of fosetyl-Al and Curzate, to both soil and leaves, did not have any effect on the development of the necrosis, nor on the growth of the fungus. The absence of necrosis and of P. palmivora after metalaxyl application proves that this fungicide travels inside the plant in both upward and downward directions. TI:Cacao pests in Central America AU:Saunders,-J.L. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 429-432, 13 ref.; DE:cacao-; insect-pests; mites-; pest-control PY:1981 GE:Central-America **:Actual or potential pests of major economic importance are: Miridae - several species of the genus Monalonion; Thripidae - primarily Selenothrips rubrocinctus; Scolytidae - as potential transmitters of Ceratocystis fimbriata and as killers of young plants; Formicidae - leaf cutting ants, mostly of the genus Atta; Phaloniidae - the defoliating caterpillar Catephoides zuelana; Termitidae - termites of the genus Nasutitermes; Aphidae - the aphid Toxoptera aurantii; Cercopidae - the spittlebug Clostoptera globosa; Pseudococcidae - mealybugs of little present importance in the absence of major virus diseases; and Tetranychidae - spider mites. The lack of sufficient knowledge of biological and ecological information on which to base the establishment of sound cacao pest management is emphasized. Recommendations are made to fund and initiate long-range investigation programmes. Author's summary. TI:(Control of cacao pests in South America). OT:Controle de pragas do cacaueiro na America do Sul AU:Abreu,-J.M.-de; Soria-V,-S.J. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 433-441, 31 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:insect-pests; mites-; storage-pests; pest-control-chemical; insecticides- PY:1981 GE:South-America **:Selenothrips rubrocinctus and the mirid Monalonion spp. are the most important cacao pests in South America. Other economically important pests are Atta spp., Colaspia spp., Xyleborus, Steirastoma breve, Tetranychus mexicanus and Eriophyes reyesi. The chemical control of these pests is discussed. Side-effects of insecticides on pollinating insects were determined and the most important pests infesting cacao in storage discussed. Methods to protect stored cacao from insect infestation are presented. TI:(Shade and anti-mirid cacao treatments, their influence on yield). OT:Ombrage et traitements, anti-mirides sur les cacaoyers: leur influence sur la production AU:Decazy,-B. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 443-446, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; shading-; pest-control-chemical PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:Seven-year old cacao trees were grown either under shade or in full light and in both conditions either or not treated against mirids. Four years later the amount of canopy on the trees in full light and left untreated was significantly lower than that of the shaded treated trees. The cumulative results show that the absence of shade increased yield by 26%, that anti-mirid treatment increased yield by 24% and that treated plots in full light had a yield 55% higher than that of untreated shaded plots. TI:(Effect of insecticide treatment of cacao against mirids on pollination conditions). OT:Influence des traitements insecticides contre les mirides du cacaoyer sur les conditions de pollinisation AU:Lucas,-P.; Decazy,-B. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 447-451, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; insecticides-; lindane-; application-methods; pollinators- PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:Lindane was applied against mirids either by thermofogging at 320 g a.i./ha or by spraying at 300 g a.i./ha. The effect on the population of pollinating insects and consequently on pollination was negligible in the case of thermofogging and only slightly more pronounced in the case of spraying. The entomofauna was reestablished after 2 and 8 days, respectively. TI:Meloidogyne incognita infection of cocoa seedlings AU:Asare-Nyako,-A.; Owusu,-G.K. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 457-461, figs, 6 ref.; DE:cacao-; nematodes-; Meloidogyne-incognita; pest-damage; seedling-; pest-resistance PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:Meloidogyne incognita infection of cacao seedlings in which there were above-ground hypocotyl swellings in addition to large swellings on tap roots and smaller swellings on feeding roots is reported. The disease, which was first observed on seedlings of T63/967 x Sca 6 in a field nursery, was found in gauzehouse inoculation tests to infect three other types of cacao studied (Wacri Series IIJ, Wacri Series IID and Amelonado), but differences in varietal susceptibility were discernible. In the gauzehouse tests, inter-callary and terminal swellings were produced on the tap roots and feeder roots of all the four types of cacao while hypocotyl swellings were produced in T63/967 x Sca 6, Series IIJ and Amelonado. There were significant reductions in root weight and seedling height which in Series IID were drastic. Authors' summary. TI:Effect of physical environment of the abundance of Bathycoelia thalassina (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in Ghana AU:Owusu-Manu,-E.; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 463-468, figs, 5 ref.; DE:insect-pests; Bathycoelia-thalassina; pest-incidence; climatic-factors PY:1981 GE:Ghana **:Amongst the physical environmental factors influencing the abundance of the cacao pest B. thalassina in the field, the most important factor was rainfall which may cause mortality as high as 52% for early larval instars and as low as 3% for eggs. The mortality occurred during the rainy seasons, March-July and September-November. It was concluded that moderate temperature (25-30 degC) coupled with a mean monthly rainfall less than 130 mm lead to an increase in the population of B. thalassina in the field. Author's summary. TI:(Some aspects of damage caused and the biology of the cacao pest Selenothrips rubrocinctus, a Thysanoptera). OT:Quelques aspects des degats et de la biologie de Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard), Thysanoptere ravageur de cacaoyer AU:Coulibaly,-N. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 469-472, table, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:insect-pests; Selenothrips-rubrocinctus; insect-biology; pest-damage PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Selenothrips rubrocinctus is regarded as a minor pest but its importance is growing in the ecosystem of Ivory Coast cacao plantations. This development is related to the new cultivation techniques which have been adopted as well as to unfavourable climatic conditions over the past few years. Larvae and adults pierce the leaves, causing chlorotic stains and defoliation which may be total when the infection is serious. Pods are not free from attack and become covered with a layer of dead cells, dark brown in colour, which hinder or prevent any estimation of their state of maturity. The female deposits eggs individually under the skin of leaves and pods. Incubation lasted 9 days on average, the development cycle of larvae and pupae was 11 days and adults lived for 25 days. Author's summary. TI:(Pollinating insects: Forcipomyia, methods of increasing pollination and their effect on production). OT:Insetos polinizadores: Forcipomyia metodos para aumentar a polinizacao e seus effeitos sobre a producao AU:Soria,-S-de-J. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 497-506, tables; bibliography (85 ref.); summaries (En, DE:pollinators-; Forcipomyia-spp.; insect-biology; host-plants; pollination-; review- PY:1981 GE:Latin America **:Water-storing plants such as Uriesea procera and Musa spp. are of particular importance in the agro-ecosystem of the cacao tree in view of their capacity to retain water in the interaxillary spaces of their leaves during dry periods, allowing reproduction of pollinating insects to take place when the leaf debris dries out to the extent of causing mortality. Retention of these natural insect breeding grounds requires no capital outlay and could result in economic benefits. Laboratory research has shown that mass breeding of Forcipomyia spp. is promising owing to the fact that the larvae feed on bacteria (such as Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas) which can be cultivated on cheap substrates. TI:Global concepts for genetic resources and breeding in cacao AU:Bartley,-B.G.D. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 519-525, DE:cacao-; genetic-resources; breeding-programmes PY:1981 GE:World **:Suggestions are made for improving the existing situation, where the use of genetic materials in the production of cultivars is limited in relation to the potential variability and to establish controlled germplasm centres. In view of the scarcity of experienced manpower to manage the genetic resources system in relation to the predictable scale of variability to be handled a centralized operation is necessary to effect adequate supervision of the diverse activities and to achieve maximum coordination and efficiency. TI:(Results of Bahia selections and the yields of hybrids). OT:Comportamento das selecoes baianas na producao de hibridos de cacaueiros AU:Mariano,-A.H.; Bartley,-B.G.D.; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 527-533, figs, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; variety-performance; hybridization- PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The cacao populations in southern Bahia result from the restricted introduction of origins from the south Amazons. This explains the reduced genetic variability of these populations. The first works directed to the genetic improvement of plantations in Bahia focused on the identification of representative selections from the available genetic base. Selections of the types Comum, Para and Maranhao were found, as well as several Catongo cultivar clones, characteristic for the absence of anthocyanic pigmentation in the cotyledones, flowers and young shoots. TI:Influence of methods of pollination on the cacao crop OT:Influence des modalites de la pollinisation sur la recolte du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Reffye,-P.-de; Parvais,-J.P.; Mossu,-G.; Lucas,-P. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 545-552, figs, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Pollination; yield-characters; Modelling; PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Experiments show that the only variable factor affecting the form of distribution of the number of beans per pod is found to be the law of distribution of pollen on the styles of the flowers. Since the biological data of a clone are fixed (number of ovules per ovary, fertility, cherelle wilt owing to an insufficient number of beans), it is possible to determine mathematically the distribution of the number of beans per pod. The distribution parameters are calculable from the experimental data, and these make it possible to use simulation which shows a good measure of agreement with the observation in all the cases analysed. The application of this theory makes it possible to calculate from the observed distribution of number of beans per pod, the genetic characteristics of a given clone which are important criteria for selection, as well as showing the pollen environment from which the crop has resulted. TI:Cocoa fermentation in Ghana and Malaysia AU:Carr-JG; Davies-PA; Dougan-J; SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 573-576, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Microorganisms; Chemical-composition; Acidity; PY:1981 GE:Ghana, Malaysia **:Microbiological methods were designed to detect acid-tolerant aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Counts of the total number of microorganisms present were made daily and the numbers of individual species present were estimated. The organisms found were various kinds of yeast, both fermenting and non-fermenting, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria and representatives of the genus Bacillus. Although there were some differences in microflora between Africa and Malaysia there was a good measure of similarity between the two. Upper Amazon hybrids were used, and in both countries acid cocoa was produced. Analysis of the cured cocoa from the experimental fermentations and non-acidic Amelonado cocoa shows that the former contains higher levels of acetic and lactic acids and similar levels of citric acid. TI:The influence of the storage environment on the quality of commercial cocoa with special reference to mouldiness of the beans AU:Oyeniran,-J.O. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 577-582, figs, tables; DE:storage-conditions; moisture-content; Microbiology; contamination; Moulds; Food-safety; Quality; PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:The moisture content of cacao beans with an original moisture content of 6.9% changed in the course of 3 months to 6.5, 7.1, 7.4, 8.5, 9.2, 11.7 and 17.9% when stored at an RH of 65, 71, 75, 81, 84, 90 and 98%. Internal mouldiness in the beans occurred at an RH between 75 and 98%. Eleven fungal species, both xerophylic and hydrophylic, were isolated from the mouldy beans. Beans were also stored either outside in the laboratory veranda or inside the laboratory room. Here only one xerophylic fungus was isolated from mouldy beans. TI:(Storage of cocoa in a thermally insulated airtight warehouse). OT:Stockage du cacao en hangar hermetique protege thermiquement AU:Challot,-F.; Petnga,-E.; Roche,-G.; Decazy,-B. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 583-589, tables; DE:Storage; Quality; Duration; Deterioration; PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:In a special warehouse, thermally insulated and as airtight as possible, the humidity level of the air was kept below 70% by means of an air dryer. Seventeen tons of grade 1 cacao were treated and stored for more than 15 months. The development of the moisture content, the study of cut tests and organoleptic analysis failed to reveal any significant deterioration of the product. A relative stability of the various chemical elements of the cacao during storage was found, except in the case of ammonia level which was reduced. Insect pest populations did not attain serious levels. TI:Costing experiment in cocoa: towards the long run AU:Ajobo,-O.; Folarin,-J.O. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 601-604, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cost-benefit-analysis; spacing-; weed-control PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:It is widely believed that a cacao farmer can expect about 19 years of positive economic returns from his plantation since the plantation does not reach a profitable stage until 10 years after planting. However, the possibility for a cacao farmer to expect positive gross returns from his plantation after 6 years has been demonstrated; thus the farmer could expect an active 24 years of economic life for his plantation. In terms of yield more dry beans and pods per ha were harvested by closer spacing, while wider spacing had less yield per ha but more pods per living tree. The economic consequences of these phenomena are being studied. The statistical analysis of the data collected from the 4th to the 6th year did not show that any one of the spacing treatments to be superior to any other in terms of the growth parameters studied. TI:Cost-benefit analysis of agricultural research in Nigeria: a case study of cocoa AU:Abidogun,-A. SO:In: 7. International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, 4-12 Nov 1979.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 605-609, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cost-benefit-analysis; agricultural-research; crop-improvement PY:1981 GE:Nigeria **:The analytical model employed involved deriving a productivity index of improved cacao varieties by measuring the shift in the long-run cacao supply function as a way of estimating the annual values of resource ""savings" resulting from increased productivity. The annual value of resource savings (representing the gross benefits) was then adjusted for the value of additional inputs contingent to the introduction and adoption of improved variety, thus deriving the stream of net benefits. This was matched against the stream of annual research costs, and the cost/benefit ratio computed, using appropriate discount rate. TI:(Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct. 1981). OT:Actas Conferencia Internacional de Investigacion en Cacao, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct. 1981 AU:Lafforest,-J.-de (ed.) SO:Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, 920 p., figs, photos, tables; bibliograpy (vp.); summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; agricultural-research PY:1982 GE:World **:Over 100 papers were presented during the conference. These are categorized into the following subjects: agronomy; soils and nutrition; physiology; pests and diseases; extension; genetics and breeding and fermentation, storage, marketing and quality. Excerpts from discussions are presented as well as opening and closing speeches, resolutions and a list of participants. Most of the papers will be abstracted separately in ATA. TI:Intensive systems of fruit production and their relevance to cocoa AU:Posnette,-A.F.; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 3-8, 34 ref.; summaries (En, DE:agricultural-research; fruit-trees; Intensive-cropping; Dwarfing; Rootstocks; PY:1982 **:Some recent developments in tree fruit production are relevant to cacao but others are not. A transition from traditional 5 m x 5 m spacing to dense planting, about 2.5 m x 2.5 m, has already been made by West African farmers; spacing trials confirmed the merits of close spacing for Amelonado cacao in the early years of cropping. Evidently research is needed on maintaining high yields at maturity of more vigorous types when inter-tree competition diminishes production. Repeated pruning is unlikely to be cost effective. Growth-regulating chemicals used on fruit trees should be tried on cacao. The most feasible solution is the selection of precocious-bearing clones with moderate vigour, or dwarfing rootstocks. Selection for tolerance to full sunlight is also desirable since shade management presents unsolved problems that are accentuated in intensive systems. TI:(Establishment of 6 cacao hybrids using the ""Turrialba" renovation method). OT:Establecimiento de 6 hibridos de cacao por el metodo de renovacion ""Turrialba" AU:Enriquez,-G.A.; Paredes,-L.A. SO:In Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 9-13, 10 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; hybrids-; crop-establishment; rehabilitation-; cost-benefit-analysis PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:The cost of renovating a 49-year old plantation of Matina cacao with interclonal hybrids was studied. The improved material was planted beneath the shade of old cacao which is then removed by gradual pruning as the new cacao grows up. The production from this experiment over the following years was examined. While the new cacao is growing, the old cacao is still partially productive, which can pay for the cost of the renovation, particularly since it responds favourably to the pruning, cleaning and application of fertilizer which is carried out at the time of planting. During the first three years of establishment, the old cacao produced an average of more than 3000 kg/ha of dry weight cacao, while the yield from the first year of the hybrids exceeded 500 kg/ha. After 13 years the yield was 2442 kg/ha. TI:Studies on cocoa seedling (Theobroma cacao L.) transportation from the nursery and bare-root transplanting into the field AU:Esan,-E.B. SO:In Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 15-20, fig, 18 ref.; summaries (En, DE:seedling-; transportation-; transplanting- PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:The conventional method of transporting cacao seedlings from the nursery into the field with ball of earth in heavy-duty vehicles has been practised with utmost difficulty principally because of inadequate transport facilities coupled with the heavy weight of the potted seedlings. The objective of this investigation therefore is the detailed reassessment of the ball of earth and the bare-root methods of transporting and transplanting cacao seedlings. The treatment consisted of enveloping the seedling foliage shoot in a balloon of transparent polyethylene bag and covering of the roots with a damp thick, absorbent, paper. The application of rooting hormone at low concentration also enhanced root development. It was evident that an unassisted farmer could conveniently transport over 1000 seedlings cheaply from the nursery to his farm, transplant his consignment on to the field within two days, and still record over 90% successful re-establishment. Author's summary. TI:Viability of bare-root cacao transplanting OT:Possibilidade de transplante do cacaueiro com raizes nuas AU:Alvim,-R.; Lima-Filho,-J.M.P.; Afonso,-C.A.; SO:In Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 21-26, figs, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Propagation; Seedlings; transplanting; PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:This paper describes findings which demonstrate the viability of bare-root transplanting of cacao (Theobroma cacao) separated from its ball of earth either by washing or direct extraction, using processes involving application of an antitranspirant (Mobileaf) to the foliage and previous reduction in the number of leaves. Mean survival rates of over 90% were obtained when a 10% Mobileaf emulsion was applied to the foliage and the transpiratory surface area reduced to a single pair of fully formed new leaves. Use of a substance (Agricol) recommended for its capacity to reduce water loss through the root system did not lower the mortality rate of the seedlings after transplanting. The possible economic benefits of the bare-root transplanting method are discussed. Authors' summary. TI:(Improvement of factors influencing cacao production: modification of pollinating conditions). OT:Amelioration des facteurs de production du cacaoyer: modification des conditions de pollinisation AU:Lucas,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 27-29, 1 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; pollination-; pollinators- PY:1982 GE:Togo **:In Togo cacao trees are under-pollinated. Pollination is essentially carried out by Diptera, Homoptera and Hymenoptera. Where ants are likely to make an effective contribution to pollination, placing nests in the trees produced a significant improvement. Where pollination is carried out by a large number of different genera the use of colour traps can increase the number of pollen grains deposited on flower styles. Author's summary. TI:Supplementary pollination and stem cutting as simple measures to increase cacao yields OT:La polinizacion suplementaria y cortes en el tallo como practicas simples para incrementar los rendimientos en cacao AU:Vera-B,-J.; Mogrovejo-J,-E.; Moreira-D,-M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 31-35, fig, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Pollination; Ringing PY:1982 GE:Ecuador **:In the principal cacao growing areas in Ecuador peak cacao production occurs with the onset of the rainy season, when the proliferation of certain endemic diseases causes losses as high as 60%. Studies have shown that losses caused by disease can be avoided if the receptive flowers on the trunk are manually pollinated and these pods harvested in months which are unfavourable for the development of fungal diseases. The aim of the present study was to try out certain simple management practices at the small farm level which could lead to the avoidance of diseases in the normal harvest curve. It was concluded that by manual pollination plus removal of a ring of phloem from round the trunk 15 cm above the ground, an increase of between 182 and 409 kg of dry weight cocoa can be achieved per hectare, particulary on smallholdings. TI:Study of the effect of flowering and pollination conditions on cacao yields OT:Etude des conditions de floraison et de pollinisation sur les rendements du cacaoyer AU:Mossu,-G.; Paulin,-D.; Reffye,-P.-de SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 37-44, figs, 7 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; flowering-; pollination-; yield-forecasting PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast **:A study of the flowering, ovule count per ovary and analysis of histograms of bean frequency per harvested pod for a given cultivar make it possible to determine all the factors governing production. Over a 30 month period the weekly flowering development of different Amelonado and Amazon cultivars was followed. The correlations between the calculated data and the observed data are highly significant for the different cultivars. The similarities and differences observed between Amelonado and Amazon cultivars during the course of the experiment can be explained perfectly satisfactorily; the first by the remarkable parallels between flowering variation and pollintion variation, the latter by the way the data varies in accordance with the wilt point values of the different cultivars. TI:Towards integrated weed control in cacao plantations OT:Hacia un control integral de malezas en cacaotales AU:Reyes-E,-H.; Reyes,-L.C.-de; Martinsky,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 45-48, 7 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:IPM-; Integrated-weed-control; Weeding; Biological; Chemical; Manual; PY:1982 GE:Venezuela **:This paper presents the problem of weed control in cacao plantations and the importance that, without doubt, the factors related to the plant, climate and soil as regards weed development, represent. A whole series of studies is presented, in which the characteristics of the weeds and cacao plantations have been observed as well as the effect on them of agronomic, biological and chemical aspects of their control. An integrated strategy of management is presented which, relating all these factors, would make the work of weed control more efficient. Authors' summary. TI:(Development trial of a grafting method for cacao). OT:Essai de mise au point d'une methodologie de greffage chez le cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Kadje,-A.; Ngambi-Ndjama,-J.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 49-55, figs, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:grafting; Vegetative-propagation; PY:1982 GE:Cameroon **:A new grafting technique in which the graft, cut in a shield shape, is inserted in an inverted T incision made on the rootstock below the cotyledon, has been developed. The hypocotyl is bent over immediately after the grafting operation, followed by a period under a polythene tube until the graft has taken. With these innovations the success rate of grafts compared with the control treatment, where unbent grafts remain under a corrugated iron shed is improved. Results from this preliminary study indicate that bending encourages leaf burst and scion development and that in supervising the grafts care needs to be taken as regards lighting, humidity, etc. TI:(Effects of controlled pollination on cacao). OT:Efectos de polinizacion controlada en cacao AU:Martin,-E.J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 57-60, 6 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Compatibility; Pollination PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:The low-yielding trend in inter-clonal commercial cacao stands was studied. Trials consisted of a series of controlled crosses which were initiated back in 1960, checking the compatibility of the parent clones involved, combining ability and fruit set, wilting of young fruit and the number of ripe fruit harvested. This experiment tends to explain that interclonal mixed stands should be established technically in order to enhance proper cross-pollination so as to secure regular commercial yields, stressing fruit set of self-incompatible trees which require foreign pollen for fruiting. A second experiment which covered a period of 30 months showed precocity of two controlled crosses at a rate of 6:1. Such findings tend to explain the low-yielding trend in uncontrolled seedling stands thus favouring the use of proper and selected seedling material of bi-parental stock. Author's summary. TI:(Influence of climatic conditions, weight and volume of seed on the development of cacao plants in the nursery and subsequently under field conditions). OT:Influencia das condicoes, peso e volume de sementes no desenvolvimento de plantas de cacau em condicoes de viveiro e posteriormente no campo AU:Souza,-J.-de; Garcia,-J.R.; Muller,-M.W.; Midlej,-P.R.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 61-64, 9 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; climatic-factors; seed-weight; seed-size; growth-rate; seedling- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Measurements of diameter, height and number of leaves, taken when the seedlings were 4 months old, showed positive correlations with the weights of seeds but no correlations were found between the volume and the parameters measured. At 8 months - 4 months after being transplanted the same plants which had achieved better development in the nursery continued to prove significantly superior, although the average rate of stem increase was lower than that of the transplanted seedlings which had showed less development. That superiority gradually diminished with increasing age and by 12 and 16 months there was a tendency for the average growth rate of stem to level out. The differences between the more vigorous plants in those planted out in the field in a less developed state gradually became less pronounced. TI:(Transplanting bare-root cacao seedlings). OT:Transplantio de mudas de cacaueiro com raizes nuas AU:Souza,-J.-de; Garcia,-J.R.; Muller,-M.W.; Midlej,-P.R.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 61-64, table, 8 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Propagation; Seedlings; Bare-root; transplanting- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The following treatments were carried out to determine the best method of transplanting bare-root cacao seedlings, in comparison with the method traditionally used (roots encased in soil): (1) seedlings transplanted with a ball of earth; (2) seedlings transplanted with two leaves and bare roots unpruned, and with application of Mobileaf (antitranspirant); (3) seedlings transplanted with two leaves, bare roots pruned, and with application of Mobileaf; (4) unpruned bare-rooted seedlings, with stems cut to 30 cm from the ground and application of Mobileaf. The stem diameter taken 6 months after transplanting, showed no significant differences between the treatments, while after 12 and 18 months treatments 1 and 2 showed development equal to each other and superior to treatments 3 and 4. The treatments showed the following results with respect to percentage survival up to 60 days after transplanting: 1 and 2: 97.50%, 3: 88.75% and 4: 90.00%. Authors' summary. TI:Influence of seedling age on the development of cacao after transplanting OT:Influencia da idade da muda no desenvolvimento do cacaueiro apos o transplante AU:Souza-J-de; Garcia-JR; Muller-MW; Midlej-PRM; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 69-72, 5 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Transplanting-; Seedlings; Plant-age PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Seven treatments were used in this study: pre-germinated seeds planted out directly in the field, seedlings of 2-6 months and seedlings of 6 months transplanted with bare roots. The results showed that the 2-6 month old seedlings planted out by the traditional method used in the region (roots encased in soil), showed little variation amongst themselves and turned out to be superior both in development and in percentage survival to the 6-month old seedlings, planted with bare roots, and also to the seeds planted directly in the field. Authors' summary. TI:Programming cacao fertilizer schedules based on correction of anionic and cationic balances in the soil and compensation for depletions by the expected harvest. OT:Programmation de plans de fumure du cacaoyer bases sur la correction des equilibres anionique et cationique dans le sol et la compensation des exportations par la recolte escomptee AU:Lotode,-R. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 91-104, figs, 6 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Fertiliser-requirement; nutrient-balance; soil-analysis; computer-program PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast, Cameroon **:Research into fertilizer formulation for cacao in a given soil is based on the knowledge of certain anionic and cationic balances promoting growth and yield. The steps in a computer program for calculating fertilizer requirements depend on the initial soil characteristics and result in a print-out with information on initial characteristics; quantities of fertilizer required to correct the soil; the compensation for depleted elements of the total; the final balance of the exchangeable bases and the time for correct application. Consideration is also given to the number and dates of application according to the elements; soil sampling and specification; and the choice of fertilizers to compensate for depletions only, after soil correction. TI:(Nutritional diagnosis and classification of representative soils from the cacao-growing areas of Amazonia). OT:Diagnose nutricional e classificacao de solos representativos dos polos cacaueiros da Amazonia AU:Neves,-A.D.-de-S.; Campos,-A.X.-de; Barbosa,-R.C.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 105-126, figs, 33 ref.; summaries (En, DE:soil-survey; soil-suitability; nutrient-deficiency; cacao-; Fertiliser-response PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Amazonia **:Several units of soil were classified on the basis of detailed surveys and exploratory inspection. Of these units 20 were considered suitable for cacao growing because of their deep soils (>100 cm), medium to high natural fertility, good moisture retention and the presence of primary minerals in decomposition. Using samples of soil from the mapped units, biological tests were carried out with cacao plants to determine the limiting nutrients for this crop. The results showed that all soil units studied are deficient in phosphorus. Some soil units displayed potassium, calcium and magnesium deficiencies. In no case was any response found for nitrogen, sulphur or boron. TI:(Fluctuations in the water reserve beneath a cacao plantation: relation to the climate). OT:Evolution du stock d'eau sous une cacaoyere: relation avec le climat AU:Jardin,-P.; Snoeck,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 127-135, figs, graph, 9 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; water-supply; soil-moisture; irrigation-; Fertiliser-response; evapotranspiration- PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Using a neutron probe a record was kept of the fluctuations in the water reserve to a depth of 1 metre around a cacao tree which was not irrigated or receiving any fertilizer. This replenishment was measured during different drying out periods between 1978 and 1981. The variations in the water supply were correlated with climatic formulae of evapotranspiration and climate factors. Highly significant correlations were obtained, leading to the conclusion that climate explains 90% of water variations in the soil. A study has been made of farm techniques (irrigation, fertilizing) to assess their influence on the correlations obtained. The establishment of these relationships opens the way to the introduction of irrigation based on simple climatic data (Colorado tank, radiometer). Authors' summary. TI:Cacao reactions in south Bahia to increasing doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium OT:Respostas do cacaueiro no sul da Bahia a doses crescentes de nitrogenio, fosforo e potassio AU:Rosand,-P.C.; Santana,-C.J.L.-de; Miranda,-E.R.-de SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 137-144, figs, 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fertiliser-response; NPK- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The effects of applying increasing doses of N, P2O5 and K2O were evaluated on 8 plantations of Catongo cultivar. Data for the period 1971 to 1975 showed, for additions of 90 to 180 kg/ha of P2O5, average increases in dry bean production of about 340 to 379 kg per hectare; increases of 153 and 226 kg per hectare were activated for doses of 60 and 120 kg/ha of N, respectively. Addition of 60 and 120 kg/ha of K2O reduced production. In the period 1976 to 1980, responses to the addition of phosphorus continued the same trend and to the same degree, whereas with N and K2O additions only slight increases in production were obtained with doses of 120 kg/ha of each nutrient. Analysis of the soils after 10 years of uninterrupted fertilizer application shows a considerable residual effect of phosphorus and potassium. TI:Experimental recycling of organic matter on a cacao farm OT:Essai de recyclage de la matiere organique dans une cacaoyere AU:Rivoire,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 145-150, figs, 4 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Composting-; Crop-residues; Nutrient-cycling; Waste-management; Husks; phytophthora; PY:1982 GE:Cameroon **:Compost has been manufactured by crushing and stacking rotten pods and salvaged pod husks. Temperature readings taken inside the compost heap showed that the heat produced by fermentation was more than sufficient to destroy spores of Phytophthora palmivora brought in with rotten pods. The compost appears to be very rapidly leached, especially its potassium and phosphorus content. Three month old compost was spread at the foot of young cacao plants which were one and a half years old. In association with Mimosa invisa as interrow shade plant, it decomposed very quickly. After one year, there were practically no traces left on the ground. This compost is suitable for use on any crop justifying the application of large quantities of organic matter, cacao nurseries, collections, banana plantations, vegetable plots, etc. TI:(The effect of phosphorus on the water status in cacao seedlings var. Catongo). OT:Efeito do fosforo sobre o estado hidrico em plantulas de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) var. Catango AU:Passos,-E.E.M.; Machado,-R.C.R.; Pereira,-R.C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 151-155, figs, 15 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; phosphorus-; water-relations; seedling- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A study was conducted to investigate the effect of three levels of phosphorus (0, 0.66 and 1.5 mM) on the internal water content of young cacao plants, cultivated in washed sand. To evaluate this effect the leaf water potential, the stomatal diffusive resistance and the transpiration rate were measured. There was a great reduction in the leaf water potential, an increase in the stomatal resistance and a decrease in the transpiration rate in the untreated when compared with the plants that received phosphorus. A smaller expansion of the root system was also observed in the plants with no phosphorus. This contributed to a decrease in root water absorption and, as a consequence, the internal water flow in the plants. Authors' summary. TI:Mineralization and the nitrogen cycle in a southern Bahia cacao plantation OT:Mineralizacao ciclagem de nitrogenio em uma plantacao de cacau no sul da Bahia AU:Santana-M.B.M.; Cabala-Rosand-P; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 157-164, figs, photo, 25 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Nitrogen-cycle; Mineralization; Nutrient-cycling PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Nitrogen mineralization, on a plantation of 20-40 year old cacao was measured over a period of a year by actually incubating soil samples in the field. In the same soil, the contribution of litter from shade trees and the cacao itself to the nitrogen content in the soil, on a ten year old plantation, with mixed shade, was evaluated. Mineralization was measured by the presence and absence of N, P and K applied as fertilizer, in soil samples collected at depths of 0-5 and 5-15 cm and incubated for 30 days in plastic bags buried at the same depths. The concentration of nitrogen in cacao tree and Erythrina spp. debris showed the important contribution made by this material in enriching soil in the system studied. Biological fixation of nitrogen through the nodular formations of Erythrina spp. and finally, nitrogen gains and losses in the cacao plantation shaded with this legume are discussed. TI:Fertilizer use on cacao rehabilitation projects in Ghana AU:Ahenkorah,-Y.; Halm,-B.J.; Appiah,-M.R.; Akrofi,-G.S. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 165-170, 20 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; NPK-; application-timing PY:1982 GE:Ghana **:Different sites covering different soil groups were selected to test the usefulness of N, P and K fertilizers to the Ghana/World Bank Cacao Rehabilitation Project Area. The effect of N was generally negative, causing yield depression ranging from 11-35% at several sites; that of K was negligible; while significant positive yield response with 32% mean (range 22-43%) increase was consistently associated with P. To avoid increasing the debt burden on the farmer, it is recommended that only triple superphosphate, at least 160 kg P/ha, should be incorporated in the rehabilitation exercise on mature farms. Either a bulk or split application in April/May or August of the triple superphosphate is desirable. TI:(The use of compound fertilizers for cacao in the district of Riofrio, a banana growing area). OT:Abonamiento del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) con fertilizantes compuestos en el corregimiento de Riofrio, zona bananera AU:Quiroz-P,-G.; Bonilla-M,-A.; Delgado-V,-J.L. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 175-177, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; Fertiliser-response; compound-Fertilisers PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:An experiment was conducted to obtain data on nutrition and yield resulting from application of compound fertilizers on commercial cacao plantations. Treatments consisted of three compound fertilizers 13-26-4, 12-6-22-2, 12-12-17-2 and triple 14 in doses of 350, 400 and 450 kg/ha for each and a control. Two equal applications were made in one year with 6 month interval at the onset of each rainy period. Applications were carried out by hand in a circular strip 20 cm wide and one metre from the base of the trunk, which was then covered with soil and fallen leaves. The results showed that the doses of 350 kg/ha/year gave the highest average cacao yield in the case of all four fertilizers used. The best yield responses were obtained using the lowest dose of fertilizers 13-26-4 and 12-6-22-2, which increased yield by 55% and 46%, respectively, when compared with the control. TI:(Cacao-growing soils in the Bahia Reconcavo Basin). OT:Classes de solos para cacau no Rec.cncavo Baiano AU:Silva,-L.F.-da; Leao,-A.C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 179-184, figs, 10 ref.; summaries (En, DE:soil-survey; soil-suitability; cacao- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The Bahia Reconcavo Basin consists of a geographically distinctive sedimentary region with soils of varying fertility, texture and relief, bearing witness to its geological formation of continental sediments which are rather discontinuous and varied. Important among these for cacao-growing are the mesotrophic Vertisols and Ultisols, particularly on account of their chemico-mineralogical composition which satisfies the nutritional requirement of cacao. Depending on ecological factors and aspects of soil management the region was divided into zones which were variably suitable for cacao. Emphasis was on natural fertility and possibilities for mechanization, since fertilizers are expensive and labour is scarce. It was concluded that there are 72 360 hectares of soil suitable for cacao, falling into the categories very good, good and fair, i.e. 24% of the region surveyed in this sedimentary bowl could be used to grow more cacao. Authors' summary. TI:(Selective edapho-climatic factors in the zoning of cacao growing in southwestern Bahia). OT:Fatores edafo-climaticos seletivos ao zoneamento espacial da cacauicultura no sudeste da Bahia AU:Sa,-D.F.-de; Almeida,-H.A.-de; Silva,-L.F.-da SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 185-197, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; soil-properties; climatic-factors; crop-geography PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Some failures in cacao planting have been recorded due to poor choice of areas - factors related to soil or climate or both. Two factors may act in isolation, or as in the majority of cases, be inter-related, so that a knowledge of the interaction of climate and soil is essential when evaluating the behaviour of cacao under various ecological conditions. Aspects of the soil linked to agricultural use - fertility, texture, water retention, depth and physiography, and linked to climate - mean air temperature, extremes in air temperature and mean rainfall, the types of area of potential use for cacao cultivation were established, taking into account the integration of these edapho-climatic factors. Authors' summary. TI:Interaction between root and shoot growth in cacao seedlings AU:Hardwick,-K.; Sleigh,-P.A.; Collin,-H.A.; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 209-214, figs, 13 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:seedling; growth-cycle; roots; shoots PY:1982 GE:UK **:Root growth in cacao seedlings was shown to be clearly rhythmic with periods of high growth rate largely coincident with low leaf growth and vice versa. Although carbohydrate and plant water status are likely to be major factors controlling growth of both root and shoot, details of the mechanism are not clear. Nevertheless this knowledge of the root system behaviour could be of importance in the cultivation of cacao indicating the optimum part of the growth cycle for irrigation, application of fertilizers and for transplantation of seedlings. TI:The effect of gibberellic acid and various auxins on Ethrel induced wilt of cacao AU:Orchard-JE; Resnik-ME; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 223-228, figs, 20 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Growth-regulators; Gibberellic-acid; Auxin; Physiological-disorders; cherelle-wilt; PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Cherelle can be artificially induced by the application of the ethylene-producing substance, Ethrel (ethephon), to the pedicels of young fruit. This method was used as a screening test to evaluate the potential of some growth regulating substances to reduce wilt. Gibberellic acid (GA) prevented the wilt of 10 to 50-day old fruits when applied in lanolin paste. An aqueous spray of GA only counteracted the action of Ethrel on 10-day old fruits. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) only prevented wilt when applied to 10-day old fruits. The application of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and 2,4,5-TP did not reduce Ethrel-induced wilt and even provoked wilt immediately following their application in lanolin paste. GA had no effect on fruit growth and development. NAA appeared to reduce fruit growth and alter seed development. TI:Measuring transpiration in cacao by variation in soil moisture OT:Redistribuicao de agua e transpiracao do cacaueiro por variacao da umidade no solo AU:Cadima-ZA; Alvim-P-de-T; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 265-269, figs, table, 13 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Transpiration-; soil-moisture; measurement- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:In a 10-year old cacao plantation with 3 x 3 m spacing six cacao trees were selected for measurement of soil moisture. The volume of transpiration was evaluated from this variable. The trees were isolated by a trench 0.70 m wide and 2 m deep. The ground was watered to saturation point and immediately covered with black plastic to prevent evaporation. Soil samplings were carried out over eight weeks at depths of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm and at distances of 30, 50 and 100 cm from the trunk. In the first week water losses by transpiration, calculated from the reduction in soil moisture content were very marked at all distances; in the second week this loss was much greater only at the distance of 100 cm. Taking the average for all distances, transpiration gradually fell off. The water transpired in the first week in conditions of total soil saturation was 45 mm/day, falling to 3.4 mm/day in the eighth week. Authors' summary. TI:Contribution to data on the natural enemies of the beetles (Xyleborus spp.), cacao pests in Bahia, Brazil OT:Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos inimigos naturais das coleobrocas (Xyleborus spp.) pragas do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Machado,-A.B.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 289-290, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:IPM-; Insect-pests; Xyleborus-spp.; natural-enemies; Biological-control; PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The most frequent dragonfly in evening swarms was Gynacantha bifida. Its role as a predator of Xyleborus spp. was proved by examination of food remains in its digestive tract, which consisted almost exclusively of fragments of beetles. It was concluded that the species G. bifida merits protection in its habitats around cacao plantations because of its predation on Xyleborus, and that it also merits more detailed study to gain greater knowledge of its biological control of Xyleborus. Authors' summary. TI:(Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids in the control of Hoplophorion pertusum: a cacao pest in Bahia). OT:Avaliacao de piretroides sinteticos no controle de Hoplophorion pertusum Gemar (Homoptera: Membracidae) praga do cacaueiro na Bahia AU:Abreu,-J.M.-de; Milanez,-J.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 291-293, 9 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:insect-pests; Hoplophorion-pertusum; pest-control-chemical; pyrethroids- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroids in controlling this pest was evaluated in heavily infested cacao trees. An efficiency evaluation was made 8, 24 and 48 hours after application. The average population density varied between 381 and 1526 aphids per tree. The effectiveness of decamethrin in concentrations of 5, 7.5 and 10 g a.i./ha was 98, 97 and 90%, respectively, 48 hours after application. The efficiency of permethrin in doses of 100, 125 and 150 g a.i./ha was 97, 99 and 98%, respectively, 24 hours after application. The efficiency of fenvalerate in doses of 50, 100 and 150 g a.i./ha was 97, 97 and 99%, respectively, 24 hours after application. TI:Evaluation of five systemic fungicides for control of Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa AU:McGregor,-A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 295-299, 5 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides- PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:Ridomil (metalaxyl) and Nordox (cuprous oxide) gave a substantial and significant reduction in numbers of infections arising from zoospore inoculations and significantly reduced percentage Phytophthora pod rot in the field. Aliette (fosetyl-Al) was less effective in controlling natural and artificial infection that either Ridomil or Nordox whilst Curzate CC (copper oxychloride + captafol + cymoxanil) was ineffective at the dose rate used in the trial. Previcur N (prothiocarb) and Terrazole (etridiazole) did not significantly reduce artificial infections on detached pods and were not evaluated further. The Ridomil, Nordox and Aliette treatments gave significntly higher yields than the unteated control in the field trial but only Ridomil and Nordox gave a good profit by spraying. Ridomil was found to be more cost effective and more acceptable to growers than Nordox. TI:Changes in nematode types and population density in the first two years of cocoa establishment AU:Afolami,-S.O. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 301-306, figs, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; nematodes-; population-dynamics; crop-establishment; intercropping- PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:A plot freshly cleared for cacao planting was sampled to determine the nematode types and their population level. Samples were taken from seedling rhizosphere three months after transplanting, and subsequently at two month interval. Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Scutellonema spp., Trichodorus spp., Criconemoides limitaneum, Hemicycliophora sp., Hoplolaimus pararobustus and Xiphinema spp., were recovered in low numbers from samples taken prior to planting. In the second year the nematode population had changed considerably. Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis and Helicotylenchus spp. became predominant while Scutellonema spp. were found only in traces. Meloidogyne spp. were found in largest numbers in plots where cacao was intercropped with maize/cowpea, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Helicotylenchus spp. in plots intercropped with yam. Cassava/cacao plots had the least of all nematode types. There were seasonal fluctuations in nematode populations. Author's summary. TI:(Some aspects of the biology of Crinipellis perniciosa in the Uraba Region (Colombia)). OT:Algunos aspectos de la biologia de Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel), Singer en la region de Uraba (Colombia) AU:Aranzazu-H,-F. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 323-328, figs, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; microbiology- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Witches' broom disease is considered the main cacao disease in Colombia. It was found that the broom length varied over the year according to the physiological state of the cacao tree. The average time during which the brooms remained in the green state was five weeks; the withering period averaged one week. The minimum time recorded for the start of basidiocarp production was eleven weeks from the time the broom withered. Maximum production of basidiocarps was recorded in the last three months of the rainy season. Among the possible factors, the presence and abundance of saprophytic bodies in competition with the C. perniciosa mycelium at certain times of the year should be considered. Generally speaking, the results obtained correspond with the Trinidad reports, based on research carried out more than 40 years ago. TI:(Insect pests of cacao in Amazonia). OT:Insetos nocivos ao cacaueiro na Amazonia AU:Garcia,-J.-de-J.-da; Mendes,-A.C.-de-B. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 331-333, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; insect-pests; pest-incidence; pest-damage PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Amazonia **:With a planted area estimated at some 53 000 hectares, cacao cultivation in Brazilian Amazonia is now presenting serious phytosanitary problems. Damage caused to crops by insects has been on the increase in recent years, especially in areas of widespread deforestation. To identify the principal species present in Amazonia fortnightly counts were made on a regular basis during the years 1977 to 1980, using manual collection, field observations and shock (Knockdown) techniques using applications of 12% HCH. After identifying damage in the field and studies of fauna of various communities, 24 species were singled out as being the principal insect pests to cacao growing in Amazonia. These species are described in terms of resulting economic damage and consideration is also given to the seasons and localities of their highest incidence. Authors' summary. TI:(Recent advances in chemical protection of young cacao plants from pests and the scale insect vectors of swollen shoot in Togo). OT:Progres recents dans la protection chimique des jeunes cacaoyers contre les ravageurs et les cochenilles vectrices du ""swollen shoot" au Togo AU:Nguyen-Ban,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 335-337, 4 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; insect-vectors; Planococcus-spp.; insect-pests; Tyora-tessmanni; pest-control-chemical; insecticides- PY:1982 GE:Togo **:Foliar sprays with triazophos 40 EC, formothion 33 EC and heptenophos 50 EC at the rate of 2.2 g a.i/ha, effectively control scale insects of the genus Planococcus for a 30-50 day period (95-100% effective). Decis 18 EC (decamethrin) at 39.6 g a.i./ha is slightly less effective than the organophosphorus sprays. At 1.1 g a.i./ha, triazophos 40 EC shows the same performance as at 2.2 g a.i./ha, while at the same concentration formothion 33 EC becomes less active after 10 days. The response of Tyora tessmani (Psyllidae) to insecticides is more variable both as regards immediate effect and persistence. Formothion 60 EC at 2.2 g a.i./ha and tiazophos at 1.1 g a.i./ha give total control of psyllids for one month. Subsequently their persistence is largely dependent on the vegetative state of the cacao. TI:Field trials with insecticides and spraying equipments to control cocoa mirid Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. in Nigeria AU:Omole,-M.M.; Ojo,-A.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 339-343, 13 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; insect-pests; Sahlbergella-singularis; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-; spray-equipment PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Eleven insecticides were evaluated in the field to control the mirid Sahlbergella singularis. Methods of application included atomization using knapsack or motorized mistblower and thermal fogging using the swingfog machine. Effective control of the mirid was achieved by spraying with Lindex 20 EC (lindane), MIPC (isoprocarb), Capsitox 20 EC, Perfektan 20 EC (lindane), Dursban 40 EC (chlorpyrifos), Sumicidin (fenvalerate) and Elocron 40 EC (dioxacarb), the % mortality during the 3rd week of application being 91.3, 93.3, 94.6, 97.5, 97.9, 98.4, 100 and 100, respectively. Other insecticides like WL 43467, Perfekthion (dimethoate) and fenitrothion were effective during the first 2 weeks but lost their efficacy shortly afterwards. In further trials all the miricides evaluated, effectively controlled mirid population 2 weeks after application. Lindane 16% and diazinon 90 SCO mixed with diesel at rates of 2 l and 0.56 l/ha, respectively, were effective. TI:Early work in the control of the cocoa pod borer (Acrocercops cramerella) in the Philippines AU:Vanialingam; Thomas,-E.; Manalo,-M.I.J.; Cruz,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 345-351, 7 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; insect-pests; Acrocercops-cramerella; pest-control PY:1982 GE:Philippines **:Renewed interest in the control of the pod borer or cacao moth was initiated in 1979 with a large-scale planting programme of Upper Amazon hybrid cacao under coconuts. Three different larval stages were identified. By locating the actual resting place of the adult during the day, an effective trapping method was devised to estimate populations of the pest within an area. Bagging of pods and chemical control by Agrocide (26% HCH WP) were found to be most effective in reducing adult populations and subsequent pod damage. Decis (2.5% decamethrin EC) and Lannate (90% methomyl WSP) were found to be effective as ovicides. A combined regime of Agrocide and Decis, used in a heavily infested area at alternate weekly intervals reduced incidence by about 80% after two months. However, pod borer infestation increased in these blocks significantly three months from the last application. Biological control approaches are also being considered. TI:(The problem of rodent pests in cacao farming in the Ivory Coast). OT:Le probleme des rongeurs nuisibles a la cacaoculture en C.cte d'Ivoire AU:Coulibaly,-N, SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 353-355, table, 3 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; rodent-pests; pest-damage PY:1982 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Rodents pose an acute problem, particularly in commercial plantations. Nature and importance of the damage inflicted and also the rodent species responsible for that damage are described. Germinating beans are dug up and eaten on the spot or removed. Pod damage takes various forms. Less than three months after manual removal of all pods showing rodent damage new damage again affected 83% of pods. The first catches revealed the following species: Hylomyscus spp., Praomys sp., Crycetomys sp., Mastomys sp. and Graphiurus sp. Knowledge of the population dynamics, ethology, reproduction and feeding of the species in question should enable planned control of these pests. TI:Pathogenic races of Crinipellis perniciosa? AU:Wheeler,-B.E.J.; Mepsted,-R. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 365-370, fig, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; races-; pathogenicity- PY:1982 GE:Tropical America **:Dead witches' brooms were imported from various areas within Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Trinidad and Venezuela. The causal fungus, Crinipellis perniciosa, was isolated from mycelium in these brooms and from basidiocarps induced on them. Germinated seeds of West African Amelonado and Scavina 6 cacao were inoculated with basidiospores of selected isolates. Isolates from Ecuador were distinguished by the slower rate of Amelonado seedling death and by marked stem base swelling and broom formation on Scavina 6. An isolate from Ecuador also induced more rapid broom formation on young plants of Amelonado, ICS 1, EET 19 and EET 400 than did an isolate from Brazil. The data suggest that C. perniciosa from Ecuador differs from other isolates and perhaps, also, that within these isolates further types may be distinguished. TI:Advances in the chemical control of cacao black pod in Bahia, Brazil OT:Progressos no controle quimico da podridao parda do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil AU:Lellis,-W.T.; Figueiredo,-J.M.-de; Pereira,-J.L. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 371-374, 16 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-control-chemical; fungicides- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Until 1979 the only fungicide used for the control of cacao black pod was Copper Sandoz (cuprous oxide with 50% metallic copper). In the last two years five new fungicides have been introduced with different formulations: an oil-based copper oxychloride formulation with 35% metallic copper v/v; a water based formulation with 36% metallic copper v/v; and post humidifiable formulations which contain metallic copper. Some organic products show promise opening the way, should the need arise, for copper fungicide substitutes in disease control. To develop new technology for the control of black pod, research is being conducted into the effects of number of fungicide applications, using the same quantity of product per tree throughout the different treatments in order to reduce manpower and fuel requirements. A hose and nozzle system has been evolved in the development of chemical spraying machines. TI:Development and impact of Monilia pod rot of cacao in Costa Rica OT:Desarrollo e impacto de la moniliasis del cacao en Costa Rica AU:Enriquez,-G.A.; Brenes,-O.; Delgado,-J.C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 375-380, fig, 15 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-incidence; crop-losses PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:It is estimated that there are about 25 612 ha planted to cacao in Costa Rica. In December 1978 Monilia pod rot caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri was present in some 900 ha of cacao, but subsequent inspections carried out towards December 1979 established that the affected area had spread totalling some 7150 ha. At the end of 1980 the disease was discovered in other cacao growing areas of the country affecting plantations to various degrees. Details are given of a series of measures implemented to combat Monilia pod rot by several institutions. TI:(Analysis of the evolution and variation in the incidence of witches' broom disease in the Uraba region (Colombia)). OT:Analisis de la evolucion y variacion de la incidencia de escoba de bruja (Crinipellis perniciosa) en la region de Uraba (Colombia) AU:Aranzazu-H,-F. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 387-393, figs, table, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Witches' broom disease is of major concern in Colombia, as it causes heavy losses in yield. High levels of disease were found in trees over 7 years of age, but the incidence could be stabilized at a tolerable level by frequently applied control measures and through isolation of the plantation. The monthly average of broom formation showed a peak in December and January and a minimum in May and June, indicating that the disease follows a well defined annual cycle, broadly influenced by rain distribution, the physiological state of the tree and maximum and minimum periods of basidiocarp formation. Generally speaking, it is possible to make a plan for the integrated control of this disease using self-compatible material with limited and synchronized shooting characteristics, specific times for the collection of brooms, applying systemic fungicides, encouraging saprophytic bodies hostile to the C. perniciosa mycelium, and proper application of farming practices. TI:(Advances in the repression of Monilia pod rot in cacao). OT:Avances en la represion de la moniliasis de cacao AU:Barron-N,-O. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 401-405, 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-control-cultural PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Reductions in the annual harvest due to Monilia pod rot amount to about one third of the country's actual output. However, this disease can be controlled economically, since evaluation studies of farming control methods presented in this paper are effective in all types of plantations. In field trials introducing measures of growth inhibition into the system, a reduction in the incidence of Monilia pod rot from 30.6 to 8.8% has been achieved in a typical smallholding (less than 100 ha). This resulted in a yield increase from 588 to 1050 kg per hectare. Similarly, on a 232 hectare farm of the plantation type the incidence of Monilia pod rot was reduced from 52.8 to 22.4%, with a consequent increase in yield of from 390 kg to 1100 kg of dry weight cocoa per hectare. TI:(Quantitative study of broom production on cacao plants affected by Crinipellis perniciosa and its significance in the management of the disease). OT:Estudio cuantitativo de la produccion de escobas en plantas de cacao, afectadas por Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer y su significado en el manejo de la enfermedad AU:Cifuentes,-C.; Mayorga,-M.; Prieto,-E.; Rondon,-G.; Tovar,-G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 407-413, figs, 4 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Information on the monthly distribution of broom formation and the relation of this to other climatic and agronomic factors constitutes an important basis upon which to establish a programme of broom removal to help reduce the virulence of witches' broom disease of cacao. Broom production records per tree and per stratum and per year were completed fortnightly by counting and removing new infections. There was a progressive increase in the number of brooms produced from January to December, rising to a peak in December and January. Over the year a series of fluctuations were seen in the number of brooms produced. Comparative studies of broom production in leaf buds and flower cushions showed considerable quantitative differences, a greater number of brooms being found in the latter stratum. TI:Witches' broom disease: wrong experiment right results AU:Evans,-H.C.; Solorzano,-G.R. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 415-418, 4 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology- PY:1982 GE:Ecuador **:Information on the epidemiology of witches' broom disease of cacao is presented. Dead brooms generally require 3-4 months exposure to wet conditions before basidiocarp production is initiated. Suspended brooms produce significantly more (>3 times) basidiocarps than those on the ground. Brooms on the ground, however, still constitute an important source of inoculum. Basidiospores are common in the air between 22-04.00 hours following an increase in relative humidity (>95%) and a decrease in temperature (<24 degC) and probably move over a considerable distance (50-70 km). All parts of an unhardened flush are susceptible to infection. TI:(Development of phytoalexins in some species of the genus Theobroma as a response to infection by Phytophthora: study of various cultivars of cacao and of one interspecific hybrid). OT:Elaboration de phytoalexines chez certaines especes du genre Theobroma en reponse a l'infection par Phytophthora; etude de divers cultivars de cacaoyers et d'un hybride interspecifique AU:Daguenet,-G.; Parvais,-J.P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 433-438, figs, table, 8 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-resistance; plant-constituents; phytoalexins-; wild-species; variety-performance; interspecific-hybrids PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Phytoalexins are considered to be one of the components of plant resistance to diseases. By means of classical biochemical techniques, such a substance of high fungitoxicity was detected in and isolated from the stems of T. grandiflorum, T. microcarpum, T. speciosum and in a species of a closely related genus, Herrania. In T. cacao, cultivars belonging to different groups (Forasteros, Amelonados and Upper Amazons, Catongos, Criollos and Trinitarios) were studied. It was never possible to isolate the phytoalexin present in the other Theobroma; however, a similar substance of weaker activity, was detected. The study of the progeny of T. cacao x T. grandiflorum showed that certain individuals had a resistance of a type comparable to that of the male parent; in those individuals the phytoalexin characteristic of T. grandiflorum could be detected showing that this character is transmissible to the progeny. TI:Two additional methods for inoculation of seeds of cocoa for evaluating resistance against Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butler AU:Sreenivasan,-T.N.; Persad,-G.C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 439-443, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:seed-inoculation; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-resistance PY:1982 GE:Trinidad and Tobago **:The inocula used were (a) wheat grain infested with Phytophthora and (b) hyphal discs (5 mm diameter) cut off from the periphery of a five-day old culture of P. palmivora grown on a potato dextrose agar medium in the dark. In the case of inoculum (a) a single infested wheat grain was placed in contact with a pregerminated seed and covered with fumigated (methyl broxide) potting mixture. Inoculation with hyphal discs was done by placing a single disc on the surface of the pregerminated seed in such a way that the disc was in contact with the cotyledon and radicle. The seed with the hyphal disc was sown in fumigated potting mixture. The potting mixture was kept moist with wet newsprint for six days. Surviving seedlings were counted at weekly intervals. Evaluations of these methods were made together with the two other inoculation methods (culture homogenate and zoospore suspension) previously used. TI:Occurrence and distribution of cacao diseases in south India AU:Mohanan,-R.C.; Kaveriappa,-K.M. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 445-449, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:disease-incidence PY:1982 GE:India; South India **:Approximately 13 000 ha of land is under cultivation with cacao mainly as a mixed crop in coconut or arecanut gardens. A detailed survey was undertaken during the month of September immediately after the south-west monsoon to study the occurrence and distribution of various diseases affecting this crop. Major diseases were black pod (Phytophthora palmivora), charcoal pod rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae), Colletotrichum pod rot and Colletotrichum leaf spot (both caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), stem canker (P. palmivora) and zinc deficiency. Black pod, Colletotrichum pod rot and Colletotrichum leaf spot were observed in more than 50% of the gardens, while charcoal pod rot, canker and zinc deficiency were noted in less than 50% of the gardens. District wise, black pod and Colletotrichum leaf spot were present in all the districts. Colletotrichum pod rot was observed in all except one district in Kerala. The distribution of the other diseases varied. TI:Recent work on vascular-streak dieback disease in Papua New Guinea AU:Prior,-C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 451-454, 12 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Fungal-diseases; Oncobasidium-theobromae; laboratory-culture PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:The application of a previously reported basidiospore inoculation technique to screening for resistance has been limited by the inability to produce spores in culture and the erratic availability of inoculum from naturally occurring sporophores. Recently the use of a dual culture technique has enabled the production of basidiospores in culture. Cacao callus cultures grown on a synthetic agar medium are inoculated with Oncobasidium theobromae mycelium. These cultures have been shown to produce moniloid hyphae like those found in sporophores, but they do not become fertile under laboratory conditions. The necesary stimulus for basidiospore formation may therefore be provided by the physical and biological environment under which sporophores naturally form. A system is described whereby these dual cultures may be exposed to natural environmental conditions with the resulting production of basidiospores. The limitations and potential of this system are discussed. TI:Aetiology of cacao black pod in the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo OT:Etiologia da podridao parda do cacaueiro nos estados da Bahia e Espirito Santo AU:Campelo-AMFL; Luz-EDMN; SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 455-459, 47 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-diagnosis PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia, Espirito Santo **:The fungus Phytophthora palmivora has been held responsible for cacao black pod in the cacao-growing states of Bahia and Espirito Santo in Brazil. The survey from 1978 to 1980 in these regions showed a predominance of P. capsici (previously known as P. palmivora MF4) on cacao pods in approximately 95.0% of the isolations effected. P. palmivora (sensu stricto P. palmivora MF1) was found in about 3.0% of the isolates; its presence was also detected in nursery seedlings and it causes canker in mature plants. The species P. citrophthora, pathogenic to pods (2.0%) and to the stems of mature cacao, was subsequently recorded. These findings, although incomplete, indicated that P. capsici is the principal causal agent of cacao black pod. Authors' summary. TI:Some differences in isolates of the black pod disease organisms from six cocoa growing countries AU:Asare-Nyako,-A.; Muller,-R.A.; Blaha,-G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 461-471, figs, 14 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; microbiology-; temperature-; pathogenicity-; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1982 GE:West Africa, Brazil **:Pathogenicity tests on pregerminated West African Amelonado seeds showed that virulence of 34 isolates from Sao Tome, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast and Brazil depended mainly on their ability to produce sporangia in darkness. The only Phytophthora drechsleri isolate tested produced sporangia in darkness and was also highly pathogenic. The ability to produce sporangia in darkness was not related to mating type nor to morphological types. TI:(Cacao black pod caused by Phytophthora sp. in Togo: determination of causal species). OT:La pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer due a Phytophthora sp. au Togo: determination des especes responsables AU:Djiekpor,-E.K.; Partiot,-M.; Lucas,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 473-478, figs, tables; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-diagnosis PY:1982 GE:Togo **:Black pod due to Phytophthora spp. is the cause of severe losses in Togo. A phytosanitary survey organized in the different cacao growing regions between 1978 and 1980 showed that losses vary from 10 to 80% according to the area. The Litime and Adele regions were worst affected, whereas in the Kloto region losses do not exceed 10% on average, despite a few exceptions on the Kouma Plateau. An in vitro study of the colony morphology, the morphology of the sporangia, pedicel length, extent of sporulation and chromosome types of isolates revealed the presence of P. megakarya in Litime, Adele and part of Kloto, totalling 80% of the Togolese cacao stock, and P. palmivora on the Kouma Plateau and the Tove and Agou districts in the Kloto region. Authors' survey TI:Study of infection and sporulation by Crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao in Guamal, Colombia OT:Estudio de la infeccion y esporulacion del Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, agente causal de la escoba de bruja del cacao en Guamal, Colombia AU:Cifuentes,-C.; Mayorga,-M.; Prieto,-E.; Rondon,-G.; Tovar,-G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 485-492, figs, tables; 11 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology-; sporulation- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Results of observations show that 70% of the leaf shoot brooms have a green period of between 4 and 6 weeks. However, it is clear that some 10% of the brooms have a green period of less than 4 weeks and the remaining 20% one longer than 6 weeks. The green period of brooms formed on flower cushions, on branches and on the trunk lasts, on average, between 4 and 6 weeks, and is independent of the time of year and of the stage of development of the crop. The majority of brooms measure between 20 and 35 cm in length. The formation of basidiocarps is preceeded by the hydration and softening of the dry brooms. Maximum sporulation occurs 3-4 weeks after maximum rainfall levels have been reached. Maximum sporulation in the first six months was obtained in the month of June. In the second half of the year, maximum sporulation was obtained in October. Finally, a broom may produce basidiocarps for about 2 years in periods of humidity and then die away completely and disappear. TI:Comparative survival of three Phytophthora species pathogenic to cocoa in artificially infested field soils AU:Kellam,-M.K.; Zentmyer,-G.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 499-504, fig, 19 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; soil-types; soil-moisture; soil-temperature PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Three species of Phytophthora, known to incite black pod disease of cacao, were compared with respect to their relative abilities to survive in two natural soils under different environmental conditions. Initial soil moisture levels were adjusted to -0.2 or -0.8 bar and these moisture levels were maintained throughout the experimental periods. Regardless of soil moisture level or soil type, more fungal propagules were recovered from soil stored at 18 degC than at 24 degC. In general all three species survived better at -0.8 than at -0.2 bar. One isolate of P. palmivora declined to almost undetectable levels in all treatments after six months, while another isolate of the same species was recovered from almost all treatments after nine months. Nine months after infestation in the treatment most favourable to fungal survival, population levels were decreased by 100, 82, 86 and 74% for P. palmivora (isolate 455), P. palmivora (isolate 501), P. citrophthora, and P. capsici, respectively. TI:Comparative survival of three Phytophthora species pathogenic to cocoa in inoculated cocoa pod pieces AU:Kellam,-M.K.; Zentmyer,-G.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 505-509, figs, 17 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; pod-; moisture-content; temperature- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The relative abilities of Phytophthora palmivora, P. citrophthora, and P. capsici to survive in cacao pod tissue under different environmental conditions were evaluated. In general, more fungal propagules were recovered from moist pod pieces than from dry pieces and more from pod pieces incubated at 18 degC than at 24 degC. After 10 weeks, only P. capsici was recovered from dry pod pieces, at 18 degC. In the moist pod pieces, however, at both 18 degC and 24 degC more propagules were recovered of P. palmivora than of either of the other two species. Population levels ranged from 3.20 x 104 to 3.5 x 10 propagules per gram of dry pod tissue at 5 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. When the pod slurries were examined microscopically for the presence of spore structures, abundant chlamydospores and sporangia of P. palmivora and P. citrophthora and a moderate number of sporangia of P. capsici were observed within 2 weeks after inoculation. TI:Relationship between lipid composition and in vitro development conditions in Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya and P. capsici, causal agents of cacao black pod OT:Relations entre la composition lipidique et les conditions de developpement in vitro de Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya et P. capsici agents de la pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer AU:Blaha,-G.; Adenier,-H.; Chaveron,-H.; Lacoste,-L. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 511-525, figs, 5 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-megakarya; Phytophthora-capsici; lipids-; photoperiod-; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1982 GE:France **:The relationship of the extremely pronounced photoperiodism phenomena of Phytophthora megakarya with direct induction of procedures resulting in their sporogenesis, and the lipid metabolism implicated warrant a comparative biochemical study of strains belonging to the species P. palmivora, P. capsici and P. megakarya. The present study attempts to link the lipid composition of these fungi to different conditions for their development, in light and in darkness. Data were collected on the different lipid fractions (free fatty acids, triglycerides, non-saponifiable polar lipids) and correlations established with culture conditions. The samples grown in the light generally show a relatively higher proportion of free fatty acids than the samples grown in the dark. TI:Prospects and precautions in the use of Ridomil in cacao cultivation OT:Perspectivas y precauciones para el uso de Ridomil en el cultivo de cacao AU:Reyes,-L.C.-de; Marin,-C. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 527-530, 10 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Disease-control; Chemical; Fungicides; Metalaxyl- PY:1982 GE:Venezuela **:Phytophthora palmivora is a serious pathogen in cacao plantations and causes severe damage to various organs of the plant and considerable fruit loss. This work presents the possibility of its control by the systemic fungicide Ridomil (metalaxyl) which exhibited, under field conditions, great efficiency, two-dimensional distribution and persistence when using a leaf dose of 300 g c.p./ha, with a single application per production cycle. Its use is recommended, but its application should be limited to combat Phytophthora palmivora, since antagonisms were found against fungi of the genera Colletotrichum, Botriodiplodia and Fusarium in treated pods. This justifies extensive training of technicians and farmers in the use of the product. Authors' summary. TI:Current status of the development of Ridomil(R) for the control of Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa AU:Margot,-P.; Warnery,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 531-534, 7 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; metalaxyl-; spraying- PY:1982 GE:Cameroon, Papua New Guinea, Brazil **:In countries where standard spray intervals are relatively long (30 days) and the disease pressure moderate, such as Central and South America and the Far East, Ridomil (metalaxyl) applied at a rate of 250 g a.i./ha in spray volumes of 120-160 l/ha directed at the pods gives better control of Phytophthora pod rot than can be achieved with recommended rates of copper fungicides. In regions where the infection pressure is very high and standard spray intervals are short (14 days) such as West Africa, the use of Ridomil permits an extension of the spray intervals to 21 days. Rates in the region of 50 g a.i./ha applied in a spray valume of 100 l/ha show particular benefits over residual fungicides during the period of flowering to young pod development. Season-long spray programmes with Ridomil offer reduction in the total number of sprays that have to be applied. TI:(Economy of cacao black pod control in Bahia, Brazil: aerial versus ground spraying). OT:Economia do controle da podridao parda do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil: pulverizacao aerea versus pulverizacao terrestre AU:Doraswamy,-G.; Araujo,-J.B.-de SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 535-544, 12 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; spraying-; aerial-application; cost-benefit-analysis PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Two methods of fungicide application (cuprous oxide and copper oxychloride) in terms of technical efficiency and degree of economic profitability, using data on production and incidence of the disease, are compared. The results showed that ground spraying is technically more efficient. However, the considerable differences in cost indicated that aerial spraying was more economically efficient. The highest increases in production attributable to spraying were obtained in June and July, while April, May and August showed the lowest values of this variable. The fungicides produced approximately equal practical effects but from a financial point of view cuprous oxide proved preferable. TI:(Evaluation of four systemic fungicides for the control of Crinipellis perniciosa in Guamal, Colombia). OT:Evaluacion de cuatro fungicidas sistemicos para el control de Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, en Guamal, Colombia AU:Cifuentes,-C.; Prieto,-E.; Tovar,-G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 545-550, tables; 8 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; application-methods PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:It is important within the concept of integrated management of the problem of witches' broom in cacao to utilize chemicals in the fight against the disease, in the form of certain systemic fungicides which, when applied during the green period of the broom, can circulate and exercise an inhibiting effect on the sporulating potential of the mycelium. In this experiment four systemic fungicides were used: biloxazol, triadimefon, oxycarboxin and pyracarbolid in the maximum, medium and minimum doses recommended by the manufacturers. These were applied in two different ways: one application to green brooms of four different ages formed on flower cushions of branches, and two applications at two different ages of the same broom. None of the treatments were effective during the normal course of the green period or affected growth of the broom, which progressed normally following application of the fungicides. TI:(Study of the chemical control of witches' broom in cacao). OT:Estudio sobre el control quimico de la escoba de bruja del cacao AU:Mayorga-P,-M.; Aranzazu-H,-F. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 551-555, tables; 5 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; disease-control-chemical; fungicides- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Since the formation of basidiocarps of the fungus Crinipellis perniciosa occurrs only in decomposed dry brooms, the intention was to break the cycle of the disease by restricting the mycelium found inside the brooms, which should lead to a reduction in basidiocarp formation. The following treatments were used: triadimefon, oxycarboxin, agricultural oil and a control, in two methods of application, by spraying or immersion. Oxycarboxin and agricultural oil show most promise as mycelium inhibitors, followed by triadimefon, which was effective both in green and in dry brooms. In the dry brooms which were fruiting, the product had a fungistatic action, inhibiting the fruiting process of the brooms for a period of up to three months. Application of fungicides to green brooms on the tree restricted basidiocarp formation as compared with the control. TI:Technology transfer to cocoa farmers in West Africa AU:Laryea,-A.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 583-591, tables; 16 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; technology-transfer PY:1982 GE:Ghana **:Six stages are recognized in technology transfer: (1) research activities, (2) the need to ensure certainty of the result under the varied conditions of use; (3) to reduce the proven technique (innovation) to the level of comprehension and the means of the farmer; (4) diffusion of the innovation through propaganda to make the farmer aware; demonstrations to convince him of the benefits to be derived from the innovation to the point of his readiness to adopt it; (5) assisting the farmer by training and advice on the method of application to obtain the best result; and (6) helping him by the timely provision of the necessary inputs including financial, to enable him to put the innovation into practice. Attempt is made to identify some of the conditions and forces that serve as constraints to successful transfer. Suggestions are made regarding measures to be taken by Governments and the Cocoa Council that would facilitate the transfer to technology to the benefit of the cocoa industry. TI:(The Compania Nacional de Chocolates S.A. and the promotion of cacao farming in Colombia). OT:La Compania Nacional de Chocolates S.A. y el fomento del cultivo del cacao en Colombia AU:Moreno-P,-L.J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 593-597, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; production-development; promotion- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Cacao has been grown in Colombia for many years; yet there has been such an increase in cacao consumption that, after an exporting period it has been an importer. The government launched a promotion campaign to change this situation, with a view to regaining self-sufficiency and looking to become, once more, an exporter. The Compania Nacional de Chocolates echoed this concern and in 1958 created a department for the promotion of cacao growing. At its own expense it engaged a number of agronomic and agricultural experts to give direct technical assistance to farmers and established new cacao farms. With these and other activities the Company has contributed towards the growth of cacao farming. Now Colombia is reaching a point of balance between production and consumption. TI:Progress report on the Pilot Cocoa Extension Project in the Dunkwa district of Ghana AU:Gyamfi,-A.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 599-603, tables; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; extension-; pilot-project PY:1982 GE:Ghana **:Ineffective extension services have been identified as one of the major factors contributing to the fall in cacao production in Ghana. It therefore became necessary for cacao extension services in the country to be re-organized and managed to be more efficient and effective. Specific objectives are discussed. Although several problems like unattractive producer prices, scarcity of labour and other inputs, poor state of roads and transportation and unavailability of some basic necessities of life confronted the farmers, the project achieved some appreciable results. There is no doubt that the project has shown that a systematic information campaign is very effective in inducing farmer participation in improved agricultural practices. TI:(Cacao extension work in Alto Beni, Bolivia). OT:Trabajos de extension agricola cacaotera en el Alto Beni, Bolivia AU:Rodriguez-R,-G.; Diaz-V,-C.; Romay-M,-E.; Cano-O,-N.; Roca,-E. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 605-608, 3 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; extension-services PY:1982 GE:Bolivia **:The present study examines the activities over the last three years of six extension agencies. This covers the development of cacao farming since planting began until 1980, the sequence of activities, the problems encountered and the results achieved. The agencies are described, giving the position and the number of communities and farmers in each. The methods followed in rural training and group inauguration are described, and the activities of rural training in scope and impact achieved are outlined and examined. The establishment of communal nurseries, the problems and methodology involved and the achievements in this direction are mentioned; giving the number of farmers involved per agency for the different years. An account is given of the methods used for the technology transfer principally in connection with the control of witches' broom. The results of the programme are analysed and future activities of cacao extension are outlined. TI:Extension and training method in cacao farming in the Ivory Coast OT:Methode de vulgarisation et d'encadrement de la culture du cacao en Cote d'Ivoire AU:Niamke,-J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 609-613, summaries (En, DE:extension-services PY:1982 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:At present, cacao is the foremost crop in the agricultural economy of the Ivory Coast. In order to achieve quantitative and qualitative objectives, the activities of SATMACI, a state-controlled body in charge of extension in the sphere of cacao farming have mainly been concerned with: creating new farms using selected highly productive plant material and proven modern farming techniques; gradually renovating the entire traditional productive cacao stock; the continual training and permanent recycling of a qualified and versatile supervisory staff; and increasingly intensive training of registered farmers to help them better understand the technical advice offered. TI:(Effects of rural extension in the cacao-growing regions of Bahia and Espirito Santo). OT:Resultados da extensao rural nas regioes cacaueiras dos estados da Bahia e do Espirito Santo AU:Carvalho,-A.M.F.-de SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 615-620, figs, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; extension-; productivity- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia, Espirito Santo **:The predominant farming structure (about 85%) consists of small and medium-sized holdings with an area of less than 50 hectares. In terms of cacao production, more than half the production is centred on holdings producing up to 45 ton per annum. The effects of extension on cacao production and productivity have been particularly marked in the last five years. Total production exceeded the 300 000 ton mark and is being maintained above this figure, average productivity at the present time is around 720 kg/ha/year. During 1980 farmers took action against pests on more than 460 000 ha, controlled diseases on approximately 150 000 hectares, applied fertilizers over an area exceeding 220 000 hectares and planted more than 40 000 hectares of cacao. TI:(Economic efficiency of resources in two groups of cacao-growing estates in the district of Ilheus, Bahia). OT:Eficiencia economica dos recursos em dois grupos de propriedades cacaueiras do municipio de Ilheus, Bahia AU:Costa,-A.-da-S.C.; Reis,-A.J.-dos SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 621-626, 10 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; estates-; resource-utilization; productivity- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:One group consists of estates where the proprietor resides or lives outside but visits at intervals of no more than 8 days; in the other group the proprietor lives outside and visits less frequently. The purpose of the study was to estimate the relationship between the input levels promoting productivity and the level of cacao tree productivity; the estimated equations for the two groups were compared and the economic efficiency of the cacao-growing enterprises in both groups analysed. The statistical test showed that there was no significant differences in the adjusted functions of productivity for two groups of estates. Resources are not being used to the optimum level. Better results can be expected with better distribution of resources. The way in which decisions were taken did not affect the economic efficiency of the estates. TI:Producer-countries' share of total benefits from national investments in cocoa research: a case study of Nigeria AU:Abidogun,-A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 627-632, fig, tables; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; agricultural-research; public-investment; cost-benefit-analysis PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Based on the shifts in the supply curve arising from increased productivity due to research, the present value of the flow of producer benefits was estimated and expressed as a proportion of total benefits. The producer benefits were found to be 82% of the total benefit from cacao research. Apart from the distortion in resource allocation which such situation might have engendered it raises some serious issues of international equity. Thus rich consumer countries have been subsidized over the years by poor producer countries. It is stated that one possible approach to solving the problem is to embody in the International Cocoa Agreement provisions for appropriate levels of contribution by consumer countries to research support in producer countries. Such provisions also lead to better allocative efficiency. TI:(Utilization of physiological disorders induced by cocoa swollen shoot virus: description of a simple biological indexing test). OT:Utilisation des perturbations physiologiques induites par le virus du swollen shoot du cacaoyer (C.S.S.V.): definition d'un test biologique simple d'indexation AU:Partiot,-M.; Lucas,-P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 681-683, tables; summaries (En, Pt) DE:viral-diseases; swollen-shoot-virus; disease-diagnosis PY:1982 GE:Togo **:The average number of ovules per ovary is stable in healthy cacao, does not vary according to biological conditions and is transmitted cumulatively. That number is significantly reduced when the cacao is diseased. This occurs 2 months after artificial infection. A simple biological indexing test consists of monitoring the development of the number of ovules per ovary and would be very useful in verifying the state of health of collections and in quarantine stations. Authors' summary. TI:(Behaviour of cacao cultivars with respect to biting-sucking insects: possibility of early selection of tolerant cacao trees). OT:Comportement de cultivars de cacaoyers a l'egard de quelques insectes depredateurs: possibilite d'une selection precoce des cacaoyers tolerants AU:Decazy,-B.; Coulibaly,-N. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 685-688, 3 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:insect-pests; pest-resistance; breeding; PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast, Cameroon **:A number of studies, such as insect counts and observation of the damage they have caused on clones and hybrids, young cacao and mature cacao trees in the Ivory Coast and Cameroon, have shown that trees susceptible when young to attack by bollworms and psyllids remain so for their whole life. In addition, trees susceptible to infestation by psyllids and thrips are equally susceptible to mirid attack. Conversely, cacao trees tolerant to psyllids and thrips are also tolerant to mirids. Behaviour studies of young cacao trees under attack from psyllids, bollworms and thrips give very clear indications regarding their susceptibility to mirids. It is therefore possible to make early selection of cacao cultivars tolerant to mirid infestation. TI:(Comparative study of 6 cacao hybrids in the Uraba region of Colombia Estudio comparativo de seis hibridos de cacao en la zona de Uraba, Colombia AU:Mejia-P,-V.E.; Rondon-C,-J.G. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 689-693, figs, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:hybrids-; yield-; disease-resistance; heterosis- PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:Since 1974, research has been in progress into the behaviour of the hybrids SCA 6 x ICS 39; SCA 12 x ICS 6; PA 46 x IMC 67; P 7 x ICS 6; EET 95 x SCA 6 and SCA 6 x IMC 67, in order to identify the best at local level based on production and tolerance to witches' broom and Monilia pod rot. The results obtained so far indicate the hybrid PA 46 x IMC 67 as the best in terms of production and disease tolerance. Another hybrid with better production but lower disease tolerance is P 7 x ICS 6. The hybrids with Scavina genes such as SCA 6 x ICS 39 and SCA 6 x IMC 67 have so far yielded lowest. With respect to vigorous growth, the hybrids compared in the study show similar behaviour for trunk diameter and crown height. Although the crown height appears to have become stable, the diameter of the trunk still continues to increase. TI:Inheritance of clonal resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao hybrids AU:Gardella,-D.S.; Enriquez,-G.A.; Saunders,-J.L. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 695-702, fig, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; disease-resistance; heritability-; hybrids- PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:Genetic analysis of a half diallel cross demonstrates effects of general combining abilities of clones and special combining abilities on crosses. These measurements should be used for selecting clones and hybrids to increase resistance. Clones with dominant genes plus genes with an additive effect should be used to improve the resistance of cacao to C. fimbriata. Phenotypic variance for survival of 10 cacao hybrids was 38.06% due to additive gene effects, 30.52% due to environmental effects. Clones IMC-67 and SPA-9 probably have dominant genes for resistance to C. fimbriata, ICS-45 probably has a heterozygous dominant gene for susceptibility. UF-613 apparently has more paternal than maternal effect on resistance of its progeny. TI:(Assessment of the productive capacity of 6 cacao hybrids in the Dominican Republic). OT:Evaluacion de la capacidad productiva de 6 hibridos de cacao en Republica Dominicana AU:Batista,-L.J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 713-717, fig, 2 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; hybrids- PY:1982 GE:Dominican Rep. **:The variables studied were: number of pods and seeds, wet and dry weight of the beans, height and girth of stem and signs of early maturity. At the same time determinations of the presence and frequency of Phytophthora palmivora were made. The hybrid with the highest average dry weight yield was SHB 3 with 1356 kg/ha. Production data showed that 47% of the trees have medium yields, producing between 31 and 60 pods; 23% are highly productive with 61-90 pods per tree; 19% have low production with 1-30 pods; and 3% came within the category of unproductive trees. Only 8% showed exceptional production in excess of 90 pods. The hybrids came into production at between 18 and 24 months. The final result shows that the majority of the trees studied are medium and highly productive trees, although the average bean weight of some hybrids was less than 1.0 g. P. palmivora was found to be present on between 1 and 0 pods per tree. TI:(Implications of tests to detect resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao). OT:Implicaciones de las pruebas para detectar resistencia a Ceratocystis fimbriata en cacao AU:Gardella,-D.; Enriquez,-G.A. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 719-724, figs, 28 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; disease-resistance; research-methods PY:1982 GE:Costa-Rica **:In some cases, objections have been raised against the method used to detect resistance in cacao trees yet in other cases it has been used extensively to detect resistant genotypes. A study was made of the effect of changing the test originally proposed, and comparisons of the results were analysed. Attempts were also made to discover some reasons for these differences. Tests were carried out to detect differing pathogenicity in different isolates, and a study was made of the effect of temperature and inoculum concentration. It was found that temperature had a marked effect on perithecial production and growth of mycelium. Light had very little effect on the behaviour of fungal growth, nor did the inoculum concentration have any very noticeable effect on growth. No differences were found in the growth of various isolates of the fungus on different cacao clones. The response of several species of Theobroma to the growth of the fungus was evaluated. TI:Genetic improvement for resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in cacao (Theobroma cacao) OT:Mejoramiento genetico para resistencia a Ceratocystis fimbriata en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Ocampo-R,-F.; Mafla-B,-G.; Victoria-K,-J.I. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 725-730, 11 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; disease-resistance; hybrids-; research-methods PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:In the first six years of the tree's life the incidence of the disease was 0.9% and increased with age of the tree. The progeny of the hybrid PA 46 x IMC 67 has not become infected and a high level of tolerance is displayed by the progeny of TSA 644 x PA 46 and ICS 6 x IMC 67. Tree deaths occurred during dry periods. In order to evaluate hybrid resistance to the pathogen the following methods were compared: bark and wood, colorimetric and punching. The punch method, which consists of replacing a disc of bark with a disc of culture medium containing the fungus with perithecia, was the most consistent and, using this method, the following hybrids were identified as being moderately resistant ICS 6 x PA 121, ICS 6 x IMC 67 and TSA 644 x PA 46. TI:Breeding for disease resistance to vascular-stread dieback, canker, and black pod in hybrid cocoa AU:Tan,-G.Y. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 731-734, fig, tables; summaries (En, DE:disease-resistance; hybrids- PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:A wide range of variability was found for yield and resistance to vascular streak dieback (VSD, caused by Oncobasidium theobroma) and canker (Phytophthora palmivora) among progenies of Trinitario x Amazonian and Trinitario crosses, but no significant difference among progenies was found for black pod disease (also caused by P. palmivora). Hybrid progenies were generally higher yielding and more resistant to VSD and canker than the Trinitario crosses. Results demonstrated that the characters of resistance to VSD and canker diseases are genetically controlled, and can be transmitted from the parents to their progenies. Crosses between two disease resistant parents would produce highly resistant progenies. Moreover, it should be possible to combine high yield and resistance to multiple diseases in cacao hybrid progenies. TI:Susceptibility of clonal cocoa to attack by two insect pests in Papua New Guinea AU:Smith,-E.S.C.; Moles,-D.J. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 735-739, 11 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:cacao-; insect-pests; Glenea-aluensis; insect-pests; Pseudodoniella-typica; pest-resistance PY:1982 GE:Papua-New-Guinea **:Sixteen clones of Trinitario cacao were assessed for their susceptibility to attack by the larvae of Glenea aluensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and the mirid Pseudodoniella typica (Heteroptera: Miridae). Highly significant differences in the clonal susceptibility to attack by both insects were shown and the clones were ranked into five categories ranging from resistant to very susceptible. There was no correlation between the susceptibility of clones based on these assessments or between their susceptibilities to bark canker and either of the two pests. However, correlations were shown between their susceptibility to Phytophthora pod rot infection and both mirid attack and G. aluensis infestation. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the current breeding and clonal distribution programmes in Papua New Guinea. TI:Mitigation of cocoa acidity in Peninsular Malaysia AU:Chick,-W.H.; Mainstone,-B.J.; Wai,-S.T. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 759-764, 14 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:Acidity; Fermentation; PY:1982 GE:Malaysia **:Malaysian cured cacao beans have been criticized because of excessive residual acidity and weak chocolate flavour. Ad hoc work has given limited insight for quality improvement. Accordingly an experiment was initiated to investigate commercial fermentation techniques. Findings show quick pH determination of no value in assessing cured cacao beans. Treatments, however, acted independently and in varying ways affected volatile and non-volatile acidity in cred beans. Yeast inoculation boosted volatile acidity by 27% while pulp reduction reduced it by 10%. Using a half depth ferment reduced non-volatile acidity by 31% and yeast inoculation by 21%. Non-volatile acidity was shown to be related to taste detected acidity and low values gave better chocolate flavour. Authors' summary. TI:Studies on the possibility of using a combination of moist heat and radiation to control mouldiness in dried cocoa beans AU:Appiah,-V.; Odamtten,-G.T.; Langerak,-D.I. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 769-776, figs, photos, tables; 14 ref.; summaries (En, Pt) DE:storage-diseases; Aspergillus-flavus; disease-control; heat-treatment; irradiated-foods; Irradiation; PY:1982 GE:Netherlands **:Dried cacao beans inoculated with A. flavus were treated with a combination of moist heat applied at 80 degC and low or high humidity in a specially designed heat treatment chamber for 30 min, followed by gamma irradiation. Conclusions are that moist heat, 80 degC applied for 30 min under high humidity (>85% RH) conditions was better than the same treatment under low humidity (<40% RH) conditions. The combination of heating at 80% degC for 30 min under high humidity conditions prior to gamma irradiation with 4.0 kGy gave the most effective control of A. flavus. This combination can therefore be used to prevent mouldiness of cacao beans but the effectiveness of this treatment is augmented by good storage management practices. For effective control the beans have to be stored after the prescribed treatment at less than 80% relative humidity. TI:The evaluation of some quality parameters of cocoa after the combination treatment of heat and radiation AU:Appiah,-V.; Odamtten,-G.T.; Langerak,-D.I. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 777-781, figs, tables; 7 ref.; summaries (En, DE:processing-quality; Sensory-properties; heat-treatment; irradiated-foods; PY:1982 GE:Netherlands **:Healthy dried cacao beans were heated at 80 degC in a specially designed heat treatment chamber at either low (<40%) or high humidity (>85%) for 30 minutes followed by gamma irradiation with 4.0 kGy. The solidifying curves of the cocoa butter from the treated beans were compared to the control. The combination treatment did not cause any change in the quality of the cocoa butter from the beans. The combination treatment of heat applied for 30 minutes at 80 degC high humidity prior to gamma radiation with 4.0 kGy has been found to control mouldiness in cacao beans and since the perscribed treatment has no adverse effect on the quality of the beans, this method, of preservation can be applied to cacao beans and they will still remain acceptable to the consumer. TI:(Cocoa storage in plastic bags). OT:Armazenamento de cacau em sacos plasticos AU:Prado,-E.P.; Serodio,-R.S.; Abreu,-J.M.; Romeu,-A.P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 783-790, figs, 18 ref.; summaries (En, DE:storage-life; bags- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Clear polyethylene bags, 0.1 mm thick and with a capacity of 60 kg were used to test the possibility of increasing the storage life of cocoa beans on the farm. It was found that during the warehousing period storage in plastic bags presented no problems with respect to fungal development or insect infestation, the product being classified as Superior at the close of the experiment (16 months). This type of bagging could be used to store cocoa on the farm, provided that the beans are bagged in proper phytosanitary conditions and with a moisture content no higher than 7.5% (moisture base). TI:The condition of cocoa on arrival at the major depot in Nigeria AU:Mejule,-F.O. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 791-795, figs, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:Transport; Storage; Storage-quality; Insect-damage; Debris; Moisture; PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Comparison of the quality of cacao beans received from Oyo, Ogun and Ondo States were made. The level of insect infestation was made using the sieving method. Ahasverus advens, Carpophilus spp., Lasioderma serricorne, Cryptolestes sp., Tribolium castaneum and Araecerus fasiculatus were among the major insects recorded in the order of numbers. The average number of insects found per bag was 18. The average percentage moisture content was 7% and the average weight of debris was 238 g. Comparison of cacao from the three states revealed that the bags of beans from Ondo State had the lowest moisture content, lowest number of insects and lowest weight of debris. The percentage moisture content of cacao was determined by the ventilated oven method. TI:(Storage of cocoa and derivatives in the south of Bahia (Brazil): preliminary results). OT:Armazenamento de cacau e derivados na regiao sul da Bahia (Brasil): primeiros resultados AU:Ser.cdio,-R.S.; Prado,-E.P. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 797-811, figs, 15 ref.; summaries (En, DE:cacao-; storage-methods; storage-conditions PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:In January 1979 a multidisciplinary and far reaching project was initiated. The project was subdivided as follows: (1) establishment of storage conditions of cocoa and derivatives; (2) basic research into the product-environment relationship in storage; (3) prophylactic and constructive measures for short-term regional storage; (4) new methods of long-term storage for the region; (5) storage conditions in neighbouring regions with a more suitable climate; and (6) long term storage of cocoa derivatives in the cacao growing area of South Bahia. The results and conclusions already obtained will enable technical standards to be published, regional developement projects to be carried out and current research to receive greater support. TI:The effect of pre-harvest fungal infection of cocoa pods on mouldiness of prepared beans AU:Oyeniran,-J.O. SO:In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, 18-23 Oct 1981.Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 829-833, 12 ref.; summaries (En, DE:fungal-diseases; fermentation-; temperature- PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Ripe cacao pods bearing pre-harvest infection were collected and the beans examined. The beans were found to be either black, brown or white. Out of the black beans as many as 63.1% were internally mouldy; in the brown beans, 34.4% were mouldy. The moulds isolated from the diseased beans were mainly Botryodiplodia theobromae; Fusarium solani and Macrophoma sp. occurred in a few beans. If the temperature of fermentation is not high enough, internal mouldiness by pre-harvest moulds would still remain viable and develop further. If high, the mycelium will be killed. It was found that if all the beans with dead mycelium and those with B. theobromae and similar species arose form pre-harvest infection, this factor alone possibly contributes nearly a third of the internal mouldiness of commercial cacao in Nigeria. TI:(Use of cacao husks instead of sorghum grains in feed rations for grazing cattle). OT:Utilizacion de la cascara de cacao en sustitucion de sorgo, para la suplementacion de bovinos en pastoreo AU:Coutino-A,-J.L.; Riquelme-V,-E. SO:Chapingo-Nueva-Epoca (Mexico).1981, no. 31-32, p. 74-78; Sep, 8 ref.; DE:feed-supplement; cacao-; husk-meal; sorghum-; beef-cattle PY:1981 GE:Mexico **:Feeding trials conducted with 20 Holstein calves of 120 kg average live weight in Mexico showed there were no significant differences in daily weight gain between continuous grazing treatment and restricted grazing (7 h) without supplemental feeding. Supplementing sorghum grains or sorghum plus cacao husk meal significantly increased daily weight gains. TI:The imbibed storage of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) seeds AU:King,-M.W.; Roberts,-E.H.; SO:Seed Science and Technology, 10(3):535-540. DE:Recacitrant-seed; Seed-storage; storage-conditions; moisture-content; seed-viability PY:1982 GE:UK **:Moist cacao seeds were stored under controlled relative humidity conditions or in solutions of polyethylene glycol ""6000" of known osmolarity. The best survival, 24% after eight months, was achieved by storage at 20 degC and 98% relative humidity (40.6% moisture content) in the presence of Thiram fungicide. Authors' summary. TI:Dynamics of nitrogen in a shaded cacao plantation AU:Santana,-M.B.M.; Cabala-Rosand,-P. SO:Plant and-Soil (Netherlands) (Nitrogen Cycling in Ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean).1982, v. 67(1-3) p. 271-281, figs, photos, 35 ref.; DE:Nitrogen-cycle; shade-trees; nutrient-removal; mineralization-; leaching; Nutrient-cycling PY:1982 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Mini-lysimeters were installed at depths of 10, 20 and 40 cm and the leachate was collected weekly or after heavy rain. Net mineralization was measured in soil samples taken at depths of 0-5 and 5-15 cm and incubated for 30 days in plastic bags placed at the site of collection. Leaching was correlated with the amount of rainfall. Ammonification and nitrification were both high during most of the year; nitrification was very rapid especially on the fertilized area. Analyses of Erythrina and cacao litter show that these components make a considerable contribution to the N recycled in a cacao plantation. High concentrations of total N were detected in soil samples taken close to shade trees and the soil of shaded areas had more than 480 mg N/kg soil than soil of non-shaded areas. Removal of N in harvest can be considerable. It is advisable to take nitrogen-cycle data into account for fertilizer recommendations. TI:(Determination of the genotypes of incompatibility or compatibility in several cultivars of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)). OT:Determinacion de los genotipos de incompatibilidad o compatibilidad en varios cultivares de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Terreros,-J.R.; Chavarro,-G.; Ocampo-R,-F. SO:Revista-del-Instituto-Colombiano-Agropecuario (Colombia).1982, v. 17(3) p. 93-99; Sep, 13 ref.; DE:cacao-; self-incompatibility; variety-performance PY:1982 GE:Colombia **:To study the floral genetic formula for incompatibility of compatibility, 15 cacao cultivars were used as parents in the production of cacao improved seed. Twenty self-pollinations in each of the 15 cultivars, besides 20 cross-pollinatiors using pollen from 6 cultivars the floral genetic formula of which is already known, were made. The data registered 15 days after pollination were analysed. The genotypes determined are enumerated. TI:(Possibilities of biological control of monilia pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao)). OT:Posibilidades del control biologico de la moniliasis (Moniliophtora roreri Evans) del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Bravo-O,-N.; Victoria-K,-J.I. SO:Acta-Agronomica (Colombia).1981, v. 31(1-4) p. 133-141; Feb, figs, 3 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-control-biological; antibiotics- PY:1981 GE:Colombia **:The antagonistic action of 23 antibiotics, 6 bacterial cultures and 6 fungal isolates against Moniliophthora roreri was assayed in vitro. Furthermore, the antagonistic capacity of two selected bacterial cultures was assayed during different periods of exposure before and after transplanting the fungus. The action of one bacterial culture against the fungus when inoculated in cacao pods was assayed before and after the application of the bacterial suspension. The antibiotics, 4 of the bacterial cultures and 6 fungal isolates showed no significant inhibitory effect on the development of M. roreri in vitro. The remaining 2 bacterial isolates produced a high degree of inhibition both in the in vitro and in the in vivo assay, especially in prophylactic treatments. Authors' summary. TI:Acceptance of farm technology amongst peasant cocoa farmers in Nigeria AU:Monu,-E.D. SO:Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 21(3):250-261. DE:Innovation-adoption; Extension; Biocides; Application; Fermentation; Uprooting; PY:1982 GE:Nigeria **:Adoption of 3 recommended farm practices by some cacao farmers from Ondo and Oyo states is examined. Results showed that while 53% adopted cutting of virus-infected trees (VIT), only 45.3% used the knapsack spraying machine (KSM). Moreover only 10.1% used the recommended wooden trays for fermenting cacao beans. Generally farmers who adopted cutting of VIT had greater contact with extension agents and external sources of information. Those who used the KSM were more likely to come from Ondo state and owned larger farms. Finally those who adopted the wooden trays for cacao fermentation were younger and had greater contact with extension agents. Characteristics of these farm practices are examined to explain the differential relationships between the independent variables and adoption of the 3 practices. TI:Nitrogen cycling in ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean AU:Robertson,-G.P. (ed.); Herrera,-R. (ed.); Rosswall,-T. (ed.) SO:Developments-in-Plant and-Soil-Sciences (Netherlands).The Hague (Netherlands), Martinus Nijhoff, 1982, no. 6, 437 p., figs, photos, bibliography (vp.) ; repr. from Plant and Soil, v.67, 1982 DE:Nitrogen-cycle; ecosystem; Nutrient-cycling PY:1982 GE:Latin-America, Caribbean-Islands **:The large and rapidly expanding body of literature related to N cycling in both managed and native terrestrial ecosystems reflects the importance accorded to the behaviour of this vital and often limiting nutrient. The purpose of the present workshop was fourfold: (1) to emphasize the importance of the N cycle in the different ecosystems of the region; (2) to provide a forum for scientists from the region to present papers, describing ongoing N cycle research; (3) to compile available data into coherent N budgets for the region's main ecosystems; and (4) to define N cycle research priorities for the region. In all, 35 papers were read, covering such topics as plant assimilation and N cycling, N cycling in coffee (Coffea spp.), in sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum and in South American savannas. TI:The producers' price system and the coffee and cocoa trade at village level in West-Africa AU:Muntjewerff,-C.A. SO:Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 22(2):163-178. DE:prices; trade-; transportation; Farm-gate-prices; PY:1983 GE:West Africa; Ghana; Cameroon; Nigeria; ivory-Coast; **:This price study on purchase of cocoa and coffee was conducted in Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Ghana and 5 regions of Cameroon over 2 years. The results show that farmers in Nigeria, Ghana and 3 regions in Cameroon received 0.7 - 12.7% less than the official farm-gate price whereas in the other areas they received 1.3-8.6% more. Causes of these differences are discussed. TI:The agreement on basic products: advances and restrictions. The cases of the coffee, cacoa and sugar OT:Los acuerdos sobre productos basicos: logros y restricciones. Los casos del cafe, cacao y azucar AU:Valle,-S.-del; Salazar,-R. SO:Problemas-del-Desarrollo (Mexico).1982, v. 12(47-48) p. 105-149, 25 ref.; DE:International-agreements; Exports; PY:1982 GE:Mexico **:Different types of trade agreements and treaties established by Third World countries, in defence of their basic exports are analysed, with special reference to coffee, cacao and sugar. Their efficacy in confronting the complex web of legal restrictions and economic sanctions imposed by the industrialized nations, particularly the US and the European Common Market, is also reviewed. Authors' summary. TI:(Concept, industrial design, performance, functioning and economics of engine operated land sprayers in cacao). OT:Conceito, desenho industrial, desempenho, operacao em campo e economicidade do sistema de mangueira e lancas para tratamentos fitossanitarios em cacaueiro AU:Pereira-J.L.; Oliveira-C,-J.-de; Andrade-Filho,-E.N. SO:Boletim-Tecnico-Centro-de-Pesquisas-do-Cacau (Brazil).1983, no. 113, 59 p., figs, photos, 9 ref.; summaries (En, DE:spray-equipment; spraying-; chemical-control; Application-techniques; PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Motorized mistblowers, conventionally used in the control of black pod disease (Phyphthora palmivora) of cacao have been considered to be efficient in the application of fungicides. However, they are noisy and use relatively much fuel. The concept of using a diesel engine, coupled to hydraulic pump to supply a pressurized constant flow through a predetermined number of hoses, connected to lances with nozzles appeared to be a functional and economic soluton. The new system offers a number of advantages, such as its speed of operation with comfort to the spraying operators and its lower computed cost of application, resulting in a saving of up to 50% on the present method. TI:(Dynamics and incidence of Forcipomyia spp. and pollination of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Palmira, Valle). OT:Dinamica e incidencia de Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) en la polinizacion del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Palmira, Valle AU:Figueroa-C,-M.A.; Cruz-L,-J.-de-la SO:Acta-Agronomica (Colombia).1984, v. 34(2) p. 42-52; Apr, 5 ref.; DE:cacao-; pruning-; rainfall-; pollination-; flowering-; fruiting- PY:1984 GE:Colombia **:The effect of rainfall and pruning on the population density of Forcipomyia spp. was determined and its pollinating activity in 5 cacao clones was studied. Pruning reduced populations of Forcipomyia spp. The pollinating activity was enhanced by rainfall as it maintained the level of the required humidity for the development of the insect. Clone ICS-78 gave the highest number of flowers and clone SPA-9 showed the highest number of fruits and strongest activity of Forcipomyia spp., indicating a possible scarcity of pollinating insects. TI:Laboratory and field evaluation of fungicides against cacao moniliasis OT:Evaluacion en laboratorio y campo de fungicidas para el combate de la moniliasis del cacao AU:Murillo,-D.; Gonzalez,-L.C. SO:Agronomia-Costarricense (Costa Rica).1984, v. 8(2) p. 83-89; Sep, 14 ref.; DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; fungicides-; Moniliophthora-roreri; PY:1984 GE:Costa-Rica **:The efficacy of 20 fungicides for the control of Phytophthora palmivora or Monilia roreri and other Monilia spp. were tested in vitro. Measurements were made in the inhibition of M. roreri conidia on water agar by each fungicide at 1 and 10 ppm. Readings at 1 ppm were erratic. At 10 ppm the most active fungicides were captafol, Omadine (1-hydroxy-1-H-pyridine-2-thione) copper, Omadine zinc, Omadine sodium and chlorothalonil; the latter showed no significant difference (P50%, significant responses to lime were obtained, especially at 1.5 t/meq exchangeable Al. Higher levels gave lower responses, indicating that liming should reduce the Al saturation to 25-30%. In pot experiments with oxisols the beneficial effect of lime was mainly related to Ca and Mg additions, especially when Mg was <1 meq/100 g. In adult cocoa (cv. Comum) plantations on slightly acid soil with Ca + Mg levels >3.0 meq/100 g, response to lime was not consistent. The Ca + Mg:K, Ca:Mg and Mg:K ratios are important for cocoa growth and there is an ill-defined interrelation between lime and phosphate application. The economics of dolomitic limestone applications are discussed. TI:Aluminium tolerance in hybrid cultivars of cacao. OT:Tolerancia de cultivares hibridas de cacau a aluminio. AU:Santana,-M.B.M.; Yamada,-MM; Santana,-CJL-de SO:Revista Theobroma. 1985, 15(1):9-18. DE:Toxic-substances; Aluminium; Toxicity; Hybrids; Adaptability PY:1985 GE:Brazil; **:Seedlings of Catongo and of 4 intervarietal hybrids were compared after 110 days' growth in a low-P nutrient solution containing Al (as sulphate) at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µg/ml, pH being maintained at 4.0-4.2. Effects of the treatments on foliage area, dry matter yield and the P, K, Ca, Mg and Al contents of the roots and upper parts of the plants showed that SIC831 X Sca6and SIC831 X IMC67 were the most tolerant and Catongo was the most sensitive. At all Al concentrations, the index K/(Ca + Mg) in stems and leaves tended to be lowest in the tolerant cultivars. TI:Effect of lime on the pH and calcium, magnesium and aluminium contents of acid soils in cocoa plantations. OT:Efeito da calagem no pH e nos teores de calcio, magnesio e aluminio em solo acido cultivado com cacau. AU:Nakayama,-L.H.I.; SO:Revista Theobroma. 16(4):243-247. DE:Aluminium; Calcium; Magnesium; Soil; Liming-materials; Tropudults; Exchangeable-cations; Soil-types-genetic; Nitosolss; PH- PY:1986 GE:Brazil-; Bahia-; **:The effect of liming on the pH and exchangeable Al, Ca and Mg contents, at different depths, was evaluated for a Tropudult soil. The experiment was conducted over 6 years on a producing plantation of 9 to 12 year-old cocoa trees. Soil acidity was corrected to a depth of 10 cm. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were higher, and aluminium concentrations lower in all plots after 6 years, at depths to 10 cm. In deeper layers there was no change in the soil chemical composition of these elements. Therefore, in estimating lime requirement on this soil type, only the top 10 cm of soil should be considered. TI:Intake and export of nutrients in cacao leaves AU:Wessel,-M.; SO:Tropical Agriculture, 47(2):167-170. DE:Leaf-analysis; Mineral-composition; Variation; Ageing; PY:1970 GE:Nigeria; TI:Monthly variation in mineral composition of cacao leaves AU:Wessel,-M.; SO:Ann. Report. of the cocoa Res. inst. of Nigeria (1967-68) DE:Leaf-analysis; Mineral-composition; Variation; PY:1969 GE:Nigeria; TI:Nutritional requirements of the cacao plant during a yearly cycle AU:Rodriguez,-R.M.; Carjaval,-J.F.; Machicado,-M.; Jiminez,-E.; SO:Cacao (Turrialba), 8:1-7 PY:1963 GE:Costa-Rica; TI:An investigation into the effect of temperature on the growth and flowering of cacao AU:Spurling,-A.T.; SO:D.T.A. Report, Univ. West Indies, Trinidad DE:Growth; Temperature; PY:1963 GE:Trinidad TI:Cocoa fermentation in Uganda OT:Etude de certaines aspects de l'Ècophysiologie du cacaoyer liÈs a sa productivitÈ en Ouganda AU:Couprie,-F. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 16(1):31-43 DE:Climate; Temperature; Radiation; Sunshine; Rainfall; Flowering; Fruit-set; cherelle-wilt; Flushing; PY:1972 GE:Uganda **:ITghe climatic conditions at 1200 m altitude prevailing in Uganda do not seem to be suitable to theh intensive cultivation of cocoa. However, growth is excellent. These observations were ground for the cophysiological studies reported. TI:The central experimental cocoa research station in Mexico OT:La estacion Central de Investigation y propacion de cacao en Mexico AU:Garrido,-G.S.; SO:Hacienda, 42:42-64 DE:Research; research-programmes; Research-stations; PY:1964 GE:Mexico TI:Cocoa cultivation in Brazil OT:Cacaocultuur AU:Dissel,-D.J.-van; SO:Tijdschr. Econ. Geogr. 38:42-43. DE:Production; Export; PY:1947 GE:Brazil; **:Development of the cocoa sector in Brazil. Export figures for 1900-1944/45 are presented. TI:Trade-Cote D'IVOIRE: Bitter Taste of European Chocolates AU:Anon.; SO:Inter Press Service, 21-SEP-98 DE:Socio-economics; Marketing; Prices; Quality; Liberalisation; SAP; PY:1998 GE:Ivory-Coast; **: :Inter Press Service :21-SEP-98 : :ABIDJAN, (Sep. 18) Panos/IPS - A new danger looms on the horizon for Cote d'Ivoire's cocoa farmers as the European Union threatens to authorize its members to use up to five percent vegetable fat in chocolate manufacturing instead of cocoa butter. : :The threat, if carried out, could mean huge losses to Cote d'Ivoire, the world's largest exporter of cocoa. The bean is grown by an estimated 500,000 farmers working on small plots of agricultural land -- the backbone of the country's economy. : :"Such a move would be the death knell for all our hopes of survival," says Cisse Locine, national secretary of Cocoa Farmers' Cooperative of Cote d'lvoire. The vegetable fat proposal is currently before the European Parliament, whose members are expected to vote on it next spring. : :As a long-time campaigner for farmer's rights in the west African republic, Cisse says farmers in any case have been hit by an ongoing liberalization of this key agricultural sector, undertaken on the advice of the World Bank. : :"It has been hurting enough, so any other decision which would further affect their incomes would be like turning a knife in a wound. : :"We won't take anymore," he says. "We shall resist any such idea with all our force because it is a threat to our very survival." : :Locine's opposition to the proposal is shared by the Ivoirian minister for external trade, Guy Alain Gauze, who has been trying to persuade chocolate manufacturers and EU member-states to drop it. : :"As the leading producer and exporter we stand to lose heavily under the proposed idea. That is why we are fighting tooth and nail to prevent it," Gauze says. : :The result of Gauze's lobbying is that France, Holland, Spain, Belgium, Poland and Luxembourg have so far resisted the move by Britain, which until last July was President of the European Union, to push through the proposal. : :The EU proposal's apparent aim is to accommodate sweets manufacturers, mainly in Britain, who already use significantly cheaper vegetable fat substitutes in their chocolate products. : :Cote d'Ivoire's present production of 1.2 million tons annually represents about 45 percent of total world output, estimated at 2.9 million tons. More than half the country's population of 15.8 million depends directly or indirectly on cocoa production for their survival. : :Commodity experts say the proposal, if adopted, could mean an annual market loss of between 60,000 and 200,000 tons of cocoa -- that part of their production which will be replaced by vegetable fats -- worth 350-500 million European Currency Units ($393-$561 million). : :Another $90-$113 million could be lost if the United States follows the EU line, Gauze disclosed recently. : :"This would become a loss to our farmers who will be forced to reduce production since the government has no mechanisms to subsidize producer prices in a liberalized market," he adds. : :Cocoa farmers' woes began in 1995 when the government bowed to World Bank pressure and began liberalizing the sector by putting the purchase and export of cocoa in the hands of private companies. : :Previously, the task of buying and exporting cocoa beans used to be lookout of CAISTAB, the government-controlled commodity board which was set up in the 1950s. CAISTAB ensured a steady flow of production materials and credit to the farmers in addition to guaranteeing producer prices. : :But the World Bank, in a 1995 report, said CAISTAB activity amounted to "government interference" in the market and blamed it for the sector's poor performance. : :"CAISTAB stabilizes prices of cash crops when the market favors it, but leaves the producers to swim when the market flops," the report said, while the government negotiated a $120 million Bank loan to help it liberalize the cocoa sector. : :"Exporters should be in the position to determine the internal and external market conditions and this should be done with little government interference," the Bank added, maintaining that liberalization would ensure that farmers and exporters get the market rate for their produce. : :CAISTAB denies the Bank charge, saying the fact it was buying cocoa at a fixed, guaranteed price ensured that producers were not left to the market's mercy. : :In spite of protests, the government closed down all its cocoa purchasing centers nationwide in 1995, replacing them with centers run by businessmen and exporters. : :Until now, however, the cocoa procurement price has been fixed by the government. But this part of government control too is set to be lifted by the end of 1999. From then on, merchants and farmers will be expected to negotiate prices, with CAISTAB playing only a supervisory role. With the step, Cote d'Ivoire's cocoa liberalization program will have been completed. : :Local farmers say they are already feeling the pinch of liberalization. "What we have now is a lawless market where merchants are treating farmers any way they want," complains Cisse Locine. : :"All the protections which we used to enjoy when CAISTAB was in charge have been removed," Locine says. These include credit facilities extended by CAISTAB to farmers' cooperatives which ensured that farmers were paid the fixed government price for their produce. : :At present, farmers' cooperatives are in a state of near-collapse and, Locine says, exporters have been deducting 10 percent from cocoa prices as anticipated losses for poor-quality beans. : :"Before liberalization there were no such complaints about poor quality beans. But now the merchants have become both referees and players in the market," says Locine. : :Farmers say they can only gain from the liberalization if the government sets aside an export quota for farmers. That will fetch them the international market prices for the proportion of their cocoa beans that will be set aside for export. : :Exporters currently buy a ton of cocoa at farmgates for 450,000 CFA franc ($756), which they sell in the international market for 841,350 CFA franc ($1,414). : :Siriki Sangarean, an exporter, agrees with the farmers. "This whole business of liberalization has been hurried so that farmers, who are supposed to benefit from it, have become losers because the system does not allow them to commercialize their produce," he says. : :The state of affairs is leading many cocoa farmers to contemplate shifting to other crops. Sansa Kwao, a former cocoa farmer, says: "We have to cooperate for survival. Unlike some other poor countries where farmers have no choice, here we can move into other crops." TI:Enhancing phosphate rock use in cofee and cocoa plantations by VA mycorrhiza in Indonesia AU:Baon,-J.B.; Wibawa,-A.; SO:A.E. Johnston & J.K. Syers (eds.) Nutrient management for sustainble crop production in Asia, p.357-358. DE:VAM; Fungi; Mycorrhiza; Infection; Phosphorus; Phosphate-fertiliser; Rock-phosphate; Nutrient-uptake; Calcium; Managnese; Ca; Mn; GE:Indonesia; Kalimantan; **:The results showed that ther was little response by young cocoa to VAM inoculation on fertile soils, although the uptake of both micor- and macronutrients from PR was better by the mycorrhizal plants than by the uninfected ones. However in an experiment on an ultisol in South Kalimantan, plant growth was significantly increased by myorrhizal infection, with the PR being used more effectively. The greatest density of mycorrhixal spores was found in soil treated with PR. With Glomus fasiculatum there was both better growth and Calcium and Managnese uptake than with Acaulaspora delicata. inoculation of plants grown on a near neutral soil (a Fluventic Eutropept) treated with PR also enhanced growth and uptake of phosphate, magnesium and copper. TI:Endomycorrhiza for sustainable tropical agriculture AU:Azzizah,-H.; Mok,-C.C.; SO:A.E. Johnston & J.K. Syers (eds.) Nutrient management for sustainble crop production in Asia. p.356-357. DE:VAM; Fungi; Mycorrhiza; Infection; Seedlings; Phosphorus; Phosphate-uptake; Water-stress; Water-uptake; GE:Malaysia; TI:Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate AU:Mumford,-G.K.; Benowitz,-N.L.; Evans,-S.M.; Kaminski,-B.J.; Preston,-K.L.; Sannerud,-A.; Silverman,-K.; Griffiths,-R.; SO:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51(3/4):319-325 DE:Uptake; Caffeine; Chocolate; Theobromine; Methylxanthines Absorption; humans; PY:1996 GE:USA **:Objective: :To compare caffeine and theobromine absorption after oral administration of capsules, cola beverage and chocolate candy. : :Methods: :Three males and four females who abstained from methylxanthines received five methylxanthine-containing treatments: caffeine in capsules (72 mg), administered twice; theobromine in capsules (370 mg); cola beverage (72 mg caffeine) and chocolate candy (72 mg caffeine and 370 mg theobromine). Plasma methylxanthine levels were assayed from samples collected before and 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 h after caffeine capsule and cola treatments and, additionally, at 4.0 and 6.0 h after theobromine capsule and chocolate treatments. : :Results: :Caffeine plasma concentrations increased rapidly and peaked at approximately 30 min following both capsule treatments 1 (Cmax: 1.93 g \dot{s} ml-1); and 2 (Cmax: 2.05 g \dot{s} ml-1). Relative to capsules, caffeine absorption from cola and chocolate was delayed and produced lower maximum caffeine plasma concentrations which peaked 1.5-2.0 h after treatment (For cola, Cmax: 1.57 g \dot{s} ml-1); and for chocolate, Cmax: 1.50 g \dot{s} ml-1. Theobromine plasma concentrations peaked approximately 3 h after capsule administration (Cmax: 6.72 g \dot{s} ml-1). Relative to capsules, theobromine absorption from chocolate was more rapid and produced higher maximum theobromine plasma concentrations which peaked approximately 2 h after treatment (Cmax: 8.05 g \dot{s} ml-1). : :Conclusions: :The results suggest that a usual dietary portion of the cola or chocolate used in this study would produce behaviorally discriminable plasma levels of caffeine in most subjects and of theobromine in at least one subject. TI:Dormancy of cacao buds. III, The relationship between bud-bursting and growth of the whole tree. AU:Humphries,-E.C.; SO:11th Ann. Rep. on Cacao Res, 1942-1943. p.28-32 PY:1944 GE:America; Trindad TI:Dormancy of cacao buds. II, Carbohydrate changes during the development of a flush; AU:Humphries,-E.C.; McKee,-R.K.; SO:11th Ann. Rep. on Cacao Res, 1942-1943. p.28-32 PY:1944 GE:America; Trindad TI:Shade and cocoa. AU:Wright,-J.; SO:Dept. Agr. Jamaica. Ext. Circ. 28p. DE:Shade; PY:1949 GE:Jamaica; **:Points to be considered in choosing shade trees for cacao in Jamaica. TI:The resuscitation of derelict cocoa trees. AU:Wright,-J.; SO:Dept. Agr. Jamaica. Ext. Circ. 13, 8 p., DE:Rehabilitation; Shade; Pruning; PY:1948 GE:Jamaica; **:Practical suggestions on shade, soil treatment, and pruning. TI:Possibilities for cocoa cultivation in East indonesia; OT:Mogelijkheden voor de cacao-cultuur in Oost-Indonesie. AU:Tammes.-P.M.L.; SO:Tijdschr. v. Econ. en Sociale Geog. 40:144-145. DE:Regional; Land-evaluation; PY:1949 GE:Indonesia; Sulawesi; Malaysia; Sabah; **:Need for new cacao-producing areas, beginnings and plans for the culture in Celebes, Malacca, and British North Borneo. TI:Cocoa, some cultivation experiments in Yangambi OT:Le cacaoyer, quelques modes de culture expÈrimentals a Yangambi. AU:Thirion,-F.; SO:Inst. Natl. pour l'Etude Agron. du Congo Belge. Semaine Agr. de Yangambi, 1947. Comptes Rend. 1:427-431. DE:Land-prepation; Clearing; Burning; Establishing; Shade; Cocoa-soils; PY:1947 GE:Zaire; **:Discusses shade, preparation of sites by burning or without burning, and use of forest cover in establishing cacao plantations in Belgian Congo. TI:The resuscitation of the cocoa industry In Jamaica. AU:Wright,-J.; SO: Dept. Agr. Jamaica., Ext. Circ. No. 7, 8p. DE:Rehabilitation; Prospects; PY:1947 GE:Jamaica; **:A review of possibilities and prospects. TI:The effect of saturated fat on chylomicron metabolism in rats. AU:Hodge,-J.; Sinclair,-A.J. SO:Proceedings-of-the-Nutrition-Society-of-Australia. 1995, 19: 47. DE:fats-; metabolism-; milk-fat; liver-; cholesteryl-esters; phospholipids-; cocoa-products; blood-; uptake-; chylomicron-lipids; saturated-fats; intake- : rats- PY:1995 TI:Land Resource Assessment of Northern Belize. AU:King-RB; Baillie-IC; Abell-TMB; Dunsmore-JR; Gray-DA; Pratt-JH; Versey-HR; Wright-ACS; Zisman-SA SO:Bulletin Natural Resources Institute. No. 43, 1-174. DE:soil-types; Land-evaluation; land-resources; assessment; production-possibilities PY:1992 GE:Belize; Central-America; America; **:A land suitability assessment of Orange Walk, Corozal, Belize and Cayo districts of Belize is presented. Land was mapped in a descending hierarchy of land regions, land systems and subunits. Land systems are the principal unit of classification. Land systems and subunits are 80% reliable in indicating soils and land suitability assessments. The best soils in the project are in the Cayo flood plains land system. Most other soils are shallow, compact or poorly drained. Climate, geology, land use, transport, credit, agricultural institutions and farming systems are discussed. The only noticible population pressure is in North Corozal district. The immediate formulation of a national land development and conservation plan is recommended. The principal crop of Northern Belize is sugar cane which is grown extensively, with well established cultivars. While the sugar industry has improved recently due to rising prices and good weather, more intensive cultivation and diversification is proposed. Crops discussed include: beans, cacao, cashew, citrus, coconuts, coffee, cotton, groundnuts, mango, oil-seed, onions and Irish potatoes. Rainfall distribution is variable, and the lack of water in the dry season is the most serious factor limiting development. Soil quality often changes abruptly, so uniform crop ripening for large agricultural projects is not assured. Cattle stock has recently improved but extensive grazing of natural pastures and little controlled breeding are most common. Northern Belize is suited to beekeeping and was the major centre in the country before the industry was devastated by the arrival of African bees. Pig and shrimp rearing are also discussed. TI:Nutrient dynamics in lateritic soils under arecanut garden in Dakshina Kannada District (Karnataka). AU:Bhat,-N.T.; Mohapatra,-A.R.; Venugopal,-K.B.; Venugopal,-K.R.; SO:Sehgal,-J., Sarma,-V.A.K., Batta,-R.K., Gajbhiye,-K.S. & Nagabhushna,-S.R. (Eds.) Red and lateritic soils of India resource appraisal and management. NBSS Publication 37, p.256-261. DE:nitrogen-fertilizers; phosphorus-fertilizers; potassium-fertilizers; manures-; nutrients-; uptake-; fertilizers-; soil-; NPK-fertilizers; plant-residues; lateritic-soils; mulches-; forest-trees; foliage-; leaves-; multipurpose-trees; soil-fertility; Nutrient-cycling; PY:1993 GE:India-; Karnataka; **:Long-term fertilizer and manure application to arecanut (Areca catechu) in the lateritic soils at Vittal, India resulted in high available NPK. Application of NPK fertilizer alone gave low levels of K and organic carbon. Regular applications of P and K showed an increase in the available P and K status of the soils and an increase in P (250-300 ppm) in the top 0-15 cm of the soil. Long- term application of N resulted in low available K in soils. Application of rapidly decomposing leaves of Gliciridia gave lower amounts of organic carbon and available N and K whereas application of slowly decomposing forest tree leaves and twigs gave high levels of organic carbon and available N and K. Annual NPK uptake by arecanut (using high density crop models) was 250 to 300 kg N, 120 to 160 kg P2O5 and 450 to 600 kg K2O/ha. Regular addition of NPK, green leaves and cattle manure are necessary to maintain the high productivity of arecanut and cocoa and the soil fertility of the lateritic soils. TI:Cocoa fermentation in Uganda OT:La fermentation du cacao en Ouganda. AU:Couprie,-F. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 12(2):157-65 DE:Fermentation; Trays; Boxes; Temperature; PY:1968 GE:Uganda **:In Uganda, box fermentation of cocoa was tried in 1963-66 and tray fermentation subsequently. Neither method was completely satisfactory because cocoa is growing at rather high altitudes (1200m) and, consequently, the temperature of the mass at the start of fermentation is only 20-24'C. A combined technique worked out in 1967 yielded good results, reducing the time to reach 45'C from 81 to 61 hours with Upper Amazon cocoa. Trays are filled as pods are opened but not stacked until all pods have been opened. They are then stacked in piles of 12 trays divided into 4 groups by 3 wooden boards; the pile is put into an isolated box and left untouched for 3 days. The cocoa is then transferred to a box and fermented for another 7 days, the mass being stirred daily. TI:Some data on occurence of self-sterility in cacao and its significance to cocoa production OT:Enkele gegevens over het voorkomen van zelf-steriliteit bij cacao en de beteekenis daarvan voor de cultuur AU:Toxopeus,-H.J.; Tammes,-P.M.L.; SO:Meded. Alg. Proefst. Landbouw 54 DE:Incompatibility; Sterility; PY:1941 GE:Asia; Indonesia TI:Report of a journey to the Gold Coast OT:Rapport over een dienstreis naar de Goudkust. AU:Tammes,-P.M.L.; SO:'s-Gravenhage: [s.n.], 1947. - 28 p. PY:1947 GE:Ghana TI:Critical level of aluminium in the soil for cocoa. OT:Batas kritis aluminium di dalam tanah untuk kakao. AU:Sugiyono SO:Buletin Perkebunan. 1989, 20(4):175-186. DE:Nutrition; Aluminium; Toxicity; Uptake; Calcium; Phosphorus; pH; Acidity; Liming; Calcite; Dolomite; PY:1989 GE:Indonesia- **:Aluminium in the soil decreased dry matter production of cocoa seedlings. Aluminium saturation levels above about 30% inhibited root growth and reduced the uptake of P and Ca. Liming using calcite or dolomite is recommended. The amount of lime added should be based on the level of exchangeable Al in the soil. TI:The peasant culture of cacao in Ghana OT:De bevolkingscultuur van cacao op de Goudkust AU:Tammes,-P.M.L.; SO:Landbouw, 19:477-489. DE:Cultivation; Smallholders; PY:1947 GE:Africa; Ghana **:Account of smallholder cacao cultivation in the Gold Coast, based on a study tour. TI:Dormancy of cacao buds. (I) A consideration of the factors concerned in the breaking of the rest period. AU:Humphries,-E.C.; SO:11th. Ann. Rep. on Cacao Res, 1942-1943. p.28-32 DE:Flushing; Buds; Dormacy; Temperature; PY:1944 GE:America; Trindad **:At least 8 weeks need to elapse before a new flush is borne on the same twig. Not all trees within an area will grow at the same time unless a definte dry-and-wet- seasonal cycle prevails. TI:Evaluation of production potential in the cacao tree based on analysis of young plant growth AU:Monte,-M.J.S.; Alvim,-P.-de-T.; Machado,-R.C.R.; M¸ller,-M.W.; SO:Proc. 9th Int. Cocoa Res. Conf., LomÈ, Togo, 12-18 Feb. 1984, p.131-136 DE:Nursery-selection; Seedlings; Dry-matter; Leaf-area; Water-Uptake; Relative-Growth-Rate; Leaf-Area-Ratio; RGR; LAR; Potential-production; PY:1985 GE:Brazil; Bahia TI:Cocoa nutrition and manuring on inland soils in penninsular Malaysia AU:Ling,-A.H.; SO:Proc. of 2nd National Cocoa Conference (S.Mangoensoekarjo, S.Wardoyo, B.H.Weko, Soenarjo, R.B.Kartono eds.) Medan 13-15 Okt. 1983 DE:Nutrient-cycling; Yields; Uptake; Litter; Losses; Supply; Sahde; Leaf-analysis PY:1983 GE:Malaysia **:The review includes destructive analysis of whole cocoa plants, pod analysis, litter production and nutrient recycling, and fertilizer trials. :On inland soils of inherently low fertility, adequate fertilizer application to cocoa are essential for rapid grwoth and sustained high yields. N, P, K, and Ca are found to be important for rapid establishment and early production of cocoa. In matured cocoa, the requirements for K appear to decline, especially when recycling of pod husks is practised. As for Nm the needs greatly depend on the environmantla situation with rainfall and shade as being the main determing factors. There are strong indications that P is continuously required for sustained growth and yield of mature cocoa. The requirement of Mg has not been fully established. :An interim integrated appraoch towards manuring of cocoa on inland soils is proposed. The approach takes into consideration factors such as soil type, nutrient uptake in relation to tree age, leaf nutrient level, yield level, type and level of shade and other related agromic factors. TI:Root activity patterns of some tree crops SO:Vienna (Austria), International Atomic Energy Agency, 154p.; DE:Fertiliser-application; Roots; Nutrient-uptake; Phosphorus; Labelled; Radio-activity; PY:1975 GE:Ghana; **:This book contains a comprehensive technical report and deals with results of a coordinated research programme over 1967-1972 on factors contributing to efficiency of fertilizer utilization in tree crops. Section 1 and 2 contain general information. In section 3 the development of experimental techniques is presented. Root activity patterns of banana (Uganda), cacao (Ghana), coffee (Colombia and Kenya), coconuts (Philippines and Sri Lanka) and oil palms (Malaysia and Ivory Coast), are presented in Section 4. Section 5 presents a general discussion of results viz. experimental techniques, patterns of root activity in relation to season, soil type, tree age and variety, and fertilizer placement. TI:Historical and chemical research of cocoa and its preparations OT:Recherches historiques et chimiques sur le cacao et ses diverses prÈparations AU:Delcher,-E. (EugËne); SO:Paris : J.B. BailliËre, 338 p. DE:Chocolate. PY:1837 TI:Colombia's chocolate crop AU:Crane,-J.C.; SO:Agric. Amer.,7:27-30 DE:Production; PY:1947 GE:Colombia TI:Costa Rican cacao industry AU:Anon. SO:Foreign Commerce weekly (Wash.), 26(2)p.17 DE:Export; PY:1947 **:Export from Costa Rica: :1945 1.306.602 kg :1946 3.500.000 kg :1947 4.000.000 kg (estimated) TI:Behavior and adverse food reactions. AU:Warner,-J.O.; Metcalfe-DD (ed.); Sampson-HA (ed.); Simon-RA SO:Food allergy: adverse reactions to food and food additives. Ed. 2, p.511-518. DE:food-allergies; intake-; caffeine-; chocolate-; histamine-; hypoglycaemia; beverages-; hyperactivity-; children-; food-preferences; food-intake; behaviour- : man- PY:1996 **:The association between behaviour and food intake is reviewed. The pharmacological effects of caffeine, chocolate, vasoactive mediators and histamine-releasing foods are described. The characteristics of reactive hypoglycaemia and squash drinking syndrome are discussed. The prevalence and characteristics of hyperkinetic syndromes (hyperactivity) are reviewed. The Feingold hypothesis and food aversion is also discussed. TI:Partners in biological control of cocoa pests: Mutualism between Dolichoderus thoracicus Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Cataenococcus hispidus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) AU:Ho,-C.T.; Khoo,-K.C.; SO:Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87(5):461-470. DE:Biological-control; Ants; Mealybugs; Association; Insect-pests; predators; predatory-insects; natural-enemies; interactions; Formicidae; Pseudococcidae; Arthropods; Doliclioderus-thoracicus; Cataenococcus-hispidus; PY:1977 GE:Malaysia **:The observed mutualistic relationship between the black cocoa ant Doliclioderus thoracicus (Smith) and the mealybug Cataenococcus hispidus (Morrison) was examined. The importance of C. liispidits to D. thoraciciis as a food source was investigated by giving D. tlioracicus access to C. hispidus only, to C. hispidus and other food sources, and denying access to any obvious food sources. Dolichoderus thoracicus was seen to depend on C. hispidits alone as a source of food over an eight-week period of observation without showing ill effects. The role of D. thoracicus in spreading C. Iiispidus was studied in an experiment consisting of combinations of D. thoracicus and C. Iiispidus exclusion. It was shown that D. tlioracicus was responsible for carrying C. liispidus across a 'mealybug excluder'. Data on the frequency and duration of transport of C. hispidus by D. thoracicus were obtained by direct observation for a total of 90 h over 17 days. Both adults and nymphs of C. hispidus were carried by D. thoraciciis with its mandibles in a brief and erratic manner, in the general direction of the trail. Such transportation is nevertheless considered to be important in view of the large number of individuals of D. thoracicus moving along a trail. The close mutualistic relationship between D. thoracicus and C. hispidus reiterates the necessity to manipulate both organisms for control of cocoa pests. TI:Preliminary study of resistance in 4 populations of Helopeltis theobromae Miller (Hemiptera: Miridae) to gamma-HCH, propoxur and dioxacarb. AU:Dzolkhifli-O.; Khoo,-K.C.; Rita,-M.; Ho,-C.T.; SO:International Conference on Cocoa and Coconuts, Kuala Lumpar DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Helopeltis-theobromae; PY:1984 GE:Malaysia; TI:Genera Plantarum AU:Linnaeus,-C.; SO:Stockholm DE:Taxonomy; PY:1737 **:in Genera Plantarum Linnnaeus list the cocoa tree as genus nr. 881: Theobroma. The change in generic name from Cacao to Theobroma was made because Linnaeus disliked generic names taken from 'barbaric' sources,and wished to express in the new name the high esteem in hwich he held the beverage made from the beans. In his sexual system the genus Theeobroma was included in the section Pentandria of his Classis XVIII: Polyadelphia. TI:The American physitian; or, A treatise of the roots, plants, trees, shrubs, fruit, herbs, growing in the English plantations in America. Describing the place, time, names, kindes, temperature, vertues and uses of them, either for diet, physick, Whereunto is added a discourse the cacao-nut-tree, and the use of its fruit; with all the ways of making of chocolate AU:Hughes,-W. (William); SO:London, Printed by J.C. for William Crook, at Green Dragon without temple bar, 1672, 11 Fig., 159p. DE:History; PY:1672 GE:America; TI:Vegetative anatomy of Theobroma cacao AU:Brooks,-E.R.; Guard,-A.T.; SO:Botanical Gazette, 13:444-454. DE:Morphology; Anatomy; Roots; Leaves; Flowers; Flower-cushions; Trunk; Branches; PY:1952 **:Some outstanding morphological features of T cacao are its chupon and orquetta formation, the basal and apical pulvinin in petioles, and the flowering cushions. The xylem of the primary root is hexarch, while that of the lateral roots is tetrarch. Mucilaginous strands occur in all root tips, and mucilage filled cells are common throughout the root system. Chupon and fan woods are anatomically similar. Elongated mucilage filled lysigenous cavities occur in the pith throughout the shoot systeam, while shorter ones are very numerous in the cortex. Te chupon terminates in a five branced orqueta. Anatomical examination shows lack of internodal elongation between the nodes of these five branches. There is only one bud to a leaf axil. Spherical lysigenous cavities common in the pallisade layer of the leaves. The upper and lower epidermis are strikingly different. Stomata occur only in the lower epidermis, and the guard cells are very small. A flowering ushion is derived from a solitary axillary bud. TI:A study of yield variability in cocoa. AU:Jose,-C.T.; SO:Journal of Plantation Crops, 24(2):126-129. DE:Stability; Seasonal-variation; Yield; Yield-variation; correlation; Periodicity; Biennial-bearing; PY:1996 GE:India-; Karnataka- **:Monthly yield data collected from 1973 to 1990 from 17 cocoa trees planted at Vittal, Karnataka, were analysed. Quarterly yield data indicated that there were both trend and seasonal variations in production. Random deviations in yield for the previous 2 seasons (quarters) inversely affected the current season's yield. TI:The pilot control campaign in the sleeping sickness focus of Vavoua (Republic of Ivory Coast). Results obtained in the first five months. OT:La campagne de lutte pilote dans le foyer de maladie du sommeil de Vavoua (Republique de Cote d'Ivoire). Resultats obtenus sur les cinq premiers moins AU:Laveissiere,-C.; Hervouet,-J.P.; Cattand,-P.; Merouze,-F.; Stanghellini,-A.; Eouzan,-J.J.; Couret,-D.; SO:Informations OCCGE, No. 93, 85-112; DE:Trypanosoma-gambiense; Control-; Vector-control; Sarcomastigophora; Glossina-palpalis; Distribution-; Insecticides-; Trapping-; Deltamethrin-; Against-; Traps-; Insect-traps; Habitats-; Riparian-forests; Forests-; Application-methods; Screens-; Insects-; Man- PY:1984 GE:Ivory-coast **:The results obtained during the first 5 months of a pilot campaign in the sleeping sickness focus of Vavoua in Ivory Coast showed that it was possible to control the vector, Glossina palpalis, through the rural communities. The measures taken were the distribution of blue screens impregnated with deltamethrin at 150 mg a.i./ha to 363 settlers for hanging in their own coffee or cocoa plantations (15 592 screens being set out in 452 plantations); selective sprayings along roads and around villages with deltamethrin at 12 g a.i./ha; and the placing of 94 biconical traps in the main riverine forest. In addition, insecticide was distributed to the settlers 3 and 6 months after the 1st treatment for re-impregnating their screens. Six days after the end of the first treatment, the density of G. palpalis was reduced by more than 92% in all the localities where screens had been placed. After 1 month, the reduction was about 88% (more than 45% of the flies caught being teneral); after 2, 3 and 4 months, the reductions were 91, 96 and 98%, respectively. A total of about 8592 ha was protected by the campaign; the cost of the treatment per year was about US $4.5/ha. TI:Pilot control campaign against human trypanosomiasis in the focus of Vavoua (Ivory Coast). 2. Mobilization of the rural communities and the implementation of trapping. OT:La campagne pilote de lutte contre la trypanosomiase humaine dans le foyer de Vavoua (Cote d'Ivoire). 2. La mobilisa AU:Laveissiere,-C.; Hervouet,-J.P.; Couret,-D.; Eouzan,-J.P.; Merouze,-F.; SO:Cahiers ORSTOM, Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 23(3):167-185. DE:Diptera; Impregnated-screens; Insect-traps; Cooperative-control; Glossina-palpalis; Trypanosoma; Vectors-; Control-; Insecticides-; Deltamethrin-; Insects PY:1985 GE:Ivory-Coast; **:In this 2nd part of a series on the control of human trypanosomiasis and its glossinid vectors (mainly Glossina palpalis) in the Vavoua District of the Ivory Coast, the control method most appropriate to an area of coffee and cocoa plantations in cleared forest is discussed (screens impregnated with insecticide), and the organization of local planters for the cooperative and simultaneous use and maintenance of the screens is described, together with the official treatment of roadsides and village borders with sprays and the gallery forests by means of biconical traps. The cooperative method appeared effective, with 100% of the native planters and 90% of the migrant planters participating in the campaign for long enough to reimpregnate the screens. In all cases, the insecticide used was deltamethrin. TI:Tsetse ecology in a Liberian rain-forest focus of Gambian sleeping sickness. AU:Kaminsky,-R.; SO:Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 1(3):257-264. DE:Diptera; Glossinidae; Population-ecology; Habitat; Insect-traps; Glossina-palpalis; Glossina-pallicera; Glossina-fusca; Glossina-nigrofusca; Glossina; Swamps-; Hosts-; Blood-meals; Tragelaphus-scriptus; Ruminants-; Reptiles-; Man-; Ecology-; Trypanosoma-gambiense; Transmission-; Vectors-; Bovidae-; Artiodactyla Host-range; Insects-; Epidemiology- PY:1987 GE:Liberia-; **:The ecology of species of Glossina was studied in Bong County, Liberia, during the dry season (October 1981 to February 1982) around villages where the human infection rate with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense [T. gambiense] was about 2%. Most flies captured in biconical traps were G. palpalis and G. pallicera, and G. fusca and G. nigrofusca were relatively scarce. Swamps and water gathering places were the predominant habitats of all 4 species, but tsetse flies were also found in cocoa and coffee plantations. The breeding-places of G. palpalis were the leaf axils of oil palms, especially in trees beside paths frequented by man. Blood-meals of 29 wild-caught adults of G. palpalis were identified as coming from man (15%) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) or other wild ruminants (11%), plus 3% from reptiles. Most activity in G. palpalis occurred in the early afternoon, from noon to 16.00 h. The mean lifspan of G. palpalis and G. pallicera, estimated from wing-fray age-groups, was consistent with the females (and to a lesser degree the males) having vector potential. TI:Studies on the bio-ecology of Glossina palpalis gambiensis at Gbao, Bong County. AU:Mehlitz,-D.; SO:Annual Report 1984, Liberia Research Unit of the Tropical Institute Hamburg. 1984, 5-6. DE:Insects; Diptera; Glossinidae-; Population-ecology; Phenology-; Glossina-palpalis-gambiensis; Population-dynamics; Glossina-palpalis; Monitoring-; Traps-; Insect-traps; Habitats-; Tsetse-flies PY:1984 GE:Liberia-; **:The population dynamics of a wild population of Glossina palpalis gambiensis was studied in Bong County, Liberia, for a year. Twelve biconical traps were set up on 7 consecutive days per month at 5 locations of human activity, such as a village centre, farmland, cocoa plantation, washing places and creeks, and along footpaths to farmland. Fly densities were low in the village and on farmland. Higher densities occurred at the washing places and creeks, and along the footpaths, with numbers increasing towards the end of the dry season (May-June) and beginning of the wet season (July). At the washing places and creeks, the numbers of flies decreased markedly during the following months in contrast to along the footpaths, where numbers remained stable. During the rainy season (July-December), flies were numerous in the cocoa plantation. The ratio of female to male flies was above 50% in April-May and below 50% during the rains. TI:Collecting Glossina palpalis palpalis (Rob. Desv.), 1830 in different biotopes of the Daloa region (Ivory Coast) using biconical traps and a collector. OT:Capture de Glossina palpalis (Rob. Desv.), 1830 faite au piege biconique et sure captures dans differents biotopes de la re AU:Dagnogo,-M.; Lohuirignon,-K.; Eouzan,-J.P.; SO:Insect Science and its Application, 8(3):323-326. DE:Glossinidae-; Diptera; Seasonal-abundance; Ecology-; Behaviour-; Feeding-behaviour; Hosts-; Phenology-; Glossina-palpalis; Glossina-pallicera; Glossina-nigrofusca; Monitoring-; Insect-traps; Tsetse-flies; PY:1987 GE:Africa, Ivory-coast; Man; **:Biconical traps and a collector (acting as human bait) were used to collect Glossina species in different forest biotopes in the Daloa region of the Ivory Coast over 1 year. Of the 3 species of tsetse usually caught, G. palpalis, and to some extent G. pallicera but not G. nigrofusca, were attracted to man. The attractiveness of man to G. palpalis varied with location. In those habitats where hosts were rare and dispersed (gallery forest, coffee and cocoa plantations) this species frequently attacked man, whereas in villages it favoured pigs. Biconical traps were equally attractive in all biotopes. Its use, in contrast to captures on human bait, enabled a simultaneous study of the many coexisting anthropophilic and zoophilic species. Although almost all the flies taken in the trap or on human bait were hungry, the number of females in trap samples was always higher than that of males. TI:The marketing of cocoa and copra in Papua New Guinea: with case studies of East New Britain and East and West Sepik. AU:Livingstone,-I.; SO:Discussion Paper - Institute of National Affairs. No. 37, 183p. DE:Marketing-channels; Infrastructure; Processing; Transport; Marketing; Efficiency; Marketing-board; PY:1989 GE:Papua-New-Guinea; **:This analysis of the marketing of cocoa and copra incorporates the results of field surveys carried out in 2 contrasting areas of production in Papua New Guinea, East New Britain and East and West Sepik. In the absence of adequate infrastructure, transport and other marketing costs are likely to constitute a major obstacle to smallholder development. Information was collected in order to try to quantify these costs and their effect on grower incentives. The efficiency of a marketing system depends also on the role played by marketing intermediaries. The Copra Marketing Board is solely responsible for the export of copra over which it has a monopoly. It does not concern itself, however, with how copra reaches the collection depots from the grower, and it is this which the study focuses on. The Cocoa Board oversees and regulates the cocoa industry as a whole without, however, directly handling the crop. In addition to transport, processing by fermentaries is important and marketing is for this reason more complex. The measures adopted by the Cocoa Board to promote efficient marketing are considered. The two survey areas contrast with each other and are to an extent representative; East New Britain being an area of well-developed cocoa and coconut production, with good infrastructure, and East and West Sepik representing an area where production remains embryonic and suffers from infrastructural handicaps. Since smallholder development is relatively recent and since major policy changes have been adopted to restrict the participation of non-nationals in internal marketing, it is viewed as important to investigate at close quarters the effectiveness of the marketing system and those involved. TI:Conotrachelus ?humeropictus Fiedler, 1940 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): a new cocoa pest in the Brazilian Amazon. OT:Danos de Conotrachelus ?humeropictus Fiedler, 1940 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): nova praga do cacaueiro na Amazonia Brasileira. AU:Mendes-AC-de-B; Ribeiro-NC-de-A; Garcia-J-de-J-da-S; Trevisan-O SO:Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 17-23 May 1987. p.535-539. DE:Insect-pests; Curculionidae; Coleoptera; Insect-pests; Conotrachelus-humeropictus; Damage; PY:1987 GE:America; Brazil; **:This paper has already been abstracted from Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil (1988) 17 (Supl.) pp. 19-28. TI:The outlook for cocoa. AU:Dow,-D.; SO:Farmer (Jamaica), 68(7-8):194-196. DE:Regional; Propects; PY:1963 GE:Jamaica; **:After a brief analysis of the world cocoa situation, the author points out the favourable conditions for this crop in Jamaica. With a comparatively small production, Jamaica has, of course, very little influence on world prices, but it is in a position to produce a high-flavoured, top-quality cocoa bean. Cocoa as a crop is ideally suited to Jamaica with its good soils, favourable climate and easy access to a local market. Central fermentaries, strategically placed in the cocoa areas, enable farmers to market his cocoa straight from the field without having to ferment or dry his beans. TI:The effects of incorpoprating increasing quantities of lime in some of the cacao soils of Bahia OT:Efeitos da incorpora cao de doses crescentes de calcario em alguns solos da regiao cacaueira da Bahia AU:Santana,-M.B.M.; Cabala-Rosand,-F.P.; Morais,-F.I.-de-O.; SO:Revista Theobroma, 1(2):17- DE:Nutrients; Al; Aluminium; Soil-acidity; pH; Toxicity; disorders; PY:1973 GE:Brazil OT:Contribuicao para conhecimento dos acucares componentes da amenddoa e do mel de cacao AU:Berbert,-P.R.F.; SO:Revista Theobroma, 9:55-61. PY:1979 GE:Brazil TI:Report on a visit to the Gold Coast AU:Shephard,-C.Y.; SO:Gold Coast Farmer 4:4-5 to 5:43-44. 1935-1936. :Appeared in installments of two pages in each of the 15 issues. DE:Regional; PY:1935 GE:Africa; Ghana; **:Deals chiefly with cacao culture, processing, and marketing. TI:Root biomass in a mature cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation AU:Kummerow,-J.; Kummerow,-A.; Alvim,-P.-de-T.; SO:Revista-Theobroma, 11:76-87 DE:Roots; Biomass; PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia TI:Growing of miscellaneous tree crops SO:Farmer (Jamaica), 79(3):61-66; 68-75. DE:Cultivation; PY:1974 GE:Jamaica **:Recommendations are made on how to grow tree crops, such as citrus, pimento (P. officinale), cacao, coffee, avocado (P. americana), guava (P. guajava), ackee or akee (B. sapida), breadfruit tree (A. altilis) and annona (Annona spp.) in Jamaica. TI:Control of the leaf-cutting ants Atta cephalotes and Atta sexdens in the cacao region of Bahia OT:Controle das formigas cortadeiras Atta cephalotes e Atta sexdens, na regiao cacaueira da Bahia AU:Abreu,-J.M.; Silva,-P.; SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(3):3-11. DE: Plant-Pests; Crop-Protection PY:1973 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Field trials were conducted to compare the baits Mirex and Nitrosin Extra (aldrin), and the dusts aldrin, heptachlor and a mixture of aldrin and PDCB for the control of ants. The results showed that the baits were more efficient in controlling A. sexdens, whereas the dusts were more efficient in controlling A. cephalotes. Methods of application of the insecticides are given. TI:Virulence of some selected isolates of Phytophthora palmivora in cacao AU:Ram,-C.; Ram,-A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(3):12-16. DE: Plant-Diseases PY:1973 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Tests were conducted to group 22 isolates of:palmivora according to their levels of virulence, using 4 different clones of cacao. Significant differences in virulence and clone resistance were observed. TI:Nematodes of the cocoa region of Bahia, Brazil. II - Occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Sharma,-R.D.; Sher,-S.A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(3):17-24. DE: Plant-Pests PY:1973 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A survey to identify the genera of nematodes associated with the cacao tree. Seventeen genera and 25 species of nematodes were encountered in 118 samples taken from 24 different localities of the Bahian cacao region. TI:(Agricultural potential of the soils of the Bahian cocoa region). OT:Aptidao agricola dos solos da regiao cacaueira da Bahia AU:Silva,-L.F.-da; Carvalho-Filho,-R.; Melo,-A.A.O.-de SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(3):25-40. DE:Soil-Survey; Land-Evaluation PY:1973 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A modified system of land classification has been applied to the soils of the Bahian cacao region. The results provide a basis for better future recommendations on land use and management systems for the region. TI:An international cocoa collecting expedition to the Ecuadorian Amazon OT:Expedicao internacional a Amazonia equatoriana para coleta de material botanico de cacau AU:Carletto,-G.A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(3):41-47. DE:Germplasm; PY:1973 GE:Ecuador **:This 5-day expedition has been made to collect new cacao plant material of good agronomic characters and genetic diversity for use in new breeding programmes. TI:Evaluation of insecticides to control cocoa thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) in Bahia, Brazil OT:Avaliacao de inseticidas no combate ao tripes do cacaueiro (Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) na Bahia AU:Abreu,-J.M. SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(4):3-10. DE: Plant-Pests; Crop-Protection PY:1973 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The results of trials showed that the insecticides lindane, BHC and carbaryl give effective control of S. rubrocinctus. This efficacy remains for 21 days after treatment, although a slight reduction of the efficacy occurs after the 14th day. Malathion, fenitrothion and parathion-methyl are highly efficient up till 24 hrs after treatment. Phosalone and diazinon were less efficient in controlling the thrips. TI:Aluminium toxocity in cacao seedlings OT:Toxidez do aluminio em plantulas de cacao AU:Santana,-M.B.M.; Cabala-Rosand,-F.P.; Miranda,-E.R.-de; SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(4):11-21. DE:Nutrients; Al; Aluminium; Soil-acidity; pH PY:1973 GE:Brazil **:Trials with cocoa seedlings growing in hydroponics show that cocoa is tolerant to Al concentrations up to 16 ppm. Higher concentrations inhibit the development of the root system. Concentrations of 128 ppm and higher cause serious disturbances and even the death of the seedlings. Seedlings with one part of their root system growing in a nutritional solution, and the other part in a solution containing only Al, showed translocation of Al and nutritive elements, especially P, from one part of the root system to the other part. Increasing the Al concentration of a nutritional solution caused an increased P content of the roots, and a decreasing phosphorus and calcium content of the aerial portion of the seedlings. Toxicity. TI:Potassium levels in southern Bahian soils OT:Afericao de niveis de potassio em solos da regiao sul da Bahia AU:Santana-CJL-de; Santana-MBM; SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(4):22-34. DE:Soil-Fertility; PY:1973 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Available potassium was measured in 11 soils from southern Bahia. Trials with cocoa showed that application of K to soils with a K content higher than 0.12 meq./100 g had no significant effect on cocoa seedling growth. TI:The concept and practice of integrated control and prospects of their adoption for West African cacao ecosystem AU:Eguagie,-W.E. SO:Revista Theobroma, 3(4):35-44. DE:IPM-; Crop-Protection PY:1973 GE:Nigeria **:The use of insecticides may have undesirable side effects as the resurgence in numbers of secondary pests and the development of resistance to certain chemicals. It is suggested that centrally organized 'spot' spray programmes, based on integrated methods involving a careful choice of chemicals and more efficient methods of application, could provide an answer to the present problem. Whenever possible, chosen insecticides should have short residual action, appreciable fumigant properties, and must be selectively toxic to the pest. Such treatments should be combined with good cultural practices, such as regular pruning and weeding. TI:(Identification and preliminary taxonomic characterization of Forcipomyia midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) related to the pollination of cacao in Bahia). OT:Identidade e caracterizacao taxonomica preliminar das mosquinhas Forcipoyia (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) associadas com a polinizacao do cacaueiro na Bahia AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Wirth,-W.W. SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(1):3-12. DE: Crop-Planting-and-Propagation PY:1974 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:It is concluded that the Forcipomyia midges are mainly responsible for the pollination of cacao in Bahia, Brazil. TI:Agricultural zoning of the Bahian cacao region OT:Zoneamento agricola da regiao cacaueira Baiana AU:Silva-LF-da; Mariano-AH; Dias-AC-da-CP SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(1):13-28. DE:Land-use; Land-Evaluation PY:1974 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The Bahia cacao region in Brazil is divided into micro-regions and agricultural area on the basis of climatic, pedologic and topographic data. For each zone the most favourable agricultural utilization is discussed. The following zones are particularly dealt with: (1) the present cacao zone, (2) the grassland zone and the humid lowland plateau zone in the south. Thanks to advanced infrastructure and good soil and climatic conditions the overall region has favourable possibilities. TI:Four species of thrips on ao in Tabasco, Mexico OT:Cuatro especies de tripes en el cacao de Tabasco, Mexico AU:Naime,-R.M.J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(1):29-38. DE: Plant-Pests PY:1974 GE:Mexico **:It is often said that only the thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) is responsible for damage in the cacao plantations of Mexico. However, it was found that the thrips Frankliniella parvula Hood, Sericothrips inversus Hood and Leucothrips piercei var. theobromae Priesner are also pests of cacao. This is the first time that these three species have been reported on cacao in Mexico. Habits, life cycles and distribution of all the four thrips species are mentioned. Author's summary. TI:Second American regional meeting of Phytophthora palmivora group Guayaquil-Equador, June 8-23-1973 OT:Segunda reuniao regional Americana do grupo de Phytophthora palmivora Guayaquil, Equador, 8 a 23 de junho de 1973 SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(1):44-52. DE: Plant-Diseases PY:1974 GE:Americas **:The papers delivered at the above-mentioned deal with canker and black pod of cacao and more specifically with a new species of Phytophthora (Phytophthora megasperma),:species isolated from pods, infection from trunk canker, inoculation tests and black pod epidemiology and control in Bahia, Brazil. Further studies on cacao diseases including Monilia black pod and witches broom caused by Marasmius perniciosus are needed. TI:Induced production in cacao by the use of a portable motorised knapsack sprayer in Bahia, Brazil OT:Inducao da producao em cacaueiro com uso de atomizador motorizado portatil na Bahia, Brasil AU:Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(2):3-13. DE: Crop-Planting-and-Propagation; Production-Economics PY:1974 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:In the Bahia cacao region the harvest in the first half of the year is small, due to low levels of insect pollinations. Blowing air using a knapsack sprayer induced mechanical pollination and tripled the yield compared to the untreated control. However, the net profit computed of the 6 month period was equivalent to only 8% of the treatment costs. TI:A colorimetric method for determining the intensity of smoke contamination in cocoa beans OT:Um metodo colorimetrico simples para determinacao da intensidade de contaminacao com fumaca em amendoas de cacau AU:Berbert,-P.R.F.; Esquivel,-T.F. SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(2):14-20. DE:Grading; Quality; Off-flavours; Detection; Smoky-beans; Product-Properties; Analytical-Chemistry PY:1974 GE:Brazil **:A simple method, found in Brazil, is to dissolve the tar compounds associated with smoke in ethyl alcohol and to assess the colour produced either visually or spectrophotometrically. TI:Economic aspects of modern inputs in Bahian cacao farms OT:Economicidade dos insumos modernos em fazendas de cacau AU:Menezes-JA-de-S; Paniago-E; Ladeira-HP; Bandeira-AL; SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(2):21-33. DE:Production-Economics; Farm-Economics PY:1974 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The results suggest that modern inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, etc. are profitable. It is shown that profitability can be increased more rapidly for modern inputs than for other inputs. Detailed data are presented on costs and returns. TI:The possible role of abscisic acid and cytokinins in growth rhythms of Theobroma cacao L. AU:Alvim-R.; Alvim-P-de-T; Lorenzi-R; Saunders-PF; SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(3):3-12. DE:Plant-growth-regulators; Abscisic-acid; Cytokinins; Flushing; Flowering; PY:1974 GE:Brazil **:The possible relations between abscisic acid and cytokinins are described in some detail. In particular, the effect of soil moisture stress on ABA levels is discussed. TI:(Mortality of Forcipomyia spp. midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) following insecticide applications in Bahian cocoa plantations). OT:Mortalidade dos polinizadores Forcipomya spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) causada pela aplicacao de inseticidas nos cacauais baianos AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Abreu,-J.M. SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(3):13-25. DE: Crop-Protection; Insecticides- PY:1974 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Field trials with application of BHC, parathion-methyl and carbaryl at 0.24, 0.24 and 1.2 kg a.i./ha showed that population of Euforcipomyia and Forcipomyia midges were equally affected by each insecticide. Mortality was 89% for parathion-methyl, 79% for BHC and 68% for carbaryl. Maximum mortality was found 2 hrs after application. TI:Physiological responses of cacao to environmental factors AU:Alvim-P-de-T; Machado-AD; Vello-F; SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(4):3-25. DE:Climate; Soils PY:1974 **:Effects of environmental factors on leaf water potential, growth rhythms, flowering, fruit setting, fruit development and seasonal changes in fruit load are discussed in the light of recent research in Brazil and elsewhere. Some plant factors, such as age and internal competition between fruits and flowers interact with environmental factors. Flushing and leaf abscission were found to be correlated with each other. Among environmental factors acting on flushing, moisture stress appeared to be the most critical one, both for bud break (flushing initiation) and leaf abscission. No support has been found for earlier theories according to which flushing would be controlled by changes in air temperature. Flowering seems to be controlled internally by competition with fruits (fruit load) and externally by a succession of dry-wet periods. Flowering is inhibited by extended dry periods as well as by excessive soil moisture. TI:(Nematodes of the cocoa region of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Nematodes associated with cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)). OT:Nematodios da regiao cacaueira do Espirito Santo, Brasil. I. Nematodios associados ao cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Sharma,-R.D.; Sher,-S.A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 4(4):26-31. DE: Plant-Pests PY:1974 GE:Brazil; Espirito Santo **:Mixed populations of 20 genera and 26 species of plant parasitic nematodes were found; twelve species were associated with cocoa trees that had symptoms of die-back and sudden death. TI:(Life cycles of the cacao pollinator midges, Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and some notes on larval behaviour in the laboratory). OT:Ciclos da vida dos polinizadores do cacaueiro Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) e algumas anotacoes sobre comportamento das larvas no laboratorio AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Wirth,-W.W. SO:Revista Theobroma, 5(4):3-22. DE: Insect-Husbandry; Animal-Biology PY:1975 GE:Brazil TI:A new species of Forcipomyia (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) described in all stages, with an account of its role as a cacao pollinator AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Bystrak,-P.G. SO:Revista Theobroma, 5(2):3-11. DE: Insect-Husbandry PY:1975 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A new species of Forcipomyia named F. (Euforcipomyia) blantoni, is described. F. blantoni together with F. (Euforcipomyia) spatulifera are considered to be the main pollinators of cacao in Brazil. TI:Compatibility and fruit setting in Theobroma cacao L. AU:Jacob,-V.J.; Atanda,-O.A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 5(2):12-18. PY:1975 GE:Nigeria **:The fruit setting and compatibility status of 23 WACRI "C" cacao clones has been assessed, both with respect to use as male and female parent. The locally selected clone C 22 proved to be the best male parent with 55.7% fruit setting and 25.7% pod production, whereas the Amazon cacao selection C 57 was found to be the best female parent with 58.2% fruit setting and 18.2% pod production. TI:Yield characteristics of Theobroma cacao L. with special reference to studies in Nigeria AU:Atanda,-O.A.; Jacob,-V.J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 5(3):21-36. DE:Yields; Yield-components; Pod-values; Pods; Seeds; Seed-weight; Seed-number; PY:1975 GE:Nigeria **:A review is given of data obtained regarding various characteristics of cured cocoa production, including pattern of pod production, effects of genotype and environment on pod production, prediction of potential pod yield, selection for high pod yield, pod value, bean weight, number of beans per pod, shell content, wet to dry bean conversion rate, efficiency index, butter fat content, and flavour. Differences between the yield characteristics of West African Amelonado, Trinitario, Criollo and Amazon cacao types are emphasized. TI:(Soil sampling in cacao tree plantations of Bahia). OT:Amostragem de solos em cacauais do sul da Bahia AU:Santana,-C.J.L.-de; Pereira,-C.P.; Cabala-R,-F.P. SO:Revista Theobroma, 5(1):3-11. DE:Soil-Fertility; Research- PY:1975 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Investigations in Bahia to determine the number of subsamples per ha needed to constitute a composite sample of soils planted with 25 to 40 year-old cacao trees showed that variability of soil properties decreased as the number of subsamples increased. It was found necessary to take eight subsamples/ha for K and Al, seven for Ca and Mg and seven or eight for:Sampling sites were established by using the intersection of 9 x 9 m coordinate systems; each sample was taken from 0-20 and 20-40 cm layer of soil. TI:(The role of stingless bees (Meliponinae) in the pollination of Theobroma cacao L. in tropical America). OT:O papel das abelhas sem ferrao (Meliponinae) na polinizacao do cacaueiro na America tropical (Monografia) AU:Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 5(1):12-20. DE: Insect-Husbandry; Crop-Planting-and-Propagation PY:1975 GE:South America **:A literature study on the role of bees in cacao flower pollination in Tropical America reveals that their role is accidental and inadequate. A general agreement exists among authors in considering Forcipomyia spp. midges as the main pollinators of T. cacao in Tropical America. TI:Effect of the ratio Ca/Mg of limestone on the growth of cocoa seedlings OT:Efeito da mistura de carbonatos de calcio e magnesio no desenvol vimento de plantulas de cacau AU:Morais-FI-de-O; Prado-EP-do; Cabala-R-FP; Santana-MBM; SO:Revista Theobroma, 5(1):21-30. PY:1975 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A fertilizer experiment under greenhouse conditions conducted in Brazil to determine the best calcium/magnesium ratio of limestone for the growth of young cacao trees showed there was a tendency for an increase in growth when the Ca/Mg ratio was increased from 0.1 to 2.0. TI:(Life tables of cacao pollinators Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in laboratory conditions). OT:Tabelas etarias dos polinizadores do cacaueiro Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) em condicoes de laboratorio AU:Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 6(1):5-13. DE:Insect-Husbandry; Animal-Biology; Pollination; Forcipomyia PY:1976 GE:Brazil **:Results indicated that life-tables technique, applying the Hernandez rearing method, is useful for evaluating survival of these cacao pollinators. TI:Some chemical and mineralogical properties of cocoa soils in Brazil AU:Morais,-F.I.-de-O.; Page,-A.L. SO:Revista Theobroma, 6(1):15-30. DE:Soil-Survey; Soil-Fertility PY:1976 GE:Brazil; Amazonas **:This paper presents information on the chemical and mineralogical properties of selected cacao soils from S. Bahia and the Amazonian region in order to provide basic knowledge to assess soil fertility. Soil pH ranges from 3.8 to 6.7. Most of the soils show rather low values for base content, but only in a few cases is Al the dominant cation. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) varied from 2.64 to 16.20 me/100 g and decreased with depth. Organic carbon showed the same trend. X-ray analysis of the clay (<2 micro) fraction revealed that differences in fertility are mainly due to differences in clay mineralogy. The Amazonian soils apparently have less phosphate fixing capacity as indicated by their lower levels of iron oxides. TI:(Suitable soils for cocoa in the Amazon region of Brazil). OT:Disponibilidad de suelos para cacao en la Amazonia Brasilena AU:Silva-LF-da; Alvares-Afonso-FM; Dias-ACP SO:Revista Theobroma, 6(1):31-39. DE:Land-Evaluation; PY:1976 GE:Brazil; Amazonas **:Brazil supplies about 14% of the world cacao production. It is thought necessary to double its production within the next 10 years. It has been found recently that there are 4 important regions for expansion i.e. (1) the Transamazonian Highway region, between Altamira and Itaituba; (2) the Low Amazon River basin (Alenquer, Obidos and Oriximina); (3) the Southern zone of the State of Para; and (4) the Federal Territory of Rondonia. Good soils for cacao in these areas are estimated to cover 10,000 km2. TI:(Population dynamics of Forcipomyia spp. Midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Bahia, Brazil. 1. Seasonal fluctuation of cacao pollinators related to rainfall and water balance (Thornthwaite)). OT:Dinamica populacional de Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) na Bahia, Brasil. I - Flutuacao estacional dos polinizadores do cacaueiro relacionada com chuva e balanco de agua (Thornthwaite) AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Abreu,-J.M. SO:Revista Theobroma, 6(2):47-54. DE: Insect-Husbandry PY:1976 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Studies showed that populations of Forcipomyia spp. midges were higher from May to Aug., a rainy period with advectional type of precipitation. It was also found that population densities of Euforcipomyia and Forcipomyia were 4 and 3 times higher, respectively, above as compared to below the canopy of cacao trees within a shaded plantation. Furthermore, Euforcipomyia and Forcipomyia population densities when measured at 2 m above soil level were 34 and 59% higher, respectively, in the unshaded areas as compared to the shaded ones. TI:Pathogenicity of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on cacao AU:Sharma,-R.D.; Maia,-M.A.Z. SO:Revista Theobroma, 6(2):55-65. DE: Plant-Pests PY:1976 GE:Brazil **:The pathogenicity of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita to cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) var. "Catongo" has been studied at three inoculum levels under greenhouse conditions. Significant differences in plant growth appeared 17 weeks after inoculation. The inoculated plants were stunted and had a galled root system. Comparing the inoculated plants with control at 37 weeks after inoculation it was found that dry plant weight, stem diameter, and plant height had decreased 31.2%-47.9%, 10.6%-17.4% and 20.6%-28.4%, respectively. The nematode is highly pathogenic to cacao and it is probable that it plays a primary role in the etiology of "sudden death" disease under field conditions. TI:(Efficiency of systemic nematicides in the control of plant parasitic nematodes associated with cacao seedlings). OT:Eficacia de nematicidas sistemicos no controle aos nematoides fitoparasitas associados a mudas de cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Sharma,-R.D.; Ferraz,-E.C.A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 7(1):3-12. DE: Crop-Protection PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Greenhouse tests were conducted to compare the efficiency of 6 different nematicides, including Temik 10 Granular (aldicarb), Nemacur (phenamiphos), Terracur P (fensulfothion), Nemagon (dibromochloropropane), Lannate (methomyl) and AC 64475 (diethoxyphosphinylamino). The subsequent effect on growth of cacao seedlings was also investigated. Greatest stem diameter, 165 days after application, was obtained with Nemacur, Temik and Terracur:The compound AC 64475 was promising but needs further investigations. TI:(Effect of the soil compaction on the growth of cacao seedlings and penetration of their roots). OT:Efeito da compactacao do solo no desenvolvimento de plantulas de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) e na penetracao das suas raizes AU:Silva,-L.F.-da; Pereira,-C.P.; Melo,-A.A.O.-de SO:Revista Theobroma, 7(1):13-18. DE:Root-system; Bulk-density; Permeability; Soil-Physics; Plant-Growth-and-Development PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:In a greenhouse test, development of cacao seedlings var. Catongo was compared when grown in soils with densities 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. The following factors were taken into account, viz. (1) dry weight of roots and aerial parts of the plants, (2) depth of the main root when seedlings were 6 months old, and (3) hydraulic conductivity of the soils. Growth in soils with densities 1.0 and 1.1 was normal, while growth in soils with higher densities was poor, probably due to a deficiency in oxygen. It is concluded that hydraulic conductivity in soil densities higher than 2.5 cm water/hr permits normal growth. TI:(Population dynamics of Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopagonidae) in Bahia, Brazil. 2. Biotic variables related to natural cacao pollination). OT:Dinamica populacional de Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) na Bahia, Brasil. 2. Variaveis bioticas relacionadas com a polinizacao do cacaueiro AU:Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 7(1):19-33. DE: Insect-Husbandry; Crop-Planting-and-Propagation PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The relationships between Forcipomyia spp. populations and other factors related to productivity in cacao were studied over a period of approx. 3 years in a number of cacao plantations. The degree of natural pollination was positively related to the intensity of flowering and insect population levels. Fruit setting and yield were also positively correlated with pollination level. These relationships allow the speculation that total productivity may be forecast from observations on flowering intensity and on insect populations, instead of only on the basis of fruit setting. It is concluded that attainment of production targets will depend on protection of Forcipomyia spp. populations and on proper and timely synchronization of the insect populations with flowering periods. TI:Efficiency and economics of ULV copper sprayings against Black Pod disease of cacao OT:Eficiencia tecnica e economica de pulverizacoes com fungicidas de cobre a ultra baixo volume no controle da "Podridao Parda" do cacaueiro AU:Medeiros,-A.G.; Tafani,-R.R.; Brandao,-A.L.-de-A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 7(2):41-68. DE:Diseases; Phytophthora PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Formulations of copper hydroxide, cuprous oxide and copper oxychloride, with and without stickers added, were compared both in high volume at160 l of spray liquid/ha, and in ULV (ultra low volume) at 11 l of spray liquid/ha applications. Plots with monthly removal of diseased pods together with non-treated plots (control) were included. Trees received 4 g copper (Cu) in 200 ml water and 2 g Cu in 14 ml of water per round in high volume and ULV respectively. Highest control was obtained using cuprous oxide plus sticker in high volume application, resulting in highest returns as well. Costs of treatments represented on the average about 21% of the produce. ULV sprays were 21% less effective than high volume applications. Removal of diseased pods was effective in only one case, giving 50% control. TI:(Population dynamics of Forcipomyia spp. in Bahia, Brazil. 3. Climatic variables related to the pollination of cacao). OT:Dinamica populacional de Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) na Bahia, Brasil. 3. Variaveis climaticas relacionadas com a polinizacao do cacaueiro AU:Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 7(2):69-84. DE: Insect-Husbandry; Climatology- PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The purpose of this study was to determine which climatic variables exercised the greatest influence on the midge (Forcipomyia spp.) population and on the natural pollination of cacao in Bahia, Brazil. The climatic variables studied were the following: temperature aspects, relative humidity, rainfall (mm), sunshine hours, precipitation/sunshine hours (P/B), nebulosity (N/10), evaporation (PICHE), evapotranspiration (Thornthwaite), and water balance. Results indicated significant correlations between temperature and evapotranspiration and insect populations. Results also indicated that heat, sunshine hours, nebulosity and water balance were significantly correlated with natural pollinations. It was concluded that heat, soil water availability and air humidity closely interacted with Forcipomyia population and pollination. It was not possible to determine which of the climatic parameters is the single triggering element in the pollination process. Author's summary. TI:(Effect of fertilizer application and scarification on the growth and production of cacao tree). OT:Efeito da adubacao e escarificacao do solo no desenvolvimento e producao do cacaueiro AU:Santana,-C.J.L.-de; Morais,-F.I.-de-O.; Chepote,-R.E. SO:Revista Theobroma, 7(3):85-91. DE: Fertiliser-and-Manure-Application PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A split plot experimental design with 5 replications was used consisting of 4 treatments, viz. control, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 doses of the fertilizer formula 12-30-20 at the basic rate of 286 kg/ha, and 2 sub-treatments, viz. with and without soil cultivation. The fertilizer in all applications increased growth and yields of cacao whereas soil cultivation, using a heavy rigid fine cultivator, resulted in decreased production. Chemical soil analysis showed changes in pH, Mg (magnesium) and especially P content as a result of fertilizer application. TI:World cacao demand trends and projections for 1976/77 to 1989/90 OT:Tendencias e projecoes da demanda mundial de cacau de 1976/77 a 1989/90 AU:LaFleur,-J.R. SO:Revista Theobroma, 7(4):113-123. DE:Stimulant-Products; Production-Economics PY:1977 GE:World **:Least square regression analyses on world cacao grinding for the period 1946-1976 indicate an average annual growth rate of 3.5%. World trend line projections for 1976/77, 1979/80, 1984/85 and 1989/90 were 1778, 1972, 2345 and 2787 thousand metric tons, respectively. The price elasticity of demand is approximately -0.1. TI:Physiological behaviour of isolates of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. from cacao pods and P. cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) Schoeter from soils and roots of cacao trees OT:Comportamiento fisiologico de aislamientos de Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. provenientes de frutos de cacao, y P. cactorum (Lebert y Cohn) Schoeter obtenidos en suelos y raices de plantas de cacao AU:Montes-BR; Ram-A; Medeiros-AG; SO:Revista Theobroma, 7(4):133-144. DE:Diseases; Phytophthora; Microbiology- PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Bahia, Espirito Santo **:Three isolates of Phytophthora palmivora and two of Phytophthora cactorum were compared in linear growth at different temperatures and pH, rate of colonization in cacao pods of varieties Catongo, Comum, Scavina 6 and UF 613, sporulation and production of chlamydospores. The isolates of:cactorum behaved similarly, those of P.:palmivora behaved dissimilarly. P.:palmivora colonized cacao pods faster than P.:cactorum. TI:(Preliminary study on cocoa jelly standardization). OT:Estudo preliminar sobre a padronizacao da geleia de cacau AU:Borges,-J.M.; Gomes,-F.R.; Pereira,-V.-de-P. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(1):3-20. DE:Stimulant-Products; Unit-Processes PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Cocoa jelly, a traditional product of the cocoa region of the State of Bahia, Brazil, is prepared from the sweatings of cocoa by a process which is not yet standarized. Standarizing will be essential for commercialization purposes. The results are discused of a study to prepare cocoa jelly with characteristics that would meet acceptable production requirements, and would serve as a standard for future reference. TI:Breeding places and sites of collection of adults of Forcipomyia spp. midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in cacao plantations in Bahia, Brazil: a progress report AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Wirth,-W.W.; Besemer,-H.A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(1):21-29. DE: Crop-Planting-and-Propagation PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:There is evidence that midges in the subgenus Forcipomyia (Euprojoannisia) are the main pollinators of cacao in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Results of a study show that rotten cacao fruits are a breeding place for F. genualis, other species of the same subgenus and species of the F. (Microhelea) fuliginosa group. Rotten banana stems are a special breeding place for F. poulaineae, Dasyhelea borgmeieri and F. (E.) spatulifera. Sugar-cane leaf axils are a breeding place for F. (Warmkea) spinosa and for F. (F.) argenteola. Other breeding places are used by F. (Euprojoannisia). The number of adults on the cacao tree can be determined only by the examination of flowers. TI:(Responses of cacao to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in Bahia, Brazil). OT:Respostas do cacaueiro ao nitrogeenio, fosforo e potassio em solos da regiao cacaueira da Bahia, Brasil AU:Morais,-F.I.-de-O.; Santana,-C.J.L.-de; Chepote,-R.E. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(1):31-41. DE: Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Fertilizer trials with cacao of the Catongo variety in the State of Bahia, Brazil, showed that cacao responded mainly to:There was also a positive interaction of NxP. K was not effective, probably due to rapid leaching. Liming of the soils was effective for three years. P fertilizer was most effective at a rate of 90 kg/ha. Production increases intensified after three years of fertilizing. TI:Laboratory rearing of Forcipomyia spp. midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). 1. Adult feeding, larval feeding and copulation trials; a revision of Saunders method of rearing AU:Besemer,-H.A.; Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(2):43-59. DE:Animal-Biology; Insect-Husbandry PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Laboratory mass rearing of the midge Forcipomyia may be important to increase the pollination of cacao. The present study investigated the effect of adult and larval food, larval density, temperature and humidity on growth, reproduction and longevity. Recommendations are made and it is suggested that emphasis should be put on the possible value of vitamins from cacao flowers. TI:Laboratory rearing of Forcipomyia spp. midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). 2. Determination of the reproductive and biotic potentials, preliminary tests. AU:Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(2):61-71. DE:Insect-Husbandry; Animal-Biology PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A comparison of the reproductive potential of pollinating and non-pollinating Forcipomyia midges led to the conclusion that the mass rearing of F. spatulifera, F. blantoni and other Forcipomyia midges is a very promising technique. TI:(Effect of lime and phosphorus application on the growth of cacao seedlings). OT:Efeito da aplicacao de calcario e fosforo no crescimento de plantulas de cacau em casa de vegetacao AU:Morais,-F.I.; Santana,-C.J.L.; Santana,-M.B.M. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(2):73-85. DE: Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses; Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses PY:1978 GE:Brazil **:Cacao seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions in an acid soil reacted positively to both lime and P applications, lime being more effective when Al saturation was over 50% and P when Al saturation was below 50%. Continued liming after all exchangeable Al had been removed resulted in micronutrient deficiencies. TI:The influence of blanket and selective spraying on ant distribution in a West African cocoa farm AU:Majer,-J.D. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(3):87-93. DE: Crop-Protection; Insecticides- PY:1978 GE:Ghana **:Blanket spraying with insecticides for the control of capsids in cacao reduces the populations of the beneficial ants Oecophylla longinoda and Macromischoides aculeatus and favours the less desirable ant Crematogaster spp. Selective spraying, omitting those trees with nests of O. longinoda, depresses this species less and leads to the localized replacememnt of Crematogaster by the more beneficial ants. TI:The effect of an antitranspirant (Mobileaf) on the transpiration of cacao (Theobroma cacao) seedlings OT:Efeito de um antitranspirante (Mobileaf) sobre a transpiracao de mudas do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Lima-Filho,-J.M.P.; Alvim,-R. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(3):95-103. DE:Water-balance; Transpiration; PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A greenhouse study on 6 months old cacao seedlings showed that the effect of the antitranspirant Mobileaf was positively related to its concentration. Concentrations of 10% and 20% reduced the transpiration rate by 32.0 and 45.9%, respectively. The latter concentration induced toxicity symptoms. TI:Optimum temperature and pH of invertase of the seeds of Theobroma cacao L. AU:Lopez-AS; Lehrian-DW; Lehrian-LV; SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(3):105-112. DE:Biochemistry; PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:In a study on the location of invertase in the cacao seed only preparations which included the testa were found to be active. Two or more enzymes are likely to be present. Solutions of alcohol and acetic acid below 7.5% and 2% respectively did not inhibit enzyme activity. TI:Limitations on the use of the colorimetric method for determining smoke contamination in cacao beans OT:Limitacoes ao uso do metodo colorimetrico para determinacao da intensidade de contaminacao de fumaca em amendoas de cacau AU:Berbert,-P.R.F.; Borges,-J.M. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(3):113-116. DE:Grading; Quality; Off-flavours; Methods; PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A colorimetric method for the detection of smoke contamination in cacao seeds based on extraction with 96% ethanol was found to be reliableonly if the seeds had been properly fermented. TI:Mechanical injury of wind to recently transplanted cacao seedlings as related to the shade problem AU:Alvim-R; Alvim-P-de-T; Leite-RM-de-O; SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(4):117-124. DE:Climate; Wind; Wind-damage; Radiation; Shading PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The beneficial effect of shade in newly planted cacao was found to be due not only to reduced exposure to solar radiation but also to the prevention of mechanical injury. TI:Screening of cacao cultivars for resistance to Phytophthora palmivora in the collection at CATIE, Costa Rica AU:Lawrence,-J.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(4):125-131. DE: Plant-Diseases; PY:1978 GE:Costa-Rica **:Screening of the CATIE cacao collection for resistance to Phytophthora palmivora was initiated, using point-inoculation with zoospore suspension of unwounded attached pods to evaluate cultivar response. Of the 51 cultivars tested, 9 showed a promising degree of resistance: EET 59, EET 376, Pound 7, UF 713, UF 715, Scavina 6, Scavina 12, Catongo, Diamantes 800. Author's summary. TI:Water-holding plants (Phytotelmata) as larval habitats for ceratopogonid pollinators of cacao in Bahia, Brazil AU:Fish,-D.; Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(4):133-146. DE:Host-Plants PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Ceratopogonids are important pollinators of cacao and permanent aquatic habitats including leaf axils and epiphytic bromeliads have been found to be suitable breeding grounds. The present investigation lists the invertebrate fauna which was found in samples of Vriesea procera, Musa sp. and Calathea sp. and discusses its possible role in cacao pollination. The manipulation of these larval habitats might, however, have repercussions on the frequency of insects of medical importance. TI:(Antagonism to the fungus Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao). OT:Antagonismo ao fungo Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, causador da vassoura-de-bruxa do cacaueiro AU:Bastos,-C.N. SO:Revista Theobroma, 8(4):147-150. DE:Plant-Diseases; Microbiology- PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Para **:In the present study the antagonistic capacity of six isolates of fungi and one bacterial isolate against Crinipellis perniciosa was evaluated. The tests were conducted in vitro and the antagonistic capacity was determined by the measuring of inhibition zones. All the isolates tested had an inhibitory effect on growth of C. perniciosa with Eurotium sp. producing the greatest inhibition (22.2 mm) and Aspergillus giganteus least (4.0 mm). Author's summary. TI:(Productive capacity of the vertisols utilized for cacao in the "Reconcavo Bahiano"). OT:Capacidad productiva de los vertisols utilizados con cacao en Reconcavo de Bahia AU:Silva,-L.F.-da; Pinho,-A.F.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(1):3-12. DE:Soil-Fertility; PY:1979 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Under greenhouse conditions cacao seedlings grown on vertisols were superior to those grown on the for cacao highly suitable alfisols. In the field, however, results on vertisols were disappointing. This apparent contradiction may be explained by problems of soil management and temporary poor aeration, but also scarcity of pollinating insects. TI:(Microbiological activity in cocoa soils influenced by shade and fertilizers). OT:Atividade microbiana em solos de cacaual sob a influencia do sombreamento e adubacao AU:Santos,-O.M. SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(1):13-23. DE: Soil-Biology; Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses PY:1979 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Soil microbial activity in cacao soils as affected by shade and/or fertilizers was measured by means of C02 evolution and cellulose decomposition, at night and by day and at various depths. Soil respiration was higher at night than by day; cellulose decomposition was highest in the upper zones and related with a decline in nitrogen content in the subsoil, and unfertilized shaded plots showed the highest microbial activity. TI:Fermentation and organoleptic quality of cacao as affected by partial removal of pulp juices from the beans prior to curing AU:Lopez,-A.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(1):25-37. DE:By-products; Juice; Sweatings; Sensory-evaluation; PY:1979 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The partial removal of juice from the pulp of cacao beans has a negative effect on the quality of the chocolate probably because of the variations in the fermentation process which it introduces. TI:(The influence of soil horizons in growth of cacao (Theobroma cacao) seedlings). OT:Influencia dos horizontes do solo no desenvolvimento de plantulas de cacau (Theobroma cacao ) AU:Silva,-L.F.-da; Pereira,-C.P. SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(3):85-92. DE: Plant-Growth-and-Development PY:1979 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:An experiment with cacao seedlings grown in artificially constituted soils demonstrated the importance of the B-horizon. TI:(Effect of various sources of phosphorus on the growth of cacao seedlings). OT:Efeitos da aplicacao de diferentes fontes de fosforo no crescimento do cacaueiro em casa de vegetacao AU:Morais,-F.I.; Santana,-C.J.L.-de; Pereira,-G.C. SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(3):119-128. DE: Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses PY:1979 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A greenhouse pot experiment conducted on an acid cacao soil from Bahia comparing various sources of P, demonstrated the value of rock phosphate as a low cost alternative. Liming increased the growth and improved the efficiency of P fertilizers. TI:(Screening fungicides in vitro against Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, the causal agent of cacao witches' broom disease). OT:Selecao "in vitro" de fungicidas a Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, causador da "vassoura-de-bruxa" do cacaueiro AU:Bastos,-C.N.; Medeiros,-A.G. SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(3):129-135. DE:Plant-Diseases; Fungicides- PY:1979 GE:Brazil **:The in vitro testing of the effect of 41 fungicides on Crinipellis perniciosa showed that some fungicides were highly effective at rates as low as 10 ppm a.i. while other fungicides were fungitoxic only at 50 or 100 ppm a.i. TI:Studies on the genus Forcipomyia. 4. The neotropical species of the subgenus Warmkea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) AU:Wirth,-W.W.; Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(4):137-161. DE: Animal-Biology PY:1979 GE:Tropical America **:This paper revises the classification of subgenus Warmkea, genus Forcipomyia, which are important pollinators of cacao. TI:(Effect of substrates and foliar spray with fertilizers on the growth of cacao seedlings). OT:Efeitos da adubacao foliar e de substratos no crescimento de plantulas de cacau AU:Morais,-F.I.; Silva,-L.F.-da; Mariano,-A.H.; Souza-Pinho,-A.F.-de SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(4):163-171. DE: Crop-Planting-and-Propagation; Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses PY:1979 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Mixtures of sugar-cane press cake and local soils were shown to be good substrates for cacao seedlings, and foliar sprays of 0.5% urea applied 2 months after germination and at 15-day intervals thereafter were as effective as NPK fertilizers. TI:Effect of aluminum on nutrient uptake and concentration in cacao OT:Efeito de aluminio sobre a absorcao e concentracao de nutrientes em plantulas de cacaueiro AU:Ezeta-FN; Santana,-M.B.M.; SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(4):173-184. PY:1979 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Some oxisols and ultisols in Latin America are rich in aluminium. Studies on cacao grown in nutrient solutions showed that high levels of aluminium reduced uptake of N, P, Ca and Mg but increase K absorption while nitrate accululates in the plant tissue. TI:(Hyperparasitism by the fungus Dactylium sp. of Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, on witches' broom disease of cacao). OT:Hiperparasitismo do fungo Dactylium sp. a Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer em "vassoura-de-broxa" do cacaueiro AU:Bastos,-C.N. SO:Revista Theobroma, 9(4):197-200. DE:Plant-Diseases; PY:1979 GE:Brazil; Para **:The fungus Crinipellis perniciosa which is the causal agent of witches' broom disease was found to be parasitized by the fungus Dactylium sp. (m=Cladobotrytum Nees), which renders the Crinipellis spores non-viable. TI:Pathogenicity of Helicotylenchus dihystera in Theobroma cacao OT:Patogenicidade de Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher em Theobroma cacao L. AU:Campelo-AMFL; Galli-F; SO:Revista Theobroma, 10(1):5-14. DE:nematodes-; Helicotylenchus-dihystera; pathogenicity- PY:1980 GE:Brazil **:Inoculation studies with the spiral nematode Helicotylenchus dihystera demonstrated the effect of the level of infestation on potted cacao plants and on the survival of the nematodes in the absence of a host plant. TI:(Faunistic study of coleoptera and hemiptera associated with cacao trees in the State of Para). OT:Estudo faunistico de coloopteras e hemipteras associados ao cacaueiro no Estado do Para AU:Garcia,-J.-de-J.-da-S.; Silveira-Neto,-S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 10(1):15-23. DE:cacao-; insect-pests; Coleoptera; insect-pests; Hemiptera pest-incidence PY:1980 GE:Brazil; Para **:The insect fauna of the cacao growing areas of Bragantina and Guajarina was found to be different in both numbers and diversity. TI:Chemical control of insect infestation in stored cacao, Bahia, Brazil AU:Abreu,-J.M.-de; Williams,-R.N. SO:Revista Theobroma, 10(2):51-60. DE:pests; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-; spraying-; fumigation- PY:1980 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The effects of insecticide sprays and phosphine fumigation, alone and in combination, on insect infestation of stored cacao were studied also in relation to method of application and duration and frequency of treatment. TI:(The control of black pod of cocoa with copper fungicides sprayed in high and low volumes). OT:Controle da podridao parda do cacaueiro com novas formulacoes d e fungicidas a base de cobre empregados a alto e baixo volumes AU:Figueiredo,-J.M.-de; Lellis,-W.T. SO:Revista Theobroma, 11(1):33-38. DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-control-chemical; fungicides-; spraying- PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The quantity of fungicides employed in the cacao (Theobroma cacao) region of Bahia has increased from 100 t in 1970 to 1800 t in 1978. Field experiments were undertaken against black pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) with 6 fungicides for 2 years in order to test their efficacy. Two oil formulations of copper oxychloride were tested at low volume (20 l/ha), viz. Duriac and Kauritol, depositing 2.81 and 2.80 g Cu/tree. Coprantol (copper oxychloride), and Copper Sandoz (cuprous oxide) were applied in 160 l of spray liquid/ha, with deposits of 2.47 g and 4.00 g Cu/tree respectively. Oxychloride Sandoz was applied in 20 l spray liquid/ha, with a deposit of 2.77 g Cu/tree. It was shown that Duriac, Kauritol, Oxychloride Sandoz and Coprantol were effective, in spite of their depositing less Cu per tree than is usually applied. TI:The effect of succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide, chlorflurenol methyl ester, and N,N-dimethyl piperidine chloride on the growth and development of seedlings of Theobroma cacao L. AU:Orchard,-J.E.; Resnik,-M.E. SO:Revista Theobroma, 11(1):39-46. DE:growth-regulators; seedling- PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:An experiment was carried out on the effect of three growth retardants on the growth and development of seedlings of cacao. Three month old plants were sprayed with various concentrations of succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide, SADH), chlorflurenol methyl ester (a morphactin), and N,N-dimethyl piperidine chloride (mepiquat chloride, PIX). Terminal shoot growth was completely inhibited by the application of 100 and 1000 ppm morphactin. These two treatments caused lateral shoot development, but subsequent lateral shoot growth only continued with plants sprayed with 100 ppm morphactin. Of the other growth retardants, 5000 ppm SADH and 10 000 ppm PIX reduced internode elongation but no reduction in the rate of growth was observed. Authors' summary. TI:Defoliation and dieback of cacao in India AU:Mohanan,-R.C. SO:Revista Theobroma, 11(1):87-89. DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Calonectria-rigidiuscula; disease-diagnosis PY:1981 GE:India; Kerala, Karnataka **:Severe defoliation and dieback of cacao (Theobroma cacao) were observed in many cacao plantations in India. The symptoms of this disease are described. Calonectria rigidiuscula was consistently isolated from the leaves and stem. Pathogenicity experiments proved that this fungus is the causal organisms. This is the first report of the occurrence of defoliation and dieback of cacao caused by C. rigidiuscula in India. Author's summary. TI:(Microclimatic factors associated with incidence of black pod disease on cacao pods). OT:Fatores microclimaticos associados a incidencia de podridao parda em frutos de cacaueiro AU:Butler,-D.R.; Mendes,-L.F. SO:Revista Theobroma, 11(3):167-176. DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-incidence; microclimate- PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Humidity, wind speed, air and pod temperatures were measured in a cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantation for 24 hour periods in April and October 1976. When the air temperature changed, the pod temperature lagged behind, giving a possible temperature difference of several degrees. On 9 April the dew-point of the air increased rapidly between 5.00 am and 11.00 am being above the pod temperature from 6.00 to 9.00 am. Condensed water on the pod surface was present for 5 hours, giving conditions suitable for germination of zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora. On 6 October the dew-point of the air did not increase after 7.30 am and remained below pod temperature so that the pod surface remained dry, not allowing infection by zoospores. In 1976 the observed duration of condensation between April and July, when the incidence of black pod disease was 17%, was significantly higher than that between September and December when 5% of the pods were infected. Authors' summary. TI:(Potassium fixation and release in soils of the cacao region of Bahia). OT:Liberacao e fixacao de potassio em alguns solos da regiao cacaueira da Bahia AU:Chepote-S,-R.E.; Pereira,-G.C. SO:Revista Theobroma, 11(3):193-202. DE:soil-types; nutrient-fixation; nutrient-release; potassium-; soil-properties PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Potassium fixation and release in 7 soils of southern Bahia, was measured. Samples were extracted successively 8 times with boiling 1N HNO3. Following incubation for 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 months a further extraction was carried out. K fixation was evaluated in moist samples (0.05) as the pod content of the ration increased to a maximum of 100%. Average daily dry matter intake was similar, indicating the good acceptance of the fresh pods. No deleterious effects were noted in the animals. TI:Effect of defoliation on the phenological behaviour of shaded and unshaded cacao trees OT:Influencia da remocao foliar sobre a fenologia de cacaueiros expostos ao sol e a sombra AU:Leite-RM-de-O; Muller-MW; SO:Revista Theobroma, 13(3):203-210. DE:Defoliation; Shade; Phenology; Flowering; Flushing; Cherelle-wilt PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Studies on the phenological behaviour of shaded and unshaded 50- and 12-year-old cacao trees with respect to defoliaton, conducted in Bahia (Brazil) show that the intensity of flowering and flushing, both in young and old cacao trees, was greater in unshaded plants. More cherelle wilt in old cacao trees under shade was probably related to lower photosynthetic activity. Defoliation tended to decrease yields in young unshaded trees. Light defoliation apparently benefitted yields of shaded and unshaded cacao trees. TI:(Effect of nitrapyrin (N-serve 24 E) on soil nitrification and the growth of cacao plants). OT:Efeito da nitrapirina (N-serve 24E) na nitrificacao do solo e no desenvolvimento de plantas de cacau AU:Santana,-M.B.M.; Ezeta,-F.N. SO:Revista Theobroma, 13(3):223-231. DE:Nitrogen; Nitrification-inhibitors; Nitrapyrin; Soil-types; Nutrition; dry-matter-production; Conservers PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A greenhouse study on the effect of nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl) pyridine), conducted in Bahia (Brazil) showed that at concentrations of 10 ppm nitrapyrin nitrification was inhibited and growth of cacao plants stimulated while nitrapyrin at 50 ppm cause phytotoxic effects to develop. TI:Factors associated with cacao bean acidity and the possibility of its reduction by improved fermentation AU:Lopez,-A.S.F. SO:Revista Theobroma, 13(3):233-248. DE:cacao-; fermentation-; acidity- PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Studies on agents causing cacao bean acidity conducted in Bahia (Brazil) showed that free acid content, especially acetic acid, are related to pH changes during fermentation. In fully fermented beans (6 days), volatile acetic acid is the principle free acid, with non-volatile acids less important. In case of only 3-5 day fermentation a reverse situation may occur. TI:(Acid producing fungi isolated during the fermentation and drying of cacao). OT:Fungos produtores de acidos isolados durante a fermentacao e secagem do cacau AU:Almeida-Ribeiro,-N.C.-de; Lopez,-A.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 13(4):293-301. DE:Fermentation; fungi-; acidity- PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The role of the fungi in the fermentation and drying of cacao with emphasis on acid producing fungi was studied. Fungi were found in relatively small numbers during the entire period of fermentation. Acid producing strains appeared after 24 hours and increased to 5% of the fungal population at the end of fermentation. The growth characteristics of Aspergillus niger in relation to fermentation conditions were examined and the importance of the fungi in relation to preservation of quality is discussed. Authors' summary. TI:(""Pinhalense" rotary drier utilization as a new option for cacao drying). OT:Utilizacao de secador rotativo ""Pinhalense" como nova opcao na secagem de cacau AU:Cunha,-J.; McDonald,-C.R.; Freire,-E.S.; Passos,-F.J.V SO:Revista Theobroma, 13(4):303-313. DE:Dryers PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A rotary dryer, type S.T.R. 2700, originally used for coffee, was modified and used for cacao drying. The dryer has a static capacity of 2700 kg of freshly fermented cacao beans and can produce 1350 kg of dry beans in 38-42 drying hours at a temperature of about 60 degC. The heat source is the wood that is burned in a furnace and heats the drying air indirectly, eliminating smoke contamination - consuming 0.88 kg of wood per kg of dry beans. Construction, operation and cost details are given and limitations of use relative to the southern Bahia cacao farms are also mentioned. Authors' summary. TI:(Insecticides suggested as substitutes for BHC in pest control in cacao in Bahia, Brazil: a case study). OT:Insecticidas sugeridos para substituir o BHC no controle das pragas do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil: um estudo de caso AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Cruz,-P.F.N.; Abreu,-J.M.-de; Ferraz,-E.C.-de-A. SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(2) DE:insect-pests; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-; application-methods PY:1984 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A study was made to evaluate some insecticides as substitutes for BHC. The application of insecticides in the form of powders, is still the general practice, in contrast with fungicides, which are sprayed. A distinction is made between persistent and knock-down pesticides. In the category of persistent insecticides, the following compounds, in increasing order of cost price/ha could be recommended, viz. endosulfan 3%, carbaryl 5%, lindane 1.5% and carbaryl 7.5%. The less persistent insecticides, which could be recommended, comprised trichlorphon 2.5% and malathion 2%. The methods of application are also discussed. TI:(Relationship between climatic variables and cacao production on the Unit Farm at the Cacao Research Center, Bahia, Brazil). OT:Algumas relacoes entre variaveis climaticas e a producao de cacau da Fazenda Unitaria do Centro de Pesquisas de Cacau, Bahia, Brasil AU:Hoeppner-Z,-M.M.; Nicolella,-G. SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(2) DE:cacao-; climatic-factors; crop-production PY:1984 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The cacao production-weather relationship was studied during 11 years (1970/71 to 1980/81). Initially, linear correlations between the monthly cacao production and different climatic factors were studied. In addition, linear correlations between the cacao crop and the monthly climatic factors of a year earlier were studied. A set of 8 climatic variables represented by climatic factors, or linear combinations of these, was chosen by maximum correlation. Afterwards the best subset of these variables in regression was selected. The criteria for determining the best subset regression were the maximum determination coefficient, maximum adjusted coefficient and the Cdnp statistics of Mallows. Author's summary. TI:(Influence of shade and management on the moisture content retention in an Oxisol with cacao). OT:Influencia do sombreamento e manejo na retencao de umidade em um Oxisol cultivado com cacau AU:Leao,-A.C. SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(2) DE:cacao-; soil-types; oxisol-; shading-; crop-cultivation-and-maintenance; soil-moisture; soil-depth PY:1984 GE:Brazil **:The annual variation of the moisture content of an Oxisol (Typic Haplorthox) in which cacao was grown under two types of shade and management was determined. Samples were collected biweekly for 11 months, from 3 different topographical positions, on 2 different slopes, at 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm depths. The moisture content was different under the types of management studied and between the 0-20 cm layer and the other layers. There was no difference in moisture content of the soils at the different topographical positions. Author's summary. TI:Incompatability in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): clones EEG 13 and EEG 65 OT:Incompatibilidade em cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.): clones EEG 13 e EEG 65 AU:Yamada,-M.M.; Bartley,-B.G.D. SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(2) DE:Compatibility; EEG-13; Varieties; EEG-65; Self-incompatibility PY:1984 GE:Brazil; Bahia, Espirito Santo **:Self-incompatibility was shown to occur in the clones EEG 13 and EEG 65. This is the first report of the phenomenon in clones selected in the original cacao population of Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil. These clones are inter-incompatible. Various hypotheses are proposed to explain the appearance of self-incompatibility in these clone. Authors' summary. TI:(Toxicity of insecticides to Diptera, Hymenoptera and Arachnids of cacao plantations in Bahia, Brazil). OT:Toxicidade de inseticidas para dipteros, himenopteros e aracnideos associados aos cacauais da Bahia, Brasil AU:Cruz,-P.F.N.-da; Soria,-S.-de-J. SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(2) DE:insecticides-; toxicity-; natural-enemies PY:1984 GE:Brazil **:Five insecticides were evaluated for their effects on parasites and/or predators of cacao pests. The compounds were applied as powders and included carbaryl 7.5% at 1200 g a.i./ha, isoprocarb 4% at 640 g a.i./ha, BHC 1.5% at 240 g/ha, trichlorphon 2.5% at 400 g/ha and fenitrothion 1.5% at 240 g/ha. The results showed mortality rates in decreasing order, viz. carbaryl 60.4%, fenitrothion 43.4%, BHC 43.0%, isoprocarb 34.0% and trichlorphon 21.0%. TI:Effects of cultivation practices on the production of the cacao tree in the lowlands of Amazonia OT:Eifeitos de praticas culturais sobre a producao de cacaueiros em varzea amozonica AU:Nascimento-JC; Almeida-LC-de; Alvim-P-de-T; SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(3):175-180. DE:cacao-; crop-production; soil-moisture; rainfall-; cultural-practices PY:1984 GE:Brazil; Amazonas **:The influence of cultural practices, as clump thinning, maintenance pruning, and elimination of excessive shade on the productivity of the subspontaneous cacao in the higher lowlands on the margin of the Amazon River in the State of Amazonas, was measured. At the same time the effect of rainfall and the water table level on the physiological processes of leaf fall and flushing of the trees was studied. The results show that leaf fall and flushing reach a peak in August when the flooding subsides, uncovering the lowlands. There was an increase of 83% in production due to improved cultural practices. TI:(Indices to evaluate reactions of cacao cultivars to Phytophthora spp.). OT:Indices para availiar a reacao de cultivares de cacau a Phytophthora spp. AU:Luz,-E.D.M.N.; Yamada,-M.M. SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(3):181-188. DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-resistance; pathogenicity- PY:1984 GE:Brazil **:A grading system is proposed to measure the reaction of cultivars and hybrid progenies of cacao when inoculated with Phytophthora spp. The indices vary for each species according to its virulence to the cacao plant. The diameter of the lesions caused by:capsici are one half and one third of those caused by P.:palmivora and P.:citrophthora respectively. The index scale complies with the proportions which are obtained generally when pods are inoculated and has to be applied to the mean of the diameters of the lesions obtained 9 days after the inoculation. In all tests highly susceptible cultivars were included as standards. Authors' summary. TI:(Occurrence of Halisidota sp. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and its parasites on cacao trees in Southern Bahia, Brazil and evaluation of insecticides for their control). OT:Ocorrencia de Halisidota sp. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) e seus parasitoides em cacauais do Sul da Bahia e avaliacao de inseticidas para o seu controle AU:Ferraz,-E.C.A.; Abreu,-J.M.-de SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(3):193-197Jul, DE:insect-pests; Halisidota-sp.; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-; carbaryl-; insecticides-; trichlorphon- PY:1984 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Outbreaks of Halisidota sp. on cacao trees, grown under the shade of Trema micrantha, are recorded for the first time. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of carbaryl (at 360 g and 540 g a.i./ha) and trichlorphon (250, 500 and 750 g a.i./ha), sprayed at 80 l/ha of sprayliquid, with the addition of a sticking agent. Provisionally trichlorphon (Dipterex 50 ec) can be recommended for application at the rate of 500 ml a.i./ha. The presence of 2 parasites of Halisidota sp., viz. Leschenaultia leucophrys and Lespesia affinis was observed in the field. TI:Limitation of the 'cut test' in assuring the flavour quality of exported cacao beans OT:Limitacao da 'prova de corte' no controle de qualidade do cacau comercial AU:Lopez,-A.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(3):199-207. DE:Grading; Fermentation-; Quality-control PY:1984 GE:Brazil **:The role of the 'cut test' in the determination of the cacao quality and its limitation are discussed. This procedure, recommended by FAO and adopted by many countries is to assure, among other factors, that fermentation has been adequate. Results obtained from classified cacao fermented by seven different methods were analysed. Suggestions for improving the test are given and their effects on the quality of Brazilian cacao, especially with respects to its acidity, are discussed. TI:Utilization of cacao pod husk to substitute elephant grass (cv. Cameroon) as feed to dairy cattle OT:Utilizacao da casca do fruto de cacaueiro em substituicao ao capim elefante cv. Cameroon na alimentacao de vacas em lactacao AU:Pereira,-J.M.; Llamosas,-C.A.; Soares,-M.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 14(3):209-216. DE:husk-; feed-intake; dairy-cattle; Feeds PY:1984 GE:Brazil **:The use of cacao pod husk (Theobroma cacao) as roughage for dairy cattle was investigated and compared with elephant grass, cv. Cameroon (Pennisetum purpureum). Besides the roughage fed ad lib, the animals (10 Friesland red and white cows) received a commercial concentrate of 28% crude protein at a rate of 1 kg per 5 kg of milk produced. The cows fed on husk showed a higher intake as compared with those fed on grass (2.9 and 2.1 kg of dry matter per 100 kg of live weight respectively). There was no significant difference between treatments with respect to milk production, however the lactation period was longer for cattle fed on grass. It was observed that cacao husk had a continuous laxative effect on the animals. Authors' summary. TI:(Effect of different levels of supplementation on weight gain of confined young bulls fed with fresh cacao pod husks). OT:Efeito de diferentes niveis de suplementacao sobre o ganho de peso de novilhos confinados alimentados com casca fresca do fruto do cacaueiro AU:Llamosas-C,-A.; Pereira,-J.M.; Soares,-M.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 15(1):27-34. DE:cacao-; husk-; feed-supplement; feed-ration PY:1985 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The effect of the supplementary feeding of a mixture of concentrates on the live weight gain of young bulls fed with fresh cacao pod husks was studied. Three levels of the mixture were added to the husks, fed ad libitum to 21 young bulls confined for finishing. The average dry matter consumption from the bulk fraction did not differ among treatments. The bulk portions in the rations of treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 82.0, 77.6 and 71.4 percent of dry matter respectively. There was no significant difference between treatments of live weight gain. The tendency of this parameter shows treatment 2 to be the most efficient. From authors' summary. TI:(Cacao pollination in Salvador Bay region of Bahia, Brazil. 2. Assessment of mistblower pollination). OT:A polinizacao do cacaueiro no Reconcavo Baiano, Brasil. 2. Avaliacao do metodo de ventilacao forcada AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Pinho,-A.F.-de-S.; Peixoto,-E.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 16(1):31-38. DE:cacao-; pollination-; fruit-set PY:1986 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:In Bahia, Brazil, mechanized pollination of local cacao cultivars, using a portable knapsack mistblower was tested, because the activity of pollinating insects is poor. The flowers were blown during the early hours of the day, on 4 alternating days. Results indicated that mechanical pollination with the mistblower almost doubled fertilization rate. Number of fruits per tree increased to 10.39 fruits/tree in the treated plot as against 5.71 fruits/tree in the control. Mist application seems to be a promising technique when applied to self-compatible varieties. TI:(Residue levels of BHC (HCH) in cacao beans in Bahia, Brazil). OT:Niveis residuais de BHC (HCH) em amendoas de cacau na Bahia, Brasil AU:Berbert,-P.R.F.; Cruz,-P.F.N.-da SO:Revista Theobroma, 16(1):39-45. DE:cacao-; insecticides-; gamma-HCH; pesticide-residues PY:1986 GE:Brazil **:The level of BHC (gamma-HCH) residues was determined monthly, during 1983, in cacao beans collected from exporter's warehouses. BHC residues were detected in all samples analysed, the monthly average levels varying from 0.05 to 0.2 ppm. These results showed that the residual levels are below the tolerance limit of the majority of importing countries (0.5 to 1 ppm) and whithin the limit established by Brazil for gamma BHC (1 ppm). In addition, the results suggest that a significant decrease of the residue levels occurs only 60 days after the insecticide application. Authors' summary. TI:(The microflora of fermenting cacao beans in the State of Bahia, Brazil). OT:Micobiota na fermentacao do cacau no estado da Bahia, Brasil AU:Ribeiro,-N.C.A.; Bezerra,-J.L.; Lopez,-A.S. SO:Revista Theobroma, 16(1):47-55. DE:cacao-; fungi- PY:1986 GE:Brazil **:In a survey of the microflora of fermenting cacao beans, the following 16 species of fungi were identified: Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, Mucor racemosus, Mucor sp., Paecilomyces varioti, Penicillium citrinum,:implicatus, P.:spinosum, Thielaviopsis ethaceticus, Trichoderma viridae and 3 different isolates of Mycelia sterilia. The highest percentage of diversity occurred in the beginning of the fermentation (from 0 to 44 h). After this period there was a predominance of A. fumigatus and M. racemosus up to the end of the process. A study in vitro of the effect of temperature on the growth has shown that most of these fungi have a major development between 30 and 45 degC and a slower development of 50 degC, although this temperature was not lethal for 60% of these isolates in an exposition of 96 h. All species were able to produce acids through hydrolisis of glucose, mannose, sucrose, mannitol, fructose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, cellulose, and from ethanol. Organoleptic tests of the product showed normal smell and appearance, with strong chocolate flavour and acceptable acidity. From authors' summary. TI:(Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) as shelterbelt for young cacao trees shaded by bananas in Bahia, Brazil). OT:Bambu (Bambusa vulgaris Schard.) como protecao lateral de cacaueiros (Theobromo cacao L.) jovens sombreados com bananeiras (Musa sapientum L.) no Recooncavo da Bahia, Brasil AU:Pinho-Souza,-A.F.-de; Muller,-M.W. SO:Revista Theobroma, 17(1):1-8. DE:cacao-; shelterbelt-; bamboo-; wind-damage; shading-; banana; intercropping- PY:1987 GE:Brazil, Bahia **:In Bahia, Brazil, the mechanical damage caused to young cacao plants by high wind speeds was studied. This wind damage made farmers use windbreaks. For its rusticity, easy propagation and canopy structure, bamboo has been used for this purpose. However, the bamboo roots caused the death of young cacao plants and decreased banana tree growth which offers temporary shade. In an attempt to avoid these damages trenches of 20, 40 and 60 cm depth were set between the bamboo row and the cacao and banana tree area. The penetration of the bamboo roots in the cacao and banana tree area was limited by the trenches. This effect increased with the depth of the trench. The results indicated that bamboo could be a suitable plant as cacao windbreak since the negative effect caused by its roots can be avoided, with trenches of 60 cm deep. Authors' summary. TI:(Antibiotic action of metabolites from Penicillium citrinum on Phytophthora palmivora). OT:Acao antibiotica de metabolitos de Penicillium citrinum Thom. sobre Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. AU:Bastos,-C.N. SO:Revista Theobroma, 17(1):31-37. DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; natural-pesticides; Penicillium-citrinum; disease-control-biological PY:1987 GE:Brazil, Para **:Strains of the fungus Penicillium citrinum were detected in Para, Brazil, as a contaminant in cultures of Phytophthora palmivora, an agent of the black pod disease of cacao. Preliminary observation showed that the strain:citrinum has a great antagonistic effect on P.:palmivora. Laboratory tests carried out with the partially purified antibiotic showed that the active ingredient was considerably toxic to P.:palmivora to both mycelial growth in vitro and on lesion formation capacity in vivo. Authors' summary. TI:Effect of Cladobotryum antibiotic on the major pathogens of cacao in Brazil AU:Bastos,-C.N.; Neill,-S.J.; Horgan,-R. SO:Revista Theobroma, 16(4):213-221. DE:fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; natural-pesticides; Cladobotryum-amazonense; disease-control PY:1986 GE:Brazil, Para **:An antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the culture filtrate of Cladobotryum amazonense a hyperparasite of Crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of the witches' broom disease of cacao. The compound was isolated and purified by extraction with butanol followed by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, paper and with HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Tests undertaken in vitro with purified antibiotic showed an inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of C. perniciosa and Phytophthora palmivora. This compound also was considerably toxic to sporangia and basidiospores of:palmivora and C. perniciosa, respectively. This in vitro activity of the fungitoxic compound is merely an indication of its possible usefulness in the control of the witches' broom pathogen. From authors' summary. TI:Response of Catongo cocoa to fertilizer levels in Southern Bahia, Brazil. OT:Respostas de cacaueiros "Catongo" a doses de fertilizantes no Sul da Bahia, Brasil. AU:Cabala-Rosand,-P; Santana,-CJL-de; Miranda,-ER-de SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1982, 12: 4, 203-216; 20 ref. DE:Nutrition-; Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-; NPK-fertilizers; Responses- PY:1982 GE:Brazil; **:The effects of 5 NPK levels were determined at 8 plantations over a 10-year period. P had the greatest effect on productivity. The beneficial effect of N was observed in the first 3 years, and that of K after the 6th year. The average yields of dry beans were generally highest (1284 kg/ha) with N, P2O5 and K2O at 90:90:90 kg/ha. The effects of NPK levels on leaf P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, and on soil chemical characteristics were also determined. The data are tabulated. TI:Economic evaluation of CEPLAC activities in agricultural research, teaching and extension during 1957-80 in Bahia, Brazil. OT:Avaliacao economica da pesquisa, ensino e extensao agricolas desenvolvidos pela CEPLAC no Estado da Bahia no periodo de 1957 a 1980. AU:Monteiro,-A SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1982, 12: 3, 109-122; 17 ref., fig., tab. DE:Evaluation-; PY:1982 GE:Brazil; **:The increase in cocoa productivity in Bahia, responsible for 95% of Brazilian cocoa production, as well as the gains for CEPLAC were evaluated. The methodology used was an adaptation of Griliches and Peterson's work. The criterion of internal return rate, estimated at 42%, was used to evaluate the social return rate. It is concluded that the activities of CEPLAC have been beneficial. TI:Estimating global radiation flux over the Cocoa Research Centre and surrounding areas. OT:Estimativa do fluxo de radiacao global no Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau e areas circunvizinhas. AU:Butler,-DR; Miranda,-RAC-de SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 4, 321-325; 9 ref. DE:Climate-; Monitoring-; Solar-radiation; Measurement-; Angstrom; PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia; **:To determine constants a and b in the modified Angstron equation, records of daily solar radiation and sunshine hours for 1973, 1974 and 1975 over the Cocoa Research Centre, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil were analysed. There was no clear trend in the variation of monthly values but annual values were more consistent, the average for a being 0.27 and for b 0.37. The sum of a and b can be used to evaluate the coefficient of transmission by the atmosphere, the value of which is normally 0.82. The value for the south-east of Bahia was 24% less than normal, and is consistent with that for the cocoa-growing areas of Africa. TI:Nitrogen requirements in a cocoa agrosystem. OT:Requerimentos de nitrogenio em um agrossistema de cacau. AU:Santana,-M.B.M.; Cabala-Rosand,-P SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 3, 211-221; 14 ref. DE:Nitrogen; Utilization; Fertilizers; Types; Organic-fertilizers; Soil-types; Plant-residues; Shade-trees; Nutrient-cycling; Litter-production PY:1983 GE:Brazil; **:Trials were carried out in a 17-year-old plantation shaded by Erythrina fusca. Organic matter shed by the crop and the shade trees amounted to more than 8 t/ha per year. This was equivalent to 140 kg N/ha. Data are presented graphically on the rate of decomposition of cocoa and E. fusca residues and on the fluctuations of N levels in the soil. TI:Acid producing fungi isolated during fermentation and drying of cocoa. OT:Fungos produtores de acidos isolados durante a fermentacao e secagem do cacau. AU:Ribeiro,-NC-de-A; Lopez,-AS SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 4, 392-301; 11 ref., 1 grpah, 6 tab. DE:Fermentation; Fungi; Aspergillus-niger; Quality; PY:1983 **:Acid producing strs. appeared after 24 h during fermentation and increased to 5% at its end. The growth characteristics of Aspergillus niger in relation to fermentation conditions were examined. The importance of fungi in relation to preservation of quality is discussed. TI:Dormant cankers: source of inoculum of Corticium salmonicolor on cocoa. OT:Cancros dormentes: fonte de inoculo de Corticium salmonicolor em cacaueiro. AU:Luz,-EDMN SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 4, 377-380; 8 ref., 2 fig. DE:Corticium-salmonicolor; Cankers-; Infection- PY:1983 GE:Brazil; **:In the Bahia cacao growing area infected branches develop cankers as the disease diminishes and become sources of inoculum for the following year. These branches appear healthy when the disease is almost absent from the field, but develop symptoms when conditions become favourable for infection. Isolates from the cankers were highly pathogenic to seedlings. TI:Temperature, the predominant factor in population balance of Phytophthora species causing pod rot of cocoa in Bahia, Brazil. OT:Temperatura, fator preponderante no equilibrio populacional das especies de Phytophthora que causam podridao-parda do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil. AU:Luz,-EDMN; Campelo,-AMFL SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 4, 361-375; 42 ref., 3 graphs. DE:Diseases; Phytophthora; Temperature; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-capsici; Phytophthora-citrophthora PY:1983 GE:Brazil; Bahia; **:Cardinal temps. for growth of P. palmivora were 5ƒ-8ƒ, 25ƒ-30ƒ and 35ƒC; for P. capsici 5ƒ, 25ƒ-30ƒ and 35ƒ; and for P. citrophthora 5ƒ-8ƒ, 27ƒ and 32ƒ-35ƒ. P. palmivora was less sensitive to high temps. (30ƒ-35ƒ) and more sensitive to lower temps. than were the other spp. For sporulation the corresponding temps. were P. capsici 15ƒ, 27ƒ and 30ƒ-32ƒ; P. palmivora 20ƒ, 27ƒ-30ƒ and 32ƒ-35ƒ; and P. citrophthora 20ƒ, 27ƒ and 32ƒ. P. capsici produced twice as many zoospores as P. palmivora and 8 times as many as P. citrophthora. Chlamydospores were formed by P. citrophthora at 15ƒ and 18ƒ. The results suggest that temp. is an important factor responsible for the prevalence of P. capsici in the Bahia area. TI:Methodology for evaluating the resistance of cocoa cultivars and hybrid progenies to Phytophthora spp. causing pod rot in Bahia. OT:Metodologia para avaliar resistencia de cultivares e progenies hibridas de cacau a Phytophthora spp. que causam podridao-parda na Bahia. AU:Lawrence,-JS SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 4, 349-359; 21 ref. DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; Testing-; Resistance-; Phytophthora-capsici; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-citrophthora; Techniques-; Cultivars-; Responses-; PY:1983 GE:Brazil **:Detailed descriptions are given of methods of routine screening for resistance and of studying the inheritance of resistance to P. capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora. TI:Morphological and pathological comparison of Corticium salmonicolor Berk & Br. isolates from cocoa in Bahia, Brazil. OT:Comparacao morfologica e patologica de isolados de Corticium salmonicolor Berk & Br. de cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil. AU:Luz,-EDMN SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 3, 165-173; 5 ref., 4 fig., 5 tab. DE:Corticium-salmonicolor; Variations; Diseases; PY:1983 GE:Brazil; **:Slight differences in cultural characters of isolates from stems, leaves and pods were observed on 6 different media. Pink pigmentation developed only in light. Growth was best at 23ƒ C-26ƒ. The leaf isolate differed from the others; its aerial mycelium was sparse and farinaceous, while that of the others was cottony and abundant. On agar with fragments of cocoa stem (FCS) and on FCS + PDA, hard pink structures were produced, which were infective on seedlings. The leaf isolate was pathogenic to leaves, pods and seedlings and the pod isolate to pods and seedlings, while the others infected only seedlings and trees. TI:Proof of pathogenicity of Crinipellis perniciosa to Theobroma cacao by using basidiospores produced in in vitro culture. AU:Purdy-LH; Trese-AT; Aragundi-JA; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 3, 157-163; 9 ref., 6 col. fig. DE:Plant-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Basidiospores; Pathogenicity PY:1983 **:Adult cocoa plants grown in the glasshouse were inoculated with basidiospores from basidiocarps produced in vitro. Witches' brooms developed and mycelial isolates from them were identical with single basidiospore cultures from the basidiospore inoculum. Basidiospore cultures from basidiocarps on the witches' brooms were similar to these from in vitro basidiospores, as well as to these from basidiocarps on non-living witches' brooms from Brazil and Ecuador. Basidiocarps also developed on mycelial mats of isolates from witches' broom induced by in vitro basidiospores. TI:The floral biology of cacao: 2. Observations on foraging activity of Forcipomyia midges. AU:Soria,-S-de-J; Chapman,-RK SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 1, 53-59; 7 ref., 1 fig. DE:Forcipomyia; Foraging-; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations; Costa-Rica PY:1984 **:The daily pattern of foraging by Forcipomyia spp. was studied in a cocoa plantation in Costa Rica, and a correlation sought with the environmental conditions. Foraging occurred during the periods preceding and following sunrise and sunset. When air temperatures rose, foraging activity declined, and flight activity in the upper canopy appeared to be encouraged. The midges were not active during the night; they appeared to prefer deeply shaded conditions and calm sunny mornings. TI:Insects and mites of quarantine importance in relation to cocoa in Brazil. OT:Insetos e acaros de importancia quarentenaria para o cacaueiro no Brasil. AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Silva,-P.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 4, 343-347. DE:Insect-pests; Miridae; Sahlbergella-singularis; Distantiella-theobroma; Helopeltis-; Xylosandrus-compactus; Planococcoides-njalensis; Trogoderma-granarium; pests; Pest-control; Stored-products-pests; Quarantine; PY:1983 GE:Brazil; **:Species or groups of species of cocoa pests that do not at present occur in Brazil and should be excluded by quarantine regulations include Xylosandrus compactus, Sahlbergella singularis, Distantiella theobroma, Helopeltis spp., Pseudococcus njalensis [Planococcoides njalensis] and Trogoderma granarium. Notes are given from the literature on these and other insects and mites of quarantine importance that attack the stored pods and cocoa products. TI:Influence of floral pigmentation on field pollination rates in some cultivated varieties of Theobroma cacao L.: some effects on yield. AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Silva,-P.; Chapman,-R.K.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 2, 141-149; 13 ref., 4 fig. DE:Forcipomyia; Pollination-; Cultivars-; Pollinators- PY:1983 GE:Costa-Rica; **:Studies in Costa Rica showed marked differences in levels of natural pollination among several cocoa clones, species of Forcipomyia showing a distinct preference for some cultivated varieties over others; flower colour (white or purple) was not a factor influencing these preferences. TI:Considerations on the production of a sex pheromone by females of Stenoma decora Zeller (Lepidoptera: Stenomidae) and its attractiveness to the males. AU:Benton,-FP SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1983, 13: 1, 51-57; 6 ref., 2 fig. DE:Stenoma-decora; Distribution-; Traps-; Sex-attractant-traps; Sex-pheromones PY:1983 GE:Brazil **:In studies between December 1980 and March 1981 in a cocoa plantation at Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil, that was heavily infested by Stenoma decora, males were strongly attracted to traps baited with laboratory-reared females, indicating that the females produce a sex pheromone. Males were attracted to the taps between 1930 and 2100 h. In the laboratory, most adults emerged between 1630 and 1900 h; females were attractive to males from the day of emergence for at least 4 days, after which the attraction diminished. TI:Gynacantha bifida Rambur (Odonata, Aeshnidae), a new enemy of Xyleborus spp. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) a pest of cocoa in Bahia, Brazil. OT:Gynacantha bifida Rambur (Odonata, Aeshnidae), novoinimigo de Xyleborus spp. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) praga do cacauiro na Bahia, Brazil. AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Machado,-A.B.M.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1982, 12: 4, 257-259; 6 ref. DE:IPM-; Gynacantha-bifida; Distribution; Prey; Xyleborus-; Predators-; Food-plants; Natural-enemies; Arthropods; Biological-control; PY:1982 GE:Brazil **:Xyleborus spp. are important pests of cocoa in Bahia, Brazil. An examination of the gut contents of adults of Gynacantha bifida that were observed flying with adults of Xyleborus at dusk showed that this dragonfly preyed on the beetle, no other insect remains being found in the gut. This is the first report of massive dragonfly predation on Coleoptera. TI:The foraging activity of some West African cacao farm ants. AU:Majer,-JD SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1982, 12: 3, 155-162; 6 ref., 4 fig. DE:Ants; Tetramorium-aculeatum; Foraging; Crematogaster-depressa; Polyrhachis-laboriosa; Distribution; Habitats-; Formicidae PY:1982 GE:Brazil; **:The daily foraging patterns of 3 ants of importance on cocoa farms in Ghana was monitored on 3 occasions. The pattern of Tetramorium aculeatum was basically unimodal and nocturnal, although foraging sometimes continued into late morning. The activity of Crematogaster depressa was largely diurnal during cool dull conditions but became more nocturnal during warmer periods. In areas where the 2 species coexisted, the peak of activity by T. aculeatum shifted and foraging time was reduced; C. depressa was unaffected by the presence of T. aculeatum. The activity of Polyrhachis laboriosa was diurnal and bimodal. It is suggested that in addition to their being a patchwork mosaic of ants in cocoa, a succession of ants forages on the trees throughout the entire day. TI:Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids in the control of Hoplophorion pertusum Germar (Homoptera: Membracidae), a pest of cocoa in Bahia. OT:Avaliacao de piretroides sinteticos no controle de Hoplophorion pertusum Germar (Homoptera: Membracidae), praga do cacaueiro na Bahia. AU:Abreu,-JM-de; Milanez,-JM; De-Abreu,-JM SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1982, 12: 3, 149-153; 9 ref. DE:Hoplophorion-pertusum; Distribution-; Insecticides-; Deltamethrin-; Against-; Permethrin-; Fenvalerate-; PY:1982 GE:Brazil; **:Synthetic pyrethroids were tested in Bahia, Brazil, for the control of Hoplophorion pertusum, which occurred in large numbers on cocoa there (381-1526 individuals/tree) in 1980-81 and also on the shade tree Erythrina glauca. Decis [deltamethrin] at 5, 7.5 or 10 g/ha reduced populations by 98, 97 and 90%, respectively, 48 h after spraying. Permethrin at 100, 125 or 150 g/ha reduced the populations by 97, 99 and 98%, respectively, after 24 h and fenvalerate at 50, 100 or 150 g/ha reduced them by 97, 97 and 99%, respectively, after 24 h. TI:Influence of floral pigmentation on field pollination rates in some cultivated varieties of Theobroma cacao L.: some effects on yield. AU:Soria,-S.-de-J.; Silva,-P.; Chapman,-R.K.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1982, 13: 2, 141-149; B. DE:Pollination-; Forcipomyia; Forcipomyia; Flowers-; Characteristics-; Colour; PY:1982 **:In pollination trials on 12 cacao clones, the greatest number of flowers pollinated per tree, and the highest yields, occurred on clone UF613. There was no significant difference in pollination of pigmented and unpigmented clones; thus floral coloration did not appear to be a factor in attracting pollinating Forcipomyia midges.P. Walker. TI:Sensitivity of Phytophthora species to fungicides in vitro. OT:Sensibilidade das especies de Phytophthora a fungicidas in vitro. AU:Campelo,-AMFL; Luz,-EDMN; Bezerra,-JL; Pereira,-JL SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 2, 75-84; 13 ref., 3 1 tab. DE:Diseases; Phytophthora; Control-; Ridomil-; Laboratory-tests; Metalaxyl-; Curzate-CC; Cymoxanil-; Copper-sulphate; Copper-Sandoz; Cuprous-oxide; Copper-; Gafex-; Copper-oxychloride PY:1984 GE:Brazil; **:Mycelial growth of P. capsici and P. citrophthora was completely inhibited by Ridomil (metalaxyl) and Curzate CC (cymoxanil + basic copper sulphate) at 25 p.p.m. a.i., but viability was unaffected at this concn. Similar results were obtained with P. palmivora at 50 p.p.m. of the same fungicides. At 50 p.p.m., Copper Sandoz (cuprous oxide + metallic copper) was lethal to P. citrophthora and P. capsici and metalaxyl to P. citrophthora. P. palmivora was killed by 75 p.p.m. Copper Sandoz, Curzate CC and Gafex (copper oxychloride + metallic copper). It is concluded that the predominance of P. capsici in cacao growing areas of Bahia, Brazil is not due to any low sensitivity of this sp. to the fungicides used to control Phytophthora pod rot. TI:Toxicity of insecticides to Diptera, Hymenoptera and Arachnida associated with cocoa plantations in Bahia, Brazil. OT:Toxicidade de inseticidas para dipteros, himenopteros e aracnideos associados aos cacauais da Bahia, Brasil. AU:Cruz,-PFN-da; Soria,-S-de-J; Nunes-da-Cruz,-PF; Da-Cruz,-PF-Nunes SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 2, 171-173; 4 ref. DE:Beneficial-arthropods; Effects-of-insecticides; Carbaryl-; Nontarget-effects; Effects-on-beneficial-arthropods; Fenitrothion-; HCH-; Isoprocarb-; Trichlorfon- PY:1984 GE:Bahia; Brazil **:The effect of 5 insecticides on the beneficial fauna (Diptera, Hymenoptera and Arachnida) in cocoa plantations was evaluated in tests in Bahia, Brazil, in 1978. The corrected mortality percentages 36 h after treatment were 60.4 for carbaryl at 1200 g/ha, 43.4 for fenitrothion at 240 g/ha, 43 for BHC [HCH] at 240 g/ha, 34.8 for Etrofolan [isoprocarb] at 640 g/ha and 21 for trichlorfon at 400 g/ha. TI:Insecticides suggested as substitutes for BHC for the control of pests of cocoa in Bahia, Brazil: a case study. OT:Inseticidas sugeridos para substituir o BHC no controle das pragas do cacaueiro na Bahia, Brasil: um estudo de caso. AU:Soria,-S-de-J; Cruz,-PFN; Abreu,-JM-de; Ferraz,-EC-de-A; De-Abreu,-JM; De-A-Ferraz,-EC SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 2, 103-114; 14 ref. DE:Pests-; Pest-control; Insecticides-; HCH-; Replacements-; Lindane-; Endosulfan-; Carbaryl-; Trichlorfon-; Malathion- PY:1984 GE:Brazil-; **:Guidelines are presented to facilitate the choice of insecticides to replace BHC [HCH] for the control of insect pests of cocoa in Bahia, Brazil. Though the recommendations are based on the results of official tests and extension work carried out during the last 18 years in Brazil, the principles on which they are formulated are equally applicable to other situations in which alternatives to HCH are needed. The authors discuss some of the possible adverse side-effects of HCH in relation to public health, food quality and environmental contamination. The recommendations made include details of formulations, dosages and application equipment. The wide-spectrum compounds recommended include endosulfan, carbaryl and lindane, which are effective against chrysomelids, some curculionids and mirids. More selective compounds such as trichlorfon and malathion are suggested for the control of thrips. TI:Seasonal abundance of the phytophagous Coleoptera in cocoa plantations in Sul da Bahia and Espirito Santo. OT:Abundancia estacional dos coleopteros fitofagos do cacaueiro no Sul da Bahia e no Espirito Santo. AU:Benton,-FP SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 2, 85-102; 6 ref., 9 fig. DE:Pests; Colaspis-ornata; Seasonal-fluctuations; Conotrachelus-curvicostatus; Lordops-aurosa; Lasiopus-cilipes; Distribution-; Colaspis-; Rhabdopterus-; Nodonota; Naupactus-; Chrysomelidae-; Coleoptera- PY:1984 GE:Brazil **:Monthly collections of Coleoptera were made in cocoa plantations in Sul de Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil, to determine their seasonal abundance. Colaspis ornata was present in Sul de Bahia throughout the year and populations showed little fluctuation. In 1 locality, 2 species of Colaspis and 1 of Rhabdopterus (not determined to species level) were more abundant in September-February than in other months. Populations of Nodonota and of chrysomelids (not determined to species) showed a marked peak in September-October, when the peak of flushing occurred. In 1 locality, some population peaks of C. ornata showed a positive correlation with flushing. The curculionid Conotrachelus curvicostatus was more or less equally abundant throughout the year, but other curculionids (Lordops aurosa, Lasiopus cilipes and Naupactus spp.) were virtually absent except in September-March. TI:Indices for evaluating the reaction of cocoa cultivars to Phytophthora spp. OT:Indices para avaliar a reacao de cacau a Phytophthora spp. AU:Luz,-EDMN; Yamada,-MM SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 3, 181-188; 25 ref., 1 fig., 1 tab. DE:Diseases; Phytophthora; Testing-; Varietal-reactions; Phytophthora-capsici; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-citrophthora; Techniques-; PY:1984 **:The scale proposed is applied to the av. diam. of the lesions 9 d after inoculation. The diam. of the lesions due to P. capsici are 1/2 and 1/3 of those due to P. palmivora and P. citrophthora respectively. TI:Occurrence of Halisidota sp. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and its parasites in cocoa plantations in southern Bahia and evaluation of insecticides for its control. AU:Ferraz,-ECA; Abreu,-JM-de; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 3, 193-197; 6 ref. DE:Natural-enemies; Arthropods-; Halysidota; Control-; Insecticides-; Carbaryl-; Trichlorfon-; Trema-micrantha; Parasites-; Lespesia-affinis; Leschenaultia-leucophrys; Hosts-; Distribution-; Pests-; Halysidota PY:1984 GE:Brazil **:Halysidota sp. is recorded for the first time as a pest of economic importance on cocoa in southern Bahia, Brazil. Species of this genus have been recorded on the crop in the past and are known to infest Trema micrantha, a shade tree planted in cocoa plantations in southern Bahia. The severe infestation on cocoa occurred once the arctiid had completely defoliated T. micrantha in the plantation. The tachinids Lespesia affinis and Leschenaultia leucophrys were reared from Halysidota. Good control of the larvae of Halysidota was obtained with sprays of 360 and 540 g carbaryl/ha (81.9 and 80.7% mortality, respectively) and sprays of 250, 500 or 750 ml trichlorfon/ha (85.7, 90.7 and 91.3% mortality, respectively). TI:Chemical control of Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard), a pest of cocoa plantations in the region of Altamira, Para, Brazil. OT:Controle quimico de Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) praga do cacaueiro na regiao de Altamira, Para, Brazil. AU:Mendes,-AC-de-B; Bicelli,-CRL; Garcia,-J-de-J-da-S; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 3, 189-192; 7 ref. DE:Selenothrips-rubrocinctus; Distribution-; Control-; Insecticides-; Propoxur-; HCH-; Endosulfan-; Carbaryl-; Trichlorfon-; Fenitrothion-; Pests- PY:1984 GE:Brazil-; **:In tests on the chemical control of the nymphs of Selenothrips rubrocinctus on cocoa in the region of Altamira, Para, Brazil, more than 90% control for a period of 14 days following application was obtained with Unden [propoxur] at 160 g/ha, BHC [HCH] at 240 g/ha, endosulfan at 480 g/ha and carbaryl at 1.2 kg/ha; trichlorfon at 400 g/ha and fenitrothion at 240 g/ha lost their effectiveness after 7 days. Carbaryl, endosulfan and HCH afforded more than 70% control for up to 21 days after application. TI:Effect of the culture filtrate of Cladobotryum amazonense on Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer and other pathogens. OT:Efeito de filtrado de cultura de Cladobotryum amazonense sobre Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer e outros patogenos. AU:Bastos,-CN SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 4, 263-269; 15 ref., 2 fig. (1 col.), 2 tab. DE:IPM-; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Biological-control; Diseases-; Cladobotryum-amazonense; Inhibition; Hemileia-vastatrix; Pseudomonas-solanacearum; Pathogens; Antagonists-; Microcyclus-ulei; Hosts; PY:1984 **:In vitro the culture filtrate completely inhibited spore germination of C. perniciosa, Microcyclus ulei and Hemileia vastatrix, as also the growth of other fungi and of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Activity was retained after autoclaving. The filtrate had a protective effect against C. perniciosa infection of cocoa fruits without any phytotoxicity. TI:An abnormality of cocoa with virus-like symptoms. OT:Anomalia do cacaueiro com sintomas semelhantes aos causados por virus. AU:Oliveira,-ML-de SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 4, 253-262; 23 ref., 2 col. fig. DE:Abnormalities-; Symptoms-; Transmission; Necrosis; Chlorotic; Leaves; disorders; PY:1984 GE:Brazil-; **:Virus-like symptoms were found on trees 1-60 yr old in Bahia, Brazil, Chlorotic and translucent spots appeared on leaves, which were deformed and often small, with marginal necrosis. Internodes were shortened and abnormal growth of axillary buds caused broom formation. The disease was transmitted by grafting, but not by mechanical inoculation or by insects. Leaf extracts of diseased plants did not react against antisera of cacao yellow mosaic and cauliflower mosaic virus. TI:Present status of cacao by-products utilization in Brazil. AU:Lopez,-A.S.; Ferreira,-H.I.S.; Llamosas-C.,-A.; Romeu,-A.P.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1984, 14: 4, 271-291; 39 ref., 6 fig., 1 map. DE:Maps-; Residues-; Reviews-; Energy-; Sources-; Alcohols-; Production-; Plant-residues; Products-; byproducts; Utilization- PY:1984 GE:Brazil; **:A cocoa jelly is currently being produced on a small scale. Juice mechanically extracted from the bean pulp is frozen and sold as a soft drink. Alcohol is produced by fermenting the pulp juice but quality remains a problem. Fresh pod husks were eaten by cattle without ill effects but had poor digestibility. Methane yields from pod husks were normal but showed unfavourable returns. Biodigestor residue had no fertilizer value. Further research is outlined. TI:Utilization of cacao pod husk as substrate for single cell protein production. OT:Utilizacao da casca do fruto do cacaueiro para a producao de proteina microbiana. AU:Mancilha,-IM-de; Teixeira,-MA; Pereira,-AS; Conde,-AR SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1985, 15: 2, 65-72; 19 ref., 2 fig., 1 tab. DE:Cocoa-husks; Utilization-; Cellulomonas-flavigena; Alcaligenes-faecalis; Single-cell-proteins; Production- PY:1985 **:Cellulomonas flavigena and Alcaligenes faecalis were grown in a medium containing cocoa pod husk as the sole source of carbon at concn of 3, 5 and 7.5 g/litre for fermentation times of 65, 70, 75, 80 and 85 h. Best yields of protein (63.79% total protein) were obtained at 3 g/litre after 80 h. TI:Initial observations on intercepted rain loss in cocoa trees. OT:Observacoes iniciais da perda de agua por interceptacao de chuva em cacaueiro. AU:Miranda,-R.A.C.-de; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1985, 15: 2, 73-78; 19 ref. DE:Soil-water; Rainfall; Hydrology; Throughfall; Stemflow; Canopy-interception PY:1985 GE:America; Brazil; **:Rain gauges were placed above and below the canopy some 30, 90 and 150 cm from the trunk, and aluminium collectors were attached to the trunks to measure the stemflow. A mean of 15% of incident rainfall was intercepted by the canopy, about 83% reached the ground as throughfall and 2% as stemflow. TI:The pollination of cocoa in the Reconcavo Baiano, Brazil. 1. Entomofauna compared with that of the Sul da Bahia. OT:A polinizacao do cacaueiro no Reconcavo Baiano, Brasil. 1. Entomofauna comparada com a do Sul da Bahia. AU:Soria,-S-de-J; Wirth,-WW; Pinho,-AF-de-S; Souza-Pinho,-AF-de; De-Souza-Pinho,-AF SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1985, 15: 1, 1-7; 6 ref. DE:Diptera; Forcipomyia-blantoni; Forcipomyia-spatulifera; Forcipomyia Pollination; Pollinators PY:1985 GE:Brazil-; **:Details are given of the differences in the species composition and abundance of ceratopogonids associated with cocoa in a long established cocoa-growing area in Brazil (Sul da Bahia) and a recently established area (Reconcavo Baiano). The midges were collected by hand on the flowers and were extracted from fruits and litter. In Sul da Bahia, 9 species were collected, 2 of which (Forcipomyia blantoni and F. spatulifera) are of great economic importance as pollinators. In Reconcavo Baiano, only 4 species (including F. blantoni) were taken. The differences are attributed to differences in the maturity of the cocoa plantations. It is suggested that the situation in Reconcavo Baiano could be improved by the planting of permanent shade to favour the rapid development of the plantation as an agroecosystem. TI:Study of daily precipitation: I. Rainfall pattern of the cacao region of Bahia, Brazil. OT:Estudo de precipitacao diaria: I. Regimes pluviometricos da regiao cacaueira da Bahia. AU:Milde,-L.C.E.; Nitzsche,-M.H.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1985, 15: 2, 79-95; 8 ref., 9 fig., 2 tab. DE:Meteorology-; Rain-; Environment; PY:1985 GE:Brazil-; Bahia- **:The rainfall pattern in the Cacao Region of Bahia, Brazil, was determined. Daily precipitation data collected at 17 stations situated between latitudes 12ƒ 30'-19ƒ 33' S and longitudes 38ƒ 29'-40ƒ40' W were used. The data generally covered the period 1964-1982 for each station. The rainfall pattern was characterized by classifying the data on a scale of class frequencies. A rainy day was taken as that which had a precipitation greater than 0.5 mm. Five different groups were established from pluviometric graphical comparisons or cluster analysis, with two different distributions. The maximum and minimum number of days with precipitation occurred, respectively, in February and August. The yearly mean total of days with precipitation decreases with the increase in latitude and longitude, with small increases at the coastal stations. The maximum number of days with precipitation greater or equal to 60 mm occurred in December. TI:Characteristics of cocoa genetic resources. II. Flowers of Bahia selections of the SIC and SIAL series. OT:Caracterizacao dos recursos geneticos do cacaueiro. II. Flor de selecoes da Bahia das series SIC e SIAL. AU:Castro,-G.C.T.-de; Bartley,-B.G.D.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1985, 15: 2, 49-55; 8 ref. DE:Flowers; Size; Colour PY:1985 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Mean values of data recorded in 1983 and 1984 on 10 quantitative features of the flowers on 10-year-old trees of 15 SIC clones and 11 SIAL clones in the CEPEC germplasm collection are presented in a table. The character in which the greatest variability was found was ligule length. The number of ovules showed no correlation with the size of the ovary. Like its ancestor, Catongo, SIC823 lacked anthocyanin pigmentation in the flowers. The other clones fell into 2 groups, 11 with intensely pigmented flowers and the rest with only slight pigmentation. Analysis showed that, except for ligule breadth, the sample sizes adopted (20 for most characters, but fewer for some) were large enough to provide reliable mean values and standard deviations. TI:Rainfall as dispersing agent of the pink disease of cacao. OT:A chuva como agente de disseminacao do mal rosado do cacaueiro. AU:Luz,-EDMN; Campelo,-AMFL; Miranda,-RAC-de SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1985, 15: 4, 159-165; 13 ref. DE:Diseases; Pink-disease; Corticium-salmonicolor; Spore-dispersal; Rain- PY:1985 GE:Brazil **:In an 8-yr-old cacao plantation, water collected in stem-flow and through-fall gauges was analysed. The max. number of basidiospores of Corticium salmonicolor was found in samples collected 150 cm from the trunk. Spores were most numerous when rainfall was weak (<1.5 mm) and of short duration (<2 h), in Feb., Mar., Apr., July, Sep. and Oct. The data indicate that rain plays an important part in dispersing the initial inoculum, but is not the main factor in disease spread during the most active period. TI:Cocoa pollination in the Salvador Bay region of Bahia, Brazil. 2. Assessment of the forced ventilation method. OT:A polinizacao do cacaueiro no Reconcavo Baiano, Brasil. 2. Avaliacao do metodo de ventilacao forcada. AU:Soria,-S-de-J; Pinho,-AF-de-S; Peixoto,-ES SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 1, 31-38; 10 ref. DE:Pollination-; Techniques-; Compatibility-; Cultivars-; Seed-production PY:1986 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Cocoa trees (about 7 years old) of several local cultivars were mechanically pollinated by a mistblower (Fontan JLO, type L77L) and compared with open pollinated control trees. Treated and control trees had 2.38 and 1.16% fertilization, respectively. Numbers of fruits/tree were 10.39 and 5.71, respectively, and dry weight of beans 393.56 and 176.0 g/tree. The results are discussed in relation to open pollination in other cocoa-growing areas, self-compatible cultivars and the age of the treated trees. TI:Preservation of cocoa seed viability. I. Fifty years of study, a bibliographical review. OT:Conservacao da viabilidade da semente de cacau. I. Cinquenta anos de estudos, uma revisao bibliografica. AU:Figueiredo,-SFL SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 1, 17-29; 33 ref. DE:Seeds; Viability; Germination; Storage; PY:1986 GE:Brazil; TI:Conservation of cocoa seed viability. II. Fruit type and description of seed germination. OT:Conservacao da viabilidade da semente de cacau. II. Tipificacao do fruto e descricao da semente e da germinacao. AU:Figueiredo,-SFL SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 2, 75-88; 37 ref., 1 pl., 3 fig. DE:Seeds; Germination; Temperature; Anatomy; Seed-characteristics; Size; Viability; Storage; PY:1986 GE:Brazil; **:The cocoa fruit is an indehiscent drupe. In the cv. Comum, it is elongated and ellipsoid, with a smooth surface, and contains about 40 seeds. The seeds in the centre are larger than those at the extremities, which are slightly misshapen. The seeds are surrounded by a thick, whitish, acid (pH4) and mucilaginous pulp of endocarpic origin. The embryo has two fleshy cotyledons. Tetrazolium tests showed the seeds to be viable. Germination tests were carried out in growth chambers with a photoperiod of 8 h, at 30ƒC and 100% RH. Germination, which is epigeous, was delayed by the mucilage and the tegument. At temperatures of 30, 25, 20-30 and 20ƒ, germination was 100% but the rate fell with falling temperature. At 35ƒ emergence was accelerated but the roots and hypocotyl were necrotic. TI:Response of cocoa to fertilizers and soil amendments in the conditions of the Amazon basin. I. Growth and initial production. OT:Resposta do cacaueiro a aplicacao de fertilizantes e corretivos nas condicoes da Amazonia. I. Crescimento e producao inicial. AU:Morais,-FI-de-O; Pereira,-GC SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 2, 65-73; 18 ref. DE:Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-; Soil-types; Amendments-; NPK-fertilizers; Responses- PY:1986 GE:Brazil; **:Trials were carried out on terra roxa, red yellow podzolic soil and yellow latosol, representative of new plantations. There was no response of cocoa (hybrid Sca 6 X BE10), established in 1982 and shaded with bananas and Erythrina sp., to fertilizers or soil amendments in the terra roxa or red yellow podzolic soil. P was the main limiting factor to growth in the yellow latosol, and there was a positive NP interaction. A negative NK interaction suggested that there was intensive leaching of N and especially K. Growth response curves suggested that the best P2O5 application was about 120 kg/ha, but N, P2O5 and K2O at 60 kg/ha each, applied in 3 split applications per annum, or the application of organic manure in the planting hole plus NPK as a single annual broadcast application, gave the best growth. At 24 months after planting yields of up to 64.8, 40.0 and 433.7 kg dry beans/ha were obtained on the yellow latosol, red yellow podzolic soil and terra roxa, respectively. TI:Conservation of cocoa seed viability. III. Cellulose ether solution. OT:Conservacao da viabilidade da semente de cacau. III. Solucao de eteres celulosicos. AU:Figueiredo,-SFL SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 3, 115-126; 34 ref., 5 fig. DE:Seeds-; Storage-; Systems-; Viability- PY:1986 GE:Brazil **:Fresh seeds (of cv. Comum) without seed coats were stored in flasks with concentrations of 1 to 40% CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) and MC (methylcellulose) gels, in darkness at 25ƒC for 210 days. Seeds were germinated at intervals at 30ƒ and about 100% RH under an 8 h light photoperiod. Seeds stored in 20, 30 or 40% CMC gels were viable for 180 days. Seeds stored in 40% MC gel showed 93% germination after 210 days. TI:Effect of Cladobotryum antibiotic on the major pathogens of cacao in Brazil. AU:Bastos,-CN; Neill,-SJ; Horgan,-R SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 4, 213-221; 12 ref. DE:Crinipellis-perniciosa; Antibiotics-; Phytophthora-palmivora; Cladobotryum-amazonense; Activity- Diseases; PY:1986 GE:Brazil; **:An antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the culture filtrate of C. amazonense, a hyperparasite of Crinipellis perniciosa. The purified antibiotic inhibited mycelial growth of C. perniciosa and Phytophthora palmivora in vitro and was also very toxic to P. palmivora sporangia and C. perniciosa basidiospores. TI:Attraction of Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford, 1894)(Coleoptera, Scolytidae) to different substances and branches of cacao plants. OT:Atratividade de substancias e de ramos de cacaueiro sobre Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford, 1894)(Coleoptera, Scolytidae). AU:Nakayama,-K; Terra,-PS SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 3, 155-160; 6 ref. DE:Sampling-techniques; Xylosandrus-morigerus; Attractants-; Eugenol-; Methanol-; Vinegar-; Ethanol- PY:1986 GE:Brazil; **:The attractiveness of eugenol, methanol, vinegar, ethanol and branches removed from cocoa plants 4 days previously, to Xylosandrus morigerus were evaluated. In a second experiment, the attractiveness of branches removed 0, 1, 2 or 3 days previously and a control were evaluated. Ethanol was the least and eugenol the most attractive, and methanol and vinegar were equally attractive. Eugenol was as attractive as cocoa branches which had been removed 4 days previously. Branches which had been removed 0 or 1 days previously were not attractive, while those that had been removed 2 or 3 days previously were most attractive. Eugenol and branches removed 2, 3 and 4 days previously could be used to sample populations of this insect. TI:Preliminary observations on the host plants of the immature stages of the principal chrysomelids (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) occurring in cacao plantations. AU:Ferronatto,-EMO SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 2, 107-110; 11 ref. DE:Pests; Grasses-; Colaspis-ornata; Food-plants; Panicum-pilosum; Panicum-maximum; Colaspis-; Colaspis-aenea; Paspalum-conjugatum; Chrysomelidae- PY:1986 GE:Brazil; **:Larvae of Percolaspis ornata [Colaspis ornata] were recorded in the roots of Theobroma cacao [cocoa], Panicum pilosum and P. maximum, in Brahia, Brazil. Larvae of Maecolaspis aenea [C. aenea] were found on Paspalum conjugatum and cocoa. Comparative percentages of the principal groups of insects in the samples are given. TI:Preservation of cocoa seed viability. IV. Effect of fungicides and pelleting. OT:Conservacao da viabilidade da semente de cacau. IV. Efeitos de fungicidas e peletizacao. AU:Figueiredo,-SFL SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 4, 173-188; 30 ref., 8 fig. DE:Seeds-; Treatment-; Fungicides-; Pelleting-; Viability-; Duration-; Germination-; Seed-treatment; Seed-deterioration; Diseases-; Fungi-; Control-; Aspergillus-; Rhizopus-; Penicillium-; Neantina-Seco; Storage- PY:1986 GE:Brazil **:Seeds from almost-ripe fruits of the cv. Comum were used in all treatments. The seeds, with or without integuments, were treated with 7 fungicides or pelleted with diluted gum arabic and stored in polyethylene bags at 25ƒC for up to 100 days. The seeds were tested for viability every 10 days. In general, seeds without integuments gave significantly higher germination than those with integuments. The highest germination (100 and 87% after 80 and 90 days, respectively) was obtained from seeds treated with the fungicide Neantina Seco BR. Maximum germination in the control seeds was 53% after 10 days, and nil after 20 days. It was concluded that fungi (Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Penicillium spp.) were responsible for seed deterioration. TI:Action of wind in disseminating pink disease of cocoa. OT:Acao do vento na disseminacao do mal-rosado do cacaueiro. AU:Almeida,-L.C.C.-de; Luz,-E.D.M.N.; SO:Revista Theobroma, 16(3):133-140. DE:Fungal-diseases; Corticium-salmonicolor; Apllication-techniques; Trapping; Spores; PY:1986 GE:Brazil **:Dissemination of basidiopsores of Corticium salmonicolor was studied by installing cylindrical rods below and above the canopy of shaded and unshaded cocoa plants. More basidiospores were captured in the unshaded area, and the number was higher above than below the canopy. Sedimentation on slides was better than impaction on rods with respect to the total number of spores trapped and the effectiveness of sampling. TI:Ecology of Formicidae in cocoa plantations in Barlovento, Venezuela. OT:Ecologia de Formicidae en plantaciones de cacao en Barlovento, Venezuela. AU:Jaffe,-K; Tablante,-PA; Sanchez,-P SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 4, 189-197; 11 ref. DE:Insect-pests; Hymenoptera; Plant-diseases; Cerambycidae-; Coleoptera Lepidoptera-aa Insecticides-; Natural-enemies; Formicidae-; Azteca-foreli; Insects-; Steirastoma-breve; Predators-; Prey- PY:1986 GE:Venezuela; **:The interspecific relations of formicid species in cocoa plantations in Barlovento, Venezuela, were studied. Of the 68 species recorded, Azteca foreli was the most common, excluding most other species from the cocoa plants. Correlations between formicids, insect pests and cocoa fungal diseases were also examined. Predatory formicid species controlled the cerambycid Steirastoma breve. No significant relationships were found between formicids and insect fruit borers or fungal diseases. The formicids encountered are listed. It was recommended that insecticides should be applied selectively and locally to maintain formicid diversity and numbers. TI:Control of leaf cutting ants in cocoa plantations. OT:Controle das formigas cortadeires em plantios de cacau. AU:Abreu-JM-de; Delabie-JHC; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 4, 199-211; 26 ref., 4 fig. DE:Hymenoptera; Distribution; Damage; Crop-losses; Acromyrmex; Formicidae; Control; Baits; Organochlorine-insecticides; Pests PY:1986 GE:Brazil; Central-America; South-America; **:Information is presented on the geographical distribution and economic importance of and damage caused by leaf-cutting formicids belonging to the genera Atta and Acromyrmex occurring in the cocoa-producing countries of South and Central America, with emphasis on Brazil. Chemical control methods using chlorinated baits are briefly discussed as well as the possibilities for other methods of control. TI:Chemical control of the mite Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor, 1950) on cocoa trees. OT:Controle quimico do acaro mexicano Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor, 1950) em mudas de cacaueiro. AU:Nakayama,-K; Abreu,-JM-de; Ferraz,-EC-de-A; De-Abreu,-JM SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 1, 9-16; 15 ref. DE:Tetranychus-mexicanus; Pests-; Arthropod-pests; Acari-; Tetranychidae-; Control; Acaricides-; Fenpropathrin-; Propargite-; Binapacryl-; Methamidophos-; Cyhexatin-; Abamectin- PY:1987 GE:Brazil **:In greenhouse trials, several acaricides were tested on 18-month-old trees of the cv. Catongo. Fenpropathrin 300 e.c. (15 g), propargite 680 e.c. (34 g), binapacryl 400 e.c. (32 g), methamidophos 600 e.c. (36 g), cyhexatin 500 b.r. (25 g) and abamectin 18 e.c. (0.5 and 0.63 g)/100 litres all gave over 80% control of T. mexicanus. TI:Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Schard.) as a shelterbelt for young cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) shaded by banana trees (Musa sapientum L.) in Reconcavo da Bahia, Brazil. AU:Pinho,-AF-de-S; Muller,-MW SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 1, 1-8; 4 ref., 1 fig. DE:Shelterbelts-; Bambusa-vulgaris; Utilization-; Shade-trees; Planning-; Bamboos-; Uses- PY:1987 GE:Brazil **:B. vulgaris is normally grown to prevent wind damage in young cocoa plantations but adverse effects on the crop have been noticed. To investigate these effects, cocoa trees shaded with M. sapientum [M. paradisiaca] and with B. vulgaris windbreaks were separated from the latter by trenches 20, 40 or 60 cm deep. The beneficial effects of the trenches increased with their depth. TI:Determination of the convection heat transfer coefficient in packed beds of cacao beans. OT:Determinacao do coeficiente de transferencia de calor em camadas espessas de cacau. AU:Freire,-ES SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 4, 223-231. DE:Drying-; Temperature-; Distribution-; Mathematical-models; Models- PY:1986 GE:Brazil; **:A mathematical model to describe the temp. distribution within a packed bed of granular material was used to determine the convective heat transfer coeff. (H) for cacao beans. The H values determined varied from 5592 to 16 177 Wm-3 ƒC-1 for the airflow ranges studied. A regression equation relating these values to those of mass airflow rate was obtained. Acceptable air temp. prediction results were achieved with the heat transfer coeff. values. The limitations of the model and of the techniques used are briefly discussed with respects to cacao beans. TI:The substitution of cacao fruit husk for cut grass in the feeding of beef cattle - simulation with an econometric model. AU:Ferreira,-H.I.S.; Lima,-L.P.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1986, 16: 2, 97-105; 9 ref. DE:Cattle; Feeding; Husks; Feedstuffs PY:1986 GE:Brazil **:A total of 35 crossbred steers initially 250 kg were given diets consisting of pasture, cut grass or cocoa husks with maize/urea concentrates. Using 6 econometric models the 'marginal rate of technical substitution' of grass by cocoa pod husks was estimated and results compared. TI:Guide for the identification of the ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) associated with the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) in the south of Bahia. AU:Terra,-PS SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 1, 17-30; 6 ref. DE:Forest-pests; Insect-pests; Coleoptera; Distribution-; Scolytidae-; Taxonomy-; Keys- PY:1987 GE:Brazil-; **:An illustrated guide, including a key, is given for the identification of scolytids associated with cocoa trees in southern Bahia, Brazil. Diagnostic features of 17 species are described and details of their distribution in Brazil are also provided. TI:Intercropping of peach palm in cocoa in the Brazilian Amazonia: partial results. OT:Intercultivo de pupunheira com cacaueiro na Amazonia brasileira, resultados parciais. AU:Silva,-IC; Dias,-AC-da-CP; Da-Costa-Pinto-Dias,-AC SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 2, 93-100; 9 ref. DE:Intercropping-; Brazil-; Yields-; Root-systems; Soil-water; Palmae; PY:1987 GE:Brazil **:A cocoa plantation was intercropped with Bactris gasipaes (grown for fruit and palmetto) and the trial was evaluated for yields of both crops, rhizography of the ecosystem, and soil moisture content at different depths and times of year. Two-year results showed that there was no adverse competition between the 2 species. TI:Rainfall interception by cocoa trees in south-east Bahia. OT:Interceptacao da chuva por cacaueiros no Sudeste da Bahia. AU:Miranda,-R.A.C.-de; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 4, 251-259; 17 ref., 2 fig. DE:Rain; Interception; Leaves; Development; Irrigation; Hydrology; Meteorology; Stemflow; Throughfall; Shade-trees; PY:1987 GE:Brazil; **:Studies were carried out between Sep. 1983 and Sep. 1984 with 8-year-old cocoa trees planted at 3 X 3 m and partially shaded by 8- to 10-m-tall Erythrina fusca trees planted at 24 X 24 m. Total precipitation, throughfall and stemflow were determined, and the findings are discussed in relation to flushing. TI:Activity of cocoa fine roots as a function of hydroperiodicity. OT:Atividade das raizes finas de cacaueiros em funcao da hidroperiodicidade. AU:Medeiros-ZMD-de; Silva-WS-da; Vogel-M; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 4, 233-241; 13 ref., 2 fig. DE:Roots-; Development; Irrigation; Responses; Hydroperiodicity; Growth; PY:1987 GE:Brazil **:In studies with 16-year-old trees between Mar. 1981 and Apr. 1982 root activity was determined in depths ranging from 0 to 10 cm. Data on weather conditions during this period are tabulated and presented graphically. Root growth activity was associated with rainfall and 9 growth peaks were noted. Four of the 9 peaks occurred 3-4 days after a 24-h rainfall of more than 40 mm. Other peaks occurred about 6 days after changes in soil humidity. TI:Stomatal resistance and transpiration rates of shaded and unshaded cacao trees. AU:Valle,-R.R.; Silva,-W.S.-da; Miranda,-R.A.C.-de; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 3, 175-187; 9 ref. DE:Transpiration-; Shade-; Light-; Erythrina-fusca; Utilization-; Shade-plants; Light-intensity; Broadleaves-; Shade-trees; PY:1987 GE:Brazil **:Studies were carried out with 7-year-old trees of the cv. Catongo planted at 3X3 m. The Erythrina fusca shade trees were planted about 2 m from the crop trees. Measurements were taken in different parts of the canopy on sunny and overcast days. On overcast days, stomatal resistance (SR) in unshaded trees increased gradually from the upper to the lower part of the canopy, with a consequent decrease in transpiration rate (TR); SR for leaves of shaded trees was lower in the bottom than in the top part of the canopy. On sunny days, SR and TR were closely correlated to irradiance in non-shaded trees and in the upper canopy of shaded trees. TI:Influence of meteorological factors on leaf flush in cocoa. OT:Influencia de elementos meteorologicos no lancamento foliar do cacaueiro. AU:Almeida-HA-de; Machado-RCR; Villa-Nova-NA; Silva-WS-da; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 3, 163-174; 23 ref. DE: Leaves-; Development-; Climate; Flushing; Growth PY:1987 **:Fifty 12-year-old trees spaced at 3 X 3 m were studied over 3 years, and the number of developing leaves/tree was determined weekly. The combined effect of solar energy and water was determined, including a corrected factor of water deficit in the degree-day expression. This gave a new function designated corrected degree day (CDD). The results indicated that a relationship between meteorological factors and flushing can be shown mainly through the CDD, although stored water in the soil and solar radiation also influence flushing. TI:Water infiltration in alluvial soils with cocoa trees in Linhares, Espirito Santo. OT:Infiltracao da agua em solos aluviais com cacau em Linhares, Espirito Santo. AU:Cadima-ZA; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 3, 165-180; 11 ref. DE:Soil-water-movement; Infiltration; Alluvial-soils; Cocoa-soils; pF-curves PY:1988 GE:Brazil **:The hydraulic conductivity, matric suction and volumetric moisture were determined for an alluvial soil (Entisol) in Brazil, by the instantaneous profile method under field conditions. Total soil water potential was measured using tensiometers installed in three experimental plots at depths of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 and 135 cm. Soil water content was calculated from soil water retention curves of undisturbed soil cores from all depths. The spatial variability of soil hydraulic conductivity was more pronounced in the surface horizons. Thus it was concluded that, for depths greater than 45 cm, average values of hydraulic conductivity could by used more confidently in the estimation of soil water flows in water balance studies. TI:Morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical study of three soil profiles under cocoa in a slope in CEPEC, Bahia, Brazil. OT:Estudo morfologico, fisico, quimico e mineralogico de tres perfis de solo cultivado com cacau numa vertente no CEPEC, Bahia. AU:Melo,-AAO-de; Leao,-AC SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 2, 83-93; 9 ref. DE:Luvisols-; Soil-variability; Sloping-land; Cocoa-soils; Topography-; Soil-types-cultural PY:1988 GE:Brazil-; **:The morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of three soil profiles down a slope in Bahia, Brazil, were studied and related to variations in the growth of cocoa trees. Soil depth and the topsoil texture differed among the eutrophic Red Yellow Podzolic profiles. Chemical analysis indicated that the middle and lower profiles were more fertile and combined with their greater soil water availability were therefore better mediums for cocoa growth. TI:Influence of the forms of lime and gypsum application on cocoa growing. OT:Influencia das formas de aplicacao de calcario e gesso agricola sobre o desenvolvimento do cacaueiro. AU:Nakayama-LHI SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 4, 241-246; 12 ref. DE:Lime; Gypsum; Nutrient-balance; Liming-materials; Amendments; Calcium; Soil-amendments; Phosphorus; Metabolism; Nutrient-cycling PY:1988 GE:America; Brazil **:The effects of two forms of lime application, with or without gypsum, on the growth of cocoa seedlings was studied. In a greenhouse experiment over 270 days, Catongo cocoa seedlings were grown in pots of Tropudult soil. Lime and gypsum were spread over or incorporated in the soil surface. Dry matter production and the macro-and micro-nutrients in the plant foliage were determined. The lime incorporation treatment increased the dry matter yield, seedling height and stem diameter, and gave the plant a good nutrient balance. However, lime spread over the surface reduced the phosphorus content (0.08%) of the plant and inhibited its growth. Gypsum enhanced the beneficial effects of the lime and balanced lime-induced phosphorus deficiencies in the plants. TI:Response of young cocoa plants to liming OT:Resposta do cacaueiro em desenvolvimento a calagem. AU:Nakayama-LHI; Santana-CJL-de; Pinto-LRM; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 4, 229-240; 12 ref. DE:Calcium-carbonate; Ultisols; Oxisols; Magnesium-carbonate; Liming-materials; Soil-types; Ferralsols; Soil-amendments; Dolomite-; Manganese; Metabolism; Zinc; PY:1988 GE:America; Brazil **:The effect of liming on soil acidity, Ca and Mg availability and the absorption of nutrients by cocoa in pot experiments was evaluated. Two Ultisols and one Oxisol were incubated for 45 days with CaCO3 and MgCO3 in a 3:1 ratio respectively. The lime doses were calculated from titration curves for pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5 including a control (without lime). A mixture of calcium and magnesium sulphates were used both as liming and as a source of nutrients (70 and 140 mg/pot). After 190 days liming had increased the biomass production of the cocoa trees, the maximum production being obtained with a base saturation of about 50%. Liming caused a reduction of Mn and Zn concentration in the leaves and increased N, P, K, Ca and Mg adsorption in the Ultisols. The mixture of calcium amd magnesium sulphates did not change the soil pH but increased the available Mg in the soils of average acidity. Correlations between manganese in the plant and soil, and biomass production were sufficient for cocoa development. TI:Some hydrological and chemical characteristics of Vertisols used for cocoa in the Bahian Reconcavo. OT:Algumas caracteristicas fisico-hidricas e quimicas de Vertisols utilizados com cacaueiros no Reconcavo Baiano. AU:Cadima-ZA; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 1, 19-27; 16 ref. DE:Soil-water; Soil-chemistry; Vertisols-; Soil-types-genetic PY:1988 GE:Brazil-; **:Hydrological and chemical characteristics of Vertisols (chromuderts) in Bahia (Brazil) were examined to a depth of 135 cm. Data on saturated hydraulic conductivity; bulk and particle density; soil water availability; available phosphorus; exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na; and pH are presented. The litter cover of cocoa improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil. TI:Morphology, mineralogy and physico-chemical characteristics of the principal cocoa soils of Bahia, Brasil. OT:Morfologia, mineralogia e caracteristicas fisico-quimicas dos principais solos de cacau da Bahia, Brasil. AU:Leao,-AC; Melo,-AAO-de SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 1, 1-17; 15 ref. DE:Soil-morphology; Soil-classification; Cocoa-soils;Soil-chemistry; Soil-physics; Soil-properties; Soil-types-cultural PY:1988 GE: Brazil-; **:Almost 90% of the Brazilian cocoa is grown in southeast Bahia, where there is a large variety of soil types. The morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the cocoa soils were characterized and classified by the American (SSS-USDA) and Brazilian (SNLCS-EMBRAPA) systems. The main soil classes are identified. TI:Population dynamics of insects collected in cocoa crops in the region of Altamira, Para, Brazil. I. Survey of the species. OT:Dinamica populacional de insetos coletados em cultura de cacau na regiao de Altamira, Para. I. Levantamento das especies. AU:Bicelli,-C.R.L.; Silveira-Neto,-S; Mendes,-A.C.B.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 3, 243-249; 11 ref. DE:Insect-pests; Surveys-; Insects-; Sampling-; Coleoptera; Hemiptera-a; Homoptera-a; Chrysomelidae-; Curculionidae-; Cerambycidae-; Colaspis- PY:1987 GE:Brazil-; **:A survey of the coleopterous, hemipterous and homopterous insects from 12 cocoa farms was carried out in Para, Brazil in 1978-81, using 12% BHC [HCH] as a knock-down treatment. A total of 23 261 individuals, belonging to 463 species of insects, was collected but of these, only 92 species, which comprised 20 055 individuals, were identified. Coleoptera was the predominant order, with Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and Cerambycidae being the most common families. The most frequently occurring group was the chrysomelid genus Colaspis. TI:Chemical variability of the superficial layer of the Brazilian Amazon cacao soils. OT:Variabilidade quimica da camada superficial de solos dos polos cacaueiros da Amazonia. AU:Carvalho-Pereira-G; Morais-FI-de-O SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1987, 17: 3, 143-151; 28 ref. DE:Soil-chemistry; Variation-; Topsoil-; Soil-morphology; Soil-types-cultural PY:1987 GE:Brazil **:3,529 soil samples were collected in new cacao planting areas in Amazonia, to evaluate the nutritional conditions of each area. Phosphorus was generally low ( < 6ppm). 50% of the samples showed potassium levels between medium and high. There was a predominance of pH values below 5.5 except in the Altamira area in which 50% of the samples had a pH > 5.6. Exchangeable aluminium had highest levels in the soils from the Acre and Trombetas areas. The levels of calcium and magnesium were low in all areas, except Altamira, in which more than 50% of samples showed Ca + Mg > 3.0 meq./100g, and Pre-Amazonia Maranhense, with 95% of its samples showing similar amounts. TI:Development of a drier for cacao and other tropical crops. OT:Desenvolvimento de um secador para cacau e outros produtos tropicais. AU:Cunha,-J; Vieira-Passos,-FJ; Sena-Freire,-E SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 2, 123-147; 5 ref. DE:Dryers; Appropriate-technology; Costs PY:1988 GE:Brazil **:A platform drier was designed to make artificial drying of cacao more economical and efficient and to be adaptable for black pepper, guarana and other crops. The av. performance data are as follows: initial load of 3682 kg (205 kg/m2) recently fermented cacao gives 1980 kg (110 kg/m2) of dried cacao, drying time of 51.7 h, general efficiency of 17.7% to reduce the m.c. from 50 to 7% w.b., 30 kg/h of wood used in the furnace and 0.95% breakage of beans in the final weight. The max. variation of temp. and m.c. in the platform was 1.4 ƒ C and 1.8% w.b., resp. The drier construction cost is estimated at 352 OTN (National Treasury Note, Brazil), 52.9% less than the tubular 6 x 6 m drier cost. If it is adapted under an existing sun drying platform, its cost falls to 264 OTN, 64.7% less than the tubular drier. TI:Malathion residues in cocoa beans harvested at different intervals after application. OT:Residuos de malathion em amendoas de cacua colhidas a diferentes intervalos apos a aplicacao. AU:Berbert,-P.R.F.; SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 2, 115-121; 4 ref. DE:Insecticide-residues; Insecticides Residues Malathion-; Pests PY:1988 GE:Brazil; **:The residue levels of malathion in cocoa beans was determined at different intervals between the application of the insecticide and the harvest in Bahia, Brazil, using gas chromatography. The insecticide was applied by spraying or dusting and at 2 rates (300 and 600 a.i./ha). One day after application the residue levels were 0.20 and 0.55 p.p.m. for the higher and lower dosages, resp., and no difference was observed between the spray and the dust. The levels fell to less than half of the initial levels 8 days after application and were below the detectable level (0.1 p.p.m.) 15 days after application. A waiting period of 2 days before harvest and a maximum tolerance of 1 p.p.m. for residues in the cocoa beans are recommended. TI:Growth analysis of ten cocoa hybrids. OT:Analise de crescimento de dez cacaueiros hibridos. AU:Almeida-AAF-de; Valle-RR SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 2, 95-113; 21 ref. DE:Growth-analysis; Genetic-differences; Development; Varieties Ma15-; Crop-ecology; Selection PY:1988 GE:Brazil; **:Differences in several physiological parameters were assessed in greenhouse-grown hybrids harvested at 15 day intervals after emergence up to 8.5 months. Leaf area was the most important factor influencing total dry matter production rate (Ct), with intergenotypic variation being noted for these 2 parameters. However, significant intergenotypic differences in relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio (LAR) were not found. Pa150 X ICS1, SIC864 X UF613 and Pa150 X Ma15 had the highest Ct values. P12 X Ma15 had the highest LAR and specific leaf area values during most of the experimental period. TI:Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to larvae of the cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod borer Conotrachelus sp. Fiedler (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). AU:Bastos,-CN; Garcia,-JJS; Mendes,-ACB; Novais-Bastos,-C; Silva-Garcia,-JJ-da; Barros-Mendes,-AC-de SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 2, 159-169; 13 ref. DE:IPM-; Coleoptera; Curculionidae-; Insect-pests; Natural-enemies; Microbial-pesticides; Pathogenicity-; Conotrachelus Pathogens Metarhizium-anisopliae; Hosts Beauveria-bassiana; Entomogenous-fungi; Biological-control PY:1988 GE:Brazil-; **:The pathogenicity of the entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana to Conotrachelus sp., a pest of cocoa in Brazil, was determined in the laboratory. All the larvae tested were infected and killed by the fungi, both after direct spraying treatments and after contact with treated soil samples in Petri dishes. TI:Occurrence of Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in cocoa plantations in Bahia, Brazil. OT:Ocorrencia de Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) em cacauais na Bahia, Brasil. AU:Delabie,-JHC SO:Revista-Theobroma. 1988, 18: 1, 29-37; 28 ref. DE:Hymenoptera; Formicidae-; Insects; Morphology; Natural-enemies; Beneficial-insects; Predatory-insects; Solenopsis; Ecology; Ceratopogonidae; Coleoptera Anatomy; Ochetomyrmex-auropunctatus; Plantations; Prey; Biology; Forcipomyia; Predators; Planococcus-citri; Pollination; Pollinators; Man; Stings; Plantations; pests PY:1988 GE:Brazil; Bahia; **:The biology of Wasmannia auropunctata [Ochetomyrmex auropunctatus] was studied in Bahia, Brazil, in 1986. The morphology of the ant is briefly described. Its current status as an element of the ant community of cocoa plantations in Bahia and its dominant role are discussed. Where high numbers of W. auropunctata were observed, a low number of other ant species was also observed. When O. auropunctatus is found on the aerial parts of the plants it is always associated with hemipterous insects, usually the pseudococcid Planococus citri, which infests the pods. It is suggested that the greatest problem related to infestation by this ant is not so much the loss of production due to hemipterous insects found in association with it, but the loss due to farm workers avoiding the ant-infested areas of the plant during manual harvest, since these ants cause severe stinging. The possible predation by the ant on species of the ceratopogonid genus Forcipomyia, which pollinates cocoa flowers, is also believed to decrease production. The species is frequently confused with members of the genus Solenopsis. TI:Notes on revitalising plantation agriculture in Malaysia AU:Chew-Poh-Soon; Soh-Aik-Chin; Goh-Kah-Joo SO:Planter (Malaysia). 73(854):247-253. DE:industrial-crops; research-policies; development-plans; support-measures; plantations- PY:1997 GE:Malaysia **:Malaysia has suitable climatic and edaphic factors for plantation tree crops such as oil palm, rubber and cocoa. It has also developed significant technical and management expertise in this area. As the plantation industry still has an important role in the country's economy and development, the rapidly changing and challenging labour and cost situations make it necessary to review its position and needs to remain a vital industry. In particular, it needs the research and development programmes required to retain a critical mass of economic crop areas and maintain interest and support for the industry. The key research and development areas identified include breeding and selection, tissue culture, biotechnology, fertilizer management, soil and moisture conservation, product synthesis and pathways, and plant protection and quarantine. It is also suggested that better tools and techniques for risk evaluation leading to improved and faster decision-making as well as changes in the working place are prerequisites for revitalization of the industry. Authors' summary. TI:Notes on revitalising plantation agriculture in Malaysia. AU:Soon-CP; Chin-SA; Joo-GK SO:Planter. 73(854):247-253. DE:plantation-crops; economic-development; agricultural-research; development-projects; labour-requirements; production-costs; market-competition PY:1997 GE:Malaysia- **:Malaysia has suitable climatic and edaphic factors for plantation tree crops such as oil palm, rubber and cocoa. In addition it has developed significant technical and management expertise in these crops. As the plantation industry still has an important role in the country's economy and development, the rapidly changing and challenging labour and cost situations make it necessary for it to review its position and needs. In particular, it needs the research and development programmes required to retain a critical mass of economic crop areas and maintain interest and support for the industry. The key research and development areas identified include breeding and selection, tissue culture, biotechnology, fertilizer management, soil and moisture conservation, product synthesis and pathways, and plant protection and quarantine. Other tools suggested as prerequisites for industry revitalization include techniques for risk evaluation leading to improved and faster decision-making, and changes in the working place. TI:Black pod disease of cacao AU:Chee,-K.H.; Wastie,-R.L.; SO:The Planter, 46(534): 294-297 DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; PY:1970 GE:Malaysia; TI:Contribution on the Pharmocolgical and chemical knowledge of cocoa OT:Beitrage zur Pahrmacogen. und Chemi. Kenntnis des Cacao AU:Trojanowsky,-P.; SO:Inaugural. Dissertation Dorpat, 1875 :Jahresb. Phar. 1875, p.151 PY:1875 GE:Dekker,-J.; TI:On some substances of cocoa and their use OT:Ueber einige Bestandteile des cacao und ihre Bestimmung AU:Dekker,-J.; SO:Inaugural-Dissertation der Hohen Philosophischen Facultat de Universtat Bern, 81p. DE:Methyl-xanthine; Theobromine; Caffeine; Theophylline; PY:1902 GE:Netehrlands; Switserland; TI:On some factors promoting the development of cacao pod rot in the Ivory Coast OT:De quelques facteurs favorisant le developpement pounitures de cabosse du cacaoyer en CÙte d'lvoire. AU:Tarjot,-M.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 8(1):32-38. DE:Fungal-diseases; Botryodiplodia-theobromae; Trachysphaera-fructigena; Phytophthora-palmivora; PY:1964 GE:Ivory-coast; **:Observations on the incidence of cacao pod rot caused by the fungi Botryodiplodia theobromae, Trachysphaera fructigena and Phytophthora palmivora were conducted in several localities in the Ivory Coast. The most important factor determining pod rot incidence was found to be the rainfall, the 2nd important factor being the number of pods in a susceptible stage present on the trees. In the northern part of the cacao-growing region losses of pods are generally only around 10%, never higher than 20%; most of the loss occurs, during the minor rainy season. In the southern part, where losses are usually above 20% and occasionally much higher, the largest proportion of the total loss occurs during the main rainy season whereas the effect of the minor rainy season is relatively unimportant. TI:Assessment methods for cocoa mirid trials. AU:Collingwood,-C.A.; SO:Cafe Cacao The. 13(3):206-208. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; PY:1969 TI:Recent progress in the chemical control of cacao mirids AU:Ngyen-Ban,-J.; SO:Cafe Cacao The. 15(2): 129-134. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; PY:1971 TI:Study-days on the cocoa mirids in West Africa, Yaounde, 16-19 Aorocniaolz AU:Anonymous SO:Cafe Cacao The. 13(3): 201-205. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; PY:1969 TI:Comparative merits of cocoa pod and shoot as food sources of the mirid Helopeltis theobromae. AU:Alias,-A., Rita,-M.; Khoo,-K.C.; SO:Planter 64:100-104. DE:Insect-pests; Mirids; Helopeltis-theobromae; PY:1988 TI:Investigation of fungi on cocoa beans with special consideration for Aspergillus spp. OT:Untersuchungen ¸ber die schimmelpilze von kakaobohnen unt. spez. Ber¸cks. d. Aspergillusarten. AU:Reinke,-K.G.; SO:Dissertation-Kiel, Bordesholm, N–lke, 1927. 56 p. DE:Fungal-diseases; Food-safety; Moulds; Aspergillus; Contamination; Quality; PY:1927 GE:Germany TI:Incompatibility and pollination in cacao. AU:Posnette,-A.F.; SO:Imp. Col. Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] Cacao Res. Ann. Rpt. (1937)7:-19-20. :Summary of dissertation. DE:Compatibility; Pollination; PY:1938 GE:Trinidad; TI:Fertility in cacao. AU:Marshall,-T.; SO:Imp. Col. Trop. Agr. [Trinidad] Cacao Res . Ann. Rpt. (1933)3:34. :Abstract of dissertation. PY:1934 GE:Trinidad; **:Abstract of dissertation. TI:Vegetative propagation of cocoa OT:La reproduciÛn aglmica del cacao. AU:Contreras-Castillo,-M.; SO:Dominican Repub. Comn. de Defensa del CafÈ y del. Cacao. B. Inform. 6(42/43):8-11. DE:Propagation; PY:1949 GE:Dominican Republic; **:Includes description of propagating box for rooting cuttings. TI:Cocoa experiment. AU:Stewart,-A.; SO:Planter 25:276-279. DE:Research; PY:1949 GE:Malaysia; Perak; **:Progress report on a new planting in Perak, Federation Of Malaya. TI:Cocoa-a revenue producing cover under rubber. AU:Gray,-H.F.W.; SO:The Planter, 25:109-115. DE:Intercropping; PY:1949 GE:Malaysia **:Suggestions for its establishment in Malaya as a companion crop for rubber. TI:On the role of phenolic compounds during the infection process of cocoa pods. OT:Sur le role composes phenoliques au cours de l'infection de des cabosses de Theobroma-cacao AU:Meifrein,-M.; Tanguy,-J.; SO:Cafe Cacao The, 11:337-342 DE:Diseases; Phytophthora; PY:1967 TI:Search for a fermentation index of cacao. 2. estimation of flavan-3-ols in the beans OT:Recherche d'un indice de fermentation du cacao. 2. Estimation des flavan-3-ols de la feve AU:Villeneuve,-F.; Cros,-E.; Vincent,-J.C.; Macheix,-J.J.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1989, 33(3):165-170. DE:cacao-; fermentation-; anthocyanin-; colour- PY:1989 GE:Ivory-Coast TI:An attempt to work out an experimental method adapted to the conditions of traditional cacao fields in the Cameroon Rep. OT:Essai de mise au point d'une mÈthode d'expÈrimentation adaptÈe aux conditions de la cacaoyËre camerounaise traditionnelle. AU:Marticou,-H.; Muller,-R.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 8(3):173-202. DE:Experimentation; Experiments; Statitics; Plot-size; PY:1964 GE:Cameroon; **:Results of experiments in farmers' cacao fields are often inconclusive owing to the great variability in yield of the trees. Yields over 3 years of 10,000 trees in the Cameroon Rep. were used to calculate the residual variance in designs with different plot sizes; no appreciable reduction was attained by increasing the number of trees per plot beyond 20-30. The author's solution is to apply experimental treatments after preliminary yields have been determined during 1 year, and to adjust the yield of each experimental plot in the trial year by multiplication with the ratio of the mean yield of the control plots in the trial year to that in the pre-trial year. TI:Preliminary note on some weevils noxious to cacao trees in Madagascar OT:Note prÈliminaire sur quelques curculionides de Madagascar nuisibles aux cacsoyers. AU:Lavabre,-E.M.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 8(3):209-10. DE:Pests; Insects; curculionidae; Cycloterus-variegates; Stigmatrachelus-striatogemellatus; Stigmatrachelus-tibalis; PY:1964 GE:Madagascar; **:A brief description is provided of the morphology and biology of Cycloterus variegates, a small curculionid species occurring in Madagascar, which tunnels in the inner bark of several trees including cacao. C. socius probably causes the same type of damage. Two other polyphagous curculionids, Stigmatrachelus striatogemellatus and S. tibalis, consume the leaves of cacao trees but appear to be of minor importance. TI:Observations on the processing of Criollo cocoa in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands OT:Observations sur la preparation du cacao criollo ý Madagascar et ý l'Archipel des Comores. AU:Wilbaux,-R.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 7(2):119-30. DE:Fermentation; Drying; Turning; Washing; Quality; Criollo; PY:1963 GE:Africa; Madagascar; Comores; **:Fermentation and drying trials were conducted using cocoa beans from pure or, almost pure criollo plantations in the Comores and on the West coast of Madagascar. The optimum fermentation period was found to be 5-6 days when the cocoa was harvested in the rainy season, and 6-7 days when it was harvested in the dry season; 2 or 3 turnings proved sufficient. Immersion in water during 24 hours following fermentation improved the quality but rendered the shells very brittle. Washing was indispensable to obtain a good quality commercial cocoa. The only reliable criterion for assessing the relative merits of different fermentation and drying methods was the cut test applied to the dried beans. TI:Notes on the rooting of cocoa cuttings at the Ambanja Station (Madagascar). OT:Notes sur le bouturage du cacaoyer i la Station d'Ambanja (Republique Malagasy). AU:Roussel,-M.; Couraud,-A.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 12(3):215-22 DE:Propagation; Vegetative-propagation; Cuttings; PY:1968 GE:Madagascar; **:The methods of cocoa propagation by cuttings applied at Ambanja in Madagascar are described. The cuttings are grown in permanent pots (perforated polythene bags). The pots are placed in polythene-covered propagators. The cuttings are recut at the base at an angle of 45' and are dipped in a 2:1 mixture of exuberon V and charcoal powder before they are placed in a fine sandy medium in the centre of the pots. The hardening-off starts 6 weeks thereafter, the first 10 days at 25% light intensity and the next 2 months at 40% light intensity. With the best growing and yielding clones (20% of the Trinitario and 1%, of the Criollo clones), a rooting percentage of 85 has so far been obtained. TI:Forecasting of cocoa crops OT:PrÈvisions de rÈcolte pour le cacao. AU:Ripailles,-C.; Rossion,-J.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ 12(2):103-13 DE:Pod-counting; Yield-forecasting; Prediction; PY:1968 GE:Ivory-Coast; **:A method of forecasting the cocoa crop, worked out for the Ivory Coast, is based on pod counts made 3 months before harvesting and 33 and 66 days later. Pods with a length of 6 - 11 cm and longer pods are counted separately.' the number of the first category is multiplied by a factor expressing probability of survival, which was determined experimentally. Counts are conducted in fixed plots on a random sample of farms in the main cocoa-growing regions; the national production is estimated by multiplying production in the previous year by the ratio between pod counts in the current and the previous year. The method'has yielded estimates within 5 per cent of actual productions for 2 successive years; it is more reliable for the main crop than for the minor crop. TI:A comparison between the cutting test and the optical pigment density for estimating the degree of fermentation of cocoa beans OT:Comparaison entre I'Èpreuve A la coupe et la densitÈ optique des pigments pour I'estimation du degrÈ de fermentation des fËves de cacao. AU:Ornano,-M.-d'; et-al. SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ 12(1):53-62. DE:Flavour; Off-flavours; Testing; Cut-test; Colormetry; :Slaty; Violet; Pigments; Colour; Fermentation; Quality; PY:1968 **:Samples of cocoa beans were sent to 7 French laboratories for separation into slaty, violet, semi-violet and brown beans on the basis of the cutting test; the pigment density was then colorimetrically determined. As expected, pigment densities decreased from slaty to brown beans. However, the proportions of the 4 categories differed considerably between laboratories and this was reflected in the pigment densities, a low proportion of violet beans corresponding with a high pigment content and vice versa. A more objective method of classifying cocoa beans for colour is evidently required. TI:Second international conference on cacao research, San Salvador and Itabuna, Bahia, November 19-25, 1967 OT:DeuxiËme conference internationals sur les recherches cacaoyËres, Salvador et Itabuna, Bahia, 19-25 novembre 1967. AU:Liabeuf,-J.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 12(1):3-12. DE:Research; Phytophthora; Ceratocystis; Crop-protection; Chemical-control; Physiology; Rehabilitation; Residues; Soil-improvement; PY:1968 GE:Brazil **:A preliminary report is presented on the cocoa conference mentioned in the title. The subject on which the largest number of papers were read was improvement of planting material; there appeared to be a tendency to replace clones with progenies from clonal crosses exhibiting hybrid vigour. Other subjects discussed included resistance to diseases (mainly Phytophthora and Ceratocystis), crop protection (mainly chemical control of Phytophthora and mirids), physiology and ecology, soil improvement, rehabilitation, mechanical pod-breaking, and pesticide residues. Reports of the 6 study groups are summarised. Excursions were held to a Catongo plantation, the quarantine station, and the CEPLAC research station. Photos. TI:Culture of cacao and coffee on the Sao Paulo plateau OT:A cultura eacaueira em consociagao com a cafeeira no altiplano paulista. AU:Barreto,-U.; SO:Sao Paulo. Inst. de CafÈ. Rev., 16:728-739. DE:Intercropping; Land-suitability; Altitude; PY:1941 GE:Brazil; **:Culture of cacao and coffee in association on the Sao Paulo plateau. TI:Cocoa yields OT:Cosecha pobre de cacao en el presente ano. AU:Brito,-G.A.; SO:Dominican Repub. Comn. de Defensa del Cafe y del Cacao. B. Inform. 6(46/47):7-10. DE:Climate; Weather; Flowering; Fruiting; Yields; PY:1949 GE:Dominican-Republic; **:Local climatic and weather conditions affecting cacao flowering and fruiting. TI:The natural basis of cocoa cultivation OT:Die naturlichen grundlagen des kakaubaues AU:Wohlfarth,-O.F.W.; SO:Leipzig U. Phil. Facul. Facul. Jahrb., 1923:176-178. Abstract of dissertation. DE:Climate; Varieties; Water; Shade; Yields PY:1923 **:Climatic requirements, varieties, water and light requirements, yields. TI:The relation between the anatomical structure and physiological function of the petiole and OT:Die Beziehung zwischen dem anatomischen Bau und der Physiologischen Funktion der Blattstiele und Gelekpolster AU:Preuss,-P.; SO:Inaug. Diss. Berlin. DE:Petiole; Anatomy; PY:1885 TI:Effect of different diameters, planting dates, and growth-regulator treatments on the rooting of three species used as living posts. OT:Efecto de diferentes diametros, epocas de plantacion y tratamiento hormonal sobre el arraigamiento de tres especies de arboles usadas para postes vivos. AU:Oscar,-RLJ SO:Comun. cient. agric. Inst. Interamer. Cienc. Agric., Turrialba (Dasonomia) No. 13, 2p. DE:Establisment; Shade-trees; PY:1960 GE:Costa-Rica; **:Outlines a trial to be made in 1960-61 on the rooting of large cuttings of Erythrina costaricensis, E. poeppigiana and Gliricidia sepiutn, species commonly used for live fence posts, shade trees in cocoa and coffee plantations, etc. in Costa Rica, Cuttings 2.5 m. long will be planted 0.5 m. deep. The variables studied will be: planting date (Aug., or Nov.), diameter of cutting (3-6, or 6-12 cm.), and growth regulator (a commercial mixture of beta-IBA + alpha-NAA, or untreated). TI:Effect of the shade tree Erythrina glauca on certain edaphological factors relating to the yield of Cacao trees. AU:Zevallos,-A.C.; Alvim,-P.-de-T.; SO:Turrialba, 17(3):330-336 DE:Shade-trees PY:1967 GE:Brazil; **:In studies in Brazil, Cacao trees close to E. glauca shade trees yielded more than those farther away, but the difference was apparently unrelated to differences in light and shade. Near the shade trees, the soil was moister in top horizon (0-30 cm.) but drier in the lower horizon (30-60 cm.), and also richer in minerals, than soil farther from the shade trees. TI:Insecticides resistance in cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen and the strategy to prevent its development AU:Lee-Chin-Tui SO:Planter (Malaysia). 72(848):593-599; , DE:Pests; Insects-pests; Conopomorpha; chemical-resistance; insecticides-; PY:1996 GE:Malaysia; Sabah **:A study was carried out in Sabah, Malaysia, to determine the development of resistance against synthetic pyrethroid in the cocoa pod borer (CPB). Samples of CPB were collected from 6 commercial cocoa fields which were treated with synthetic pyrethroids for many years and 1 cocoa field in which chemicals were not used for over 2 years. The adult CPB were dosed on the thorax with 0.5 microl of fenvalerate or deltamethrin solutions with the use of a 25 microl Hamilton microsyringe in a repeating dispenser. The results indicated that the CPB had developed a certain degree of resistance to the synthetic pyrethroid. The LD50 for fenvalerate was 0.128 microg per moth in the unsprayed field and 0.248-0.343 microg per moth in the cocoa field treated with synthetic pyrethroids. The resistance ratio of the CPB in the sprayed field was estimated as 1.93 to 2.68. The LD50 for deltamethrin was 0.0020 microg per moth in the unsprayed field and 0.0055-0.0089 microg per moth in the fields sprayed with synthetic pyrethroid. The resistance ratio was 2.75 to 4.45. The strategy for prevention of the development of insecticides resistance in CPB is discussed. From author's summary. TI:Cocoa upgrading and rehabilitation in Sabah. AU:Lee-M.T.; Mohd-Yusoff-AS; SO:Planter. 72: 842, 293-298; DE:economics-; prices-; planting-stock; grafting-; crop-yield; yields-; Rehabilitation; regeneration-; replanting-; sustainability-; farm-management; productivity-; PY:1996 GE:Malaysia-; Sabah- **:Paper presented at an ISP Sabah-Taway branch seminar entitled "Towards total quality management in plantations", Sabah, Malaysia, 16-17 Oct. 1995. : :The decline in the price of cocoa in recent years has led increasing numbers of cocoa holdings in Sabah to undertake consolidation and rehabilitation programmes with the objective of increasing productivity per unit area by replacing unproductive plants with productive, good quality ones. Significant yield improvement from <1 to >3 t/ha has been achieved in some holdings, however, extent of yield improvement depends on how the rehabilitation programme is carried out and managed. The technical and management factors of importance in the rehabilitation programme are described. These include selection of suitable planting materials, grafting techniques, pre- and post-grafting treatments and in-filling of vacant points. A field mapping (tagging) and census system is considered essential to ensure proper implementation of the rehabilitation programme to attain sustainable high yields. TI:Integrated pest management of leaf-eating caterpillars of oil palms in Sabah. AU:Lay-TC SO:Planter. 72: 844, 395-405 DE:IPM-; plant-pests; outbreaks-; natural-enemies; beneficial-insects; predators-; parasitoids-; legumes-; entomopathogens-; microbial-pesticides; insecticides-; insect-control; application-rates; oil-palms; insect-pests; integrated-control; control-; fatty-oil-plants; chemical-control; pest-control; agricultural-entomology; Psychidae-; Limacodidae-; Mahasena-corbetti; Setora-nitens; Darna-trima; arthropods-; PY:1996 GE:Sabah- **:Among the leaf-eating caterpillars, the bagworms (Psychidae) and nettle caterpillars (Limacodidae) are the most common defoliators in oil palm plantations in Sabah. Species that have occurred at least once in outbreak proportions in the past 35 years include Mahasena corbetti, Pteroma pendula, Metisa plana, Setothosea asigna, Setora nitens and Darna trima. Although oil palm is an introduced crop, the pests attacking it are indigenous to Sabah. As such, they have well-developed natural enemy complexes that have evolved together with them. Major pest outbreaks were common in the 1960's-1970's. As large areas of cocoa were converted to oil palms, the oil palm belt merged and became contiguous. Thus, there is an even greater potential for pest outbreaks to spread from one area to another. All pest outbreaks occur when there is an imbalance in the ecological system, mainly due to unhealthy cultural practices and intensive spraying with contact-action insecticides, both from the air and from the ground. Effective levels of control are only achieved when an integrated pest control approach is adopted. This includes a combination of several factors: a comprehensive surveillance system, cultural practices, such as the conservation of certain nectariferous plants/planting of legumes in the field, timely use of predators, parasitoids and pathogens, and the judicious use of certain insecticides. TI:Insecticides resistance in cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen and the strategy to prevent its development. AU:Tui-LC SO:Planter. 72: 848, 593-599; DE: fenvalerate-; resistance-; insecticides-; insecticide-resistance; agricultural-entomology : Conopomorpha-cramerella PY:1996 GE:Malaysia- **:A study was carried out to determine the development of resistance against synthetic pyrethroids in Conopomorpha cramerella (CPB). Samples of CPB were collected from six commercial cocoa fields in Tawau, Malaysia, which had been treated with synthetic pyrethroids for many years and from one cocoa field in which no chemicals had been used for over two years. Adults of CPB were treated with 0.5 mul of fenvalerate or deltamethrin solutions applied to the thorax with a 25 mul Hamilton microsyringe in a repeating dispenser. The results indicated that the CPB had developed a certain degree of resistance to the synthetic pyrethroid. The LD50 for fenvalerate was 0.128 mug per moth in the unsprayed field and 0.248 to 0.343 mug per moth in the cocoa field treated with synthetic pyrethroids. The resistance ratio of CPB in the sprayed field was estimated as 1.93 to 2.68. By comparison, the LD50 for deltamethrin was 0.0020 mug per moth in the unsprayed field and 0.0055 to 0.0089 mug per moth in the fields sprayed with synthetic pyrethroids. The resistance ratio was 2.75 to 4.45. A strategy for preventing the development of insecticide resistance in CPB is presented. TI:Methods towards efficient establishment of introduced black cocoa ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus for natural control of Helopeltis theivora damage in cocoa AU:Ho-Cheng-Tuck SO:Planter (Malaysia). 70(824):487-495; DE:pest-insects; Helopeltis-; natural-enemies; Dolichoderus-; Formicidae-; PY:1994 GE:Malaysia **:Two new methods of introducing the black cocoa ant (Dolichoderus thoracicus) to control Helopeltis theivora in cocoa were investigated in Malaysia. The first method was to attach leaf pockets containing the black ant's mutualistic mealy bug (Cataenococcus hispidus) on cocoa trees. The second method was to isolate the cocoa trees by glue banding the bottom 30 cm of the trunk and pruning the canopy to prevent it from touching other canopies in addition to attaching leaf pockets. Both methods gave better mealy bug and black ant establishment, the latter significantly, as compared with the 14-mesh nylon bag or cocoa husk wedges methods. The leaf pocket and isolation methods were also cheaper by 82 and 70% respectively, when compared with the combined method of using nylon bags for mealy bug introduction, pre-introduction antagonistic ant baiting, and deltamethrin spraying against natural enemies of the mealy bug. Implementation costs could be reduced further as there is a strong indication that with the isolation of trees, intensity of introduction could be reduced by 75%. Author's summary. TI:Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of cocoa habitats AU:Maryati-Mohamed; Chung,-A.Y.C. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 71(829):171-176; DE:natural-enemies; Formicidae-; useful-insects; surveys-; PY:1995 GE:Malaysia **:A survey was conducted in Peninsular Malaysia to determine the occurrence of the ant Dolichoderus thoracicus (a potential biocontrol agent of Helopeltis theobromae), as well as other ant species. Thirty-nine species of ants were collected from 18 cocoa habitats. The ant species occurring in more than 50% of the locations were Diacamma rugosum, Oecophylla smaragdina, Dolichoderus thoracicus, Anoplolepis longipes, Plagiolepis sp. a and Crematogaster sp. a. The trend was for ants to be more diverse on the west coast than on the east coast. During the collecting period, the southern area had the lowest number of ant species. However, statistically, this trend was not significant. Although the frequency of D. thoracicus was found to be more than 50%, the distribution was not well scattered. This might be due to the planting practice of the cocoa growers and the weather, rather than the presence of the preferred host, the coconut palm. Authors' summary. TI:Rat control in cocoa and oil palms and the implications of toxicity on barn owls AU:Lee,-C.H. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 71(836):531-538; DE:rodenticides-; toxicity-; birds-; natural-enemies; pesticides; Rats; PY:1995 GE:Malaysia **:The potential secondary toxicity of warfarin, brodifacoum, flocoumafen and bromadiolone to barn owls were studied in Malaysia at their respective commercial field application rates. A 4-day poisoned rat of large body weight was grouped with 4 other healthy rats of lower body weight for prey selection by barn owls in 4 replicates and the prey selection was terminated when each owl had consumed 4 poisoned rats. Prey selection was for weaker animals with a consumption of 4 poisoned rats within 5-7 days. Variable susceptibility of the owls to the rodenticides was noted with death occurring between 8 and 27 days. Dying owls were weak and showed symptoms of haemorrhage within the foot pads, swollen wings, beaks and nostrils. The findings indicated that all anticoagulants used for rat control are a potential risk and secondary hazard to barn owls. Author's summary. TI:Qualitative and multivariate analyses of clonal cocoa resistance to cocoa pod borer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). AU:Azhar-I; Long-GE; Musa-MJ SO:Planter. 71: 832, 307-321; DE:insect-pests; beverage-crops; analytical-methods; pest-resistance; varietal-resistance; plant-pests; varietal-susceptibility; clonal-variation; pest-control; control-; agricultural-entomology :Conopomorpha-cramerella; arthropods- PY:1995 GE:Malaysia- **:Using morphological features, such as the husk thickness ratio, hardness and thickness of the sclerotic layer, average damage severity index and the number of eggs per pod, a resistance index to Conopomorpha cramerella was calculated for each of 53 cocoa clones in studies in Sabah, Malaysia. The clones were ranked and categorised into resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible classes. This qualitative grouping was then verified using linear discriminant analysis and classification and cluster analysis. A total of 11, 24 and 18 clones were qualitatively categorised as resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible, resp. The resistance index for the resistant category ranged from 4.2 for LAFI7 to 19.4 for NGK28; 20.2 for 1466 to 30.0 for NGK16 in the moderately resistant category; and 32.4 for NGK13 to 45.6 for ICS39 in the susceptible category. Two linear discriminant functions explained the total variation and correctly classified about 92.5% of the clones into their appropriate categories. Natural grouping using cluster analysis resulted in 22, 21 and 10 clones grouped into resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible categories, resp. This classification resulted in 52.8% being appropriately categorised into respective groups, qualitatively. There seemed to be slight discrepancies between the classification developed through the resistance index compared to that using the multivariate techniques. The classification of clones using the index into various resistant categories was justified as apparent error rate of reclassification using discriminant analysis and classification was very small (7.55%). Although correct classification of clones into respective categories using cluster analysis was low, this multivariate technique might be suitable for exploring the potential number of resistant groupings prior to the analysis using resistance index. TI:Infection of Oryctes rhinoceros L. by application of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin to breeding sites. AU:Tey-CC; Ho-CT SO:Planter. 71: 837, 563-567 DE:IPM-; insect-pests; plant-pests; pathogens-; oil-palms; entomogenous-fungi; biological-control; control-; microbial-pesticides; evaluation-; fatty-oil-plants; pest-control; agricultural-entomology :Oryctes-rhinoceros; Metarhizium-anisopliae; arthropods-; Elaeis- :Pests,-Pathogens-and-Biogenic-Diseases-of-Plants; Biological-Control PY:1995 GE:Malaysia- **:A preliminary experiment was carried out in the Lower Perak district of Malaysia on the field application of Metarhizium anisopliae for controlling Oryctes rhinoceros in a 2-year-old oil palm replant. Spores of M. anisopliae were mass produced on maize grains by inoculating a spore suspension of the fungus into 500 g autoclaved batches of the medium in polypropylene bags. Ten bags of the inoculum were applied to 10 m x 3 m heaps of rotting coconut debris in the oil palm planting. Treatments consisted of monthly application for 2 or 3 months. Control plots were left untreated. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. Application of Metarhizium inoculum to Oryctes breeding sites increased the incidence of infection by the fungus, with 5, 42 and 83% infection of the Oryctes population 1, 3 and 4 months after treatment, resp. The frequency of application of inoculum also had an effect on the incidence of infection, with 100, 88 and 71% infection for 1, 2 and 3 applications after 4 months. TI:An overview on the management of key insect pests of cocoa with major emphasis on the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella. AU:Azhar-I SO:Planter. 71: 835, 469-480; DE:biological-control-agents; chemical-control; insecticides-; natural-enemies; parasitoids-; predators-; insect-control; insect-pests; plant-pests; pest-resistance; control-; biological-control; integrated-control; pest-control; agricultural-entomology; Conopomorpha-cramerella; arthropods-; trichogrammatoidea; Dolichoderus-thoracicus; Trichogrammatoidea-bactrae-fumata; dolichoderus; trichogrammatoidea-bactrae PY:1995 GE:Malaysia- **:The control of Conopomorpha cramerella on cocoa in Malaysia is discussed. The available management tactics include cultural and mechanical methods, and involve the concept of a host free period and pod sleeving, biological control with Dolichoderus thoracicus and the egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata, the use of resistant clones and the application of the chemicals. TI:Regional rainfall pattern and climatic limitations for plantation crops in Peninsular Malaysia. AU:Kee-KK SO:Planter. 71: 827, 67-68, 71-78; DE: weather-data; climatic-factors; climate-; topography-; soil-; oil-palms; coconuts-; rain-; responses-; ; oilseed-plants; rubber-plants : :Meteorology-and-Climate; Plant-Production PY:1995 GE:Malaysia-; Peninsular-Malaysia **:The influence of rainfall on crop growth is discussed and the value of good rainfall records is stressed. The characteristics of 3 broad regional rainfall patterns identified in Peninsular Malaysia are described, together with the main climatic limitations for the 4 most important plantation crops of the area, i.e. oil palms, rubber, cocoa and coconuts. The modifying effects of local soils and topography are briefly discussed. TI:Methods towards efficient establishment of introduced black cocoa ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus for natural control of Helopeltis theivora damage in cocoa. AU:Tuck-HC SO:Planter. 70: 824, 487-495 DE:IPM-; predatory-insects; interactions-; mutualism-; insect-pests; plant-pests; insect-control; natural-enemies; plantations-; beneficial-insects; techniques-; application-; biological-control-agents; biological-control; control-; release-techniques; pest-control; agricultural-entomology; Dolichoderus-thoracicus; Cataenococcus-hispidus; Cataenococcus :Formicidae-; Pseudococcidae-; Helopeltis-theivora; arthropods-; :Biological-Control; PY:1994 GE:Malaysia- **:Two methods of introducing Dolichoderus thoracicus to control Helopeltis theivora in cocoa were investigated in Malaysia. The first method was to attach leaf pockets containing the mutualistic pseudococcid Cataenococcus hispidus on cocoa trees. The second method was to isolate the cocoa trees by glue-banding the bottom 30 cm of the trunk and pruning the canopy to prevent it from touching other canopies in addition to attaching leaf pockets. Both methods gave better C. hispidus and D. thoracicus establishment, the latter significantly, as compared to the 14-mesh nylon bag or cocoa husk wedges methods. The leaf pocket and isolation methods were also cheaper by 82 and 70%, resp., when compared to the combined method of using nylon bags for C. hispidus introduction, pre-introduction antagonistic ant baiting, and deltamethrin spraying against natural enemies of C. hispidus. Implementation costs could be reduced further as there is strong indication that with the isolation of trees, intensity of introductions could be reduced by 75%. TI:(Evaluation of cocoa hybrids under shade systems in Costa Rica) OT:Evaluacion de cacao hibrido bajo dos sistemas de sombra en Turrialba, Costa Rica AU:Morera,-J.; Mora,-A. SO:Turrialba, 41(4):572-577. DE:shade-plants; yields-; PY:1991 GE:Costa Rica **:Two shade systems for higher yield in cocoa hybrids were compared in Costa Rica: poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) and laurel (Cordia alliodora). After 11 years (1979-89) of data gathering on cocoa yield for each shade system, 3 cocoa hybrids were evaluated for some traits. No significant differences between the treatments were noted for the 11-year average. Although there were no significant differences between the shade systems, the poro system resulted in slightly higher yields of cocoa compared with the laurel system, which was inferior in yield by 10.7 kg/ha. These results and others previously reported for both systems suggest that the poro system is apparently more effective for improving cocoa yield and other traits. Authors' summary. TI:(Comparison of 56 interclonal crosses of cocoa in Costa Rica) OT:Comparacion de 56 cruces interclonales de cacao en Pococi, Costa Rica AU:Morera,-J.; Mora,-A. SO:Turrialba, 41(4):578-582. DE:hybrids-; selection-; variety-trials PY:1991 GE:Costa Rica **:Fifty-six crosses of cocoa were evaluated in Costa Rica, during 1989-92, to obtain additional information on the effectiveness of hybrid selection for production. Dry weight, healthy pod number and pods affected by diseases were the main selection criteria. After 1 year of evaluation for yield with each of the 56 crosses, 16 hybrids were selected. Significant differences among hybrids and replications were noted. Hybrids EET 376 x Pound 7 were the highest yielding (estimated value 1451 kg/ha); followed by CC 210 x PA 169 (estimated value 1423 kg/ha). Hybrids UF 29 x UF 613 (estimated value 470 kg/ha) were the lowest yielding. These results and previously reported results for cocoa hybrid selection suggest that Pound 7 and some other clones are effective for improving general as well as specific combining abilities, and that it is possible to include such clones in a cocoa breeding programme. Selection by precocity is of great relevance in perennial crops because it enables faster recovery of invested capital by the farmer. Authors' summary. TI:(Effect of mulching on the spread of Phytophthora in cocoa) OT:Efecto de coberturas en la base del arbol de cacao en la diseminacion de Phytophthora AU:Porras,-V.H.; Sanchez,-J.A. SO:Turrialba, 41(4):589-597. DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora; mulching-; disease-transmission; PY:1991 GE:Honduras **:The effect of 5 treatments on the incidence of Phytophthora sp. on the pods was evaluated on 3 cocoa farms in Honduras, during 1989-90. The treatments at the base of the trunk were: rice husk mulch, cocoa leaves, sawdust, free-of-vegetable matter and the control. With the exception of the control, a sticky insect band was attached to the base of the tree trunks. The information differed at levels below and above 1.5 m from soil level. The highest incidence of Phytophthora sp. occurred in winter (up to 40%, with an average of 10%). There was practically no significant pathological difference between the treatments. The first level (below 1.5 m) presented a greater pod loss (8% more than the second). From authors' summary. TI:(Ant-pollinator interaction in cocoa) OT:Interaccion hormiga-polinizador en cacao AU:Goitia,-W.; Bosque,-C.; Jaffe,-K. SO:Turrialba, 42(2):178-186. DE:pollination-; Formicidae-; useful-insects PY:1992 GE:Venezuela, Amazon **:More than 40 ant species were found distributed in patches on Theobroma cacao trees in cultivated and in wild cocoa in Venezuela. Azteca foreli and Wasmania auropunctata were found on 80% of the plants in commercial plantations, but were absent on wild-growing cocoa in the Amazon region. The presence of these ants did not affect the survival of flower buds, pollinated flowers or fruits, but A. foreli significantly reduced (by over 42%) the number of pollinated flowers compared with flowers on branches of the same tree where ants had been excluded. However, W. auropunctata increased the number of flowers pollinated by 46%, suggesting that ants interact with the pollinators and/or pollinate the flowers. Thus, mananagement of ant populations, excluding A. foreli from the trees, should be explored as a possibly useful device in increasing cocoa production. Authors' summary. TI:Sustaining the growth of cocoa industry through zero import taxes AU:Mad-Nasir-Shamsudin; Jinap-Selamat SO:Planter (Malaysia). 70(815):59-62; DE:cocoa-industry; imports-; trade-policies; trade-liberalization; taxes-; value-added; processing-; constraints-; import-controls; PY:1994 GE:Malaysia **:In Malaysia, the National Agricultural Policy has identified cocoa processing as both the main vehicle to sustain the growth of the cocoa industry and the catalyst required to spur its contribution to a more profitable agriculture. To complement this effort, the current import regime for cocoa beans is gradually being liberalized. It is attempted to elucidate the economic implications of import liberalization for the Malaysian cocoa industry. The results indicate that the abolition of import tax would encourage domestic utilization, and hence the processing of cocoa beans. From authors' summary. TI:(Cocoa quality in four cocoa growing regions of Costa Rica) OT:Calidad del cacao en cuatro zonas cacaoteras de Costa Rica AU:Cubero,-E.; Enriquez,-G.; Hernandez,-A.; Rodriguez,-T. SO:Turrialba, 42(3):287-293. DE:cocoa-beans; quality-; fermentation-; surveys-; PY:1992 GE:Costa Rica **:In Costa Rica, during 1988 and 1989, 94 samples were collected during the rainy season and 72 during the dry season from 4 areas (north, south, central Pacific and Atlantic zones). Three analyses were used to determine the fermentation of these samples. The results were compared with established values obtained in previous research. Additionally, 5 other analyses were used to complement the information. The central Pacific zone was the area where cocoa had the highest fermentation percentage. Since this area had only recently begun to produce cocoa, the cocoa planters were using improved fermentation techniques. The southern zone showed the poorest quality of cocoa, due to the use of plastic bags to drain the pulp from the seeds before drying. Some large cocoa planters and co-operatives had adequate methods of fermentation, and produced cocoa of excellent quality; however, such planters represented only 12% of the total evaluated production. Authors' summary. TI:(Effect of altitude on fermentation) OT:Efecto de la altitud sobre el proceso de fermentacion AU:Cubero,-E.; Enriquez,-G.; Hernandez,-A.; Rodriguez,-T. SO:Turrialba, 42(3):294-298; DE:cocoa-beans; fermentation-; temperature-; altitude-; temperature PY:1992 GE:Costa Rica **:In Costa Rica, in 1988, 16 samples were taken of 4 cocoa varieties, 2 of fine and 2 of bulk cocoa, both fermented and unfermented. The samples were from 2 different altitudes. Ten chemical analyses were used to determine the effect of altitude on fermentation. The samples from 40 m above sea level (masl) showed more severe changes than those from 600 masl, except for pH and total acidity. The room temperature at altitudes near sea level assisted in reaching higher temperatures during fermentation, which could also be maintained longer than the temperatures reached at higher altitudes. Chemical reactions and other changes during fermentation were shown to be more rapid. Authors' summary. TI:A new method of hornet nests destruction in cocoa plantations AU:Subramaiam-Demudu; Bhama,-L.S. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 70(820):293-294, 297-299. DE:pest-insects; Vespidae-; pest-control-equipment; PY:1994 GE:Malaysia **:A new method of destroying hornet nests was developed in Malaysia. A device that emits a jet of flame at the nest entrance is used. The device described consists of a household carbide lamp fixed to a tube of an appropriate length. The method is cheap and safe. From authors' summary. TI:Symptomatology of stem canker of cocoa in India. AU:Rao-GKR; Mohanan-RC SO:Planter. 69: 805, 153-158 DE:pathogenic-fungi; pathogens; diseases; symptoms-; pathology; Phytophthora-palmivora; fungi-; PY:1993 GE:India-; Kerala-; Karnataka **:In a survey of plantations in Kerala and Karnataka, stem cankers were observed on 2- to 18-yr-old plants and characterized by oval to round, brownish rusty discoloration of the external bark. Collar infection was usually evident as a dark brown, irregular, water-soaked lesion with reddish brown exudate. A greyish brown, water-soaked lesion with a dark brown to black margin and a rusty deposit due to drying up of the exudate was also observed. In one plantation where plants 2-3 yr old showed leaf yellowing and poor growth, the stem appeared slightly sunked in the infected area without any external symptoms on the bark. The disease generally occurs after the south-west monsoon. The pathogen was identified was as Phytophthora palmivora, irrespective of external symptoms. TI:Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a 21 kDa trypsin inhibitor from Theobroma cacao L. AU:Dodo,-H.W.; Furtek,-D.B.; SO:Cafe, Cacao, The. 1994, 38(2):113-118. DE:cloning-; DNA-libraries; promoters-; Southern-blotting; proteinase-inhibitors; nucleotide-sequences; trypsin-inhibitors; PY:1994 **:A cocoa library was constructed in a bacteriophage LambdaGem-11 vector and screened with the protein-coding region of a cocoa trypsin inhibitor cDNA. Fourteen of 20 000 clones screened were positive. One positive clone was purified, subcloned into a pBluescript phagemid vector, and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame starting with an AUG initiation codon and ending with a TAA termination codon. The predicted encoded protein was 221 amino acids long and included a 26 amino acid signal peptide. The 5' non-coding region had a putative TATA box, TATAAAT, at position -65, and an AGGA box, AAAAGAA, at position -117 with respect to the initiation codon. The 3' non-coding region revealed two putative polyadenylation signals, AATAAA, 66 and 194 bp downstream from the first termination codon, TAA. The genomic clone contained no introns, and Southern blot analysis showed it to be a member of a multigene family. TI:The performance in French Guiana of cocoa trees bred in the Cote-d'Ivoire. OT:Le comportement en Guyane de cacaoyers selectionnes en Cote-d'Ivoire. AU:Lachenaud,-P.; Clement,-D.; Sallee,-B.; Bastide,-P.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 1994, 38(2):91-101 DE:yield-components; disease-resistance; plant-development; flowering-; vigour-; variety-trials; PY:1994 GE:Ivory-Coast; French-Guiana; Vanuatu **:Data are presented from a performance trial of hybrid progenies bred in the Cote-d'Ivoire and grown near Sinnamary, French Guiana in 1994. The statistical design of the trial was total tree by tree randomization at a rate of fifty trees per family. The following parameters were studied: mortality (after planting and in adult trees), young tree growth, jorquetting, adult vigour, yield precocity, yield potential, losses caused by rots, flowering, fruit-set, pod filling and technological qualities of the cocoa produced. Comparisons with material of the same origin, in trials in the Cote-d'Ivoire or Vanuatu, revealed low mean potential yields (802 kg/ha per year of dry cocoa over seven harvests), though higher than those of local controls. This could be explained by too high a planting density, exacerbating competition and reflected in an unusually strong link between adult vigour and yields. Jorquetting was rapid and vigour good, whereas the technological characteristics were similar to those observed in the Cote-d'Ivoire. Nevertheless, this material was statistically more susceptible to rot diseases than the local controls. TI:Description of incomplete pod filling in Theobroma cacao L. in the Cote-d'Ivoire. OT:Description du remplissage incomplet des cabosses chez Theobroma cacao L. en Cote-d'Ivoire. AU:Lachenaud-P SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 1994, 38: 2, 81-89; 26 ref. DE:pods-; plant-development; hybrid-varieties; fertility-; development-; PY:1994 GE:Ivory-Coast; West-Africa; **:Incomplete pod filling is an abnormality frequently encountered in cocoa cultivation. Hybrid progenies and various clones were studied at Divo, Cote-d'Ivoire for their apparent fertility (ratio of the mean number of normal beans per pod to the mean number of ovules per ovary) and distribution of the number of bean per pod. Incomplete pod filling seemed to be found particularly in Upper Amazon Forastero clones and their hybrid progenies. Unlike Trinitario and Amelonado varieties, this material is prone to strong seasonal and plot variations. The apparent fertility was negatively correlated to the flat bean rate and, in the sample of clones studied, the number of beans was not correlated to the number of ovules. The variations in the number of ovules per ovary, which were small, did not explain the substantial variations in the number of beans per pod. TI:Further investigations on the development of insecticide resistance in Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera: Miridae) from cocoa estates of Peninsular Malaysia. AU:Ho-CT SO:Planter. 70: 818, 207-217; DE:insect-pests; plant-pests; pest-control; chemical-control; insect-control; lambda-cyhalothrin; lindane-; cypermethrin-; alpha-cypermethrin; pyrethroid-insecticides; resistance-; insecticides-; insecticide-resistance; control-; agricultural-entomology; Hemiptera; Helopeltis-theivora PY:1994 GE:Peninsular-Malaysia; Malaysia; **:Seven populations of Helopeltis theivora from cocoa estates of Peninsular Malaysia (collected in June 1991-April 1992) were assayed for resistance to insecticides using the FAO continuous exposure method. Insecticides tested were gamma-HCH [lindane], cypermethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. LT50s so obtained were compared with that for a susceptible population collected from the ornamental plant Acalypha sp. Resistance ratios of 5.62, 5.64, 3.78 and 3.29 were obtained for gamma-HCH from the Sitiawan, Estate A Bagan Datoh, Estate B Bagan Datoh and Teluk Intan populations, resp. These ratios represented clear resistance to meaningful tolerance in the mirid populations. Such results agreed with reports of increasingly poor control with gamma-HCH in these estates in the early 1990s. All populations tested showed no resistance to the synthetic pyrethroids. This provided support for the appropriateness of the Malaysian cocoa industry's move towards the use of this group of insecticides as alternatives to gamma-HCH for mirid control, this being especially significant in the light of recent legislature disallowing use of gamma-HCH in the crop. TI:Partial purification of cocoa seed proteins and studies into the degradation of cocoa storage protein. AU:MacDonald,-H.M.; Masters,-K.E.; Pettipher,-G.L.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 1994, 38(2):119-124. DE:cocoa-beans; flavour-; aroma; plant-proteins; proteinases-; roasting-; processing-; precursors-; proteins-; characterization-; seeds-; composition-; enzymes-; peptide-hydrolases; enzymes; PY:1994 GE:England **:A non-storage protein of MW 21 kDa was purified from Amelonado cocoa beans using conventional techniques of gel chromatography and electrophoresis. The storage protein itself was hard to purify because of its solubility and its tendency to aggregate or form complexes. Partially purified storage protein was hydrolysed using commercial enzymes but the products gave no cocoa-like aroma on roasting with a sugar mixture. However, incubation of cocoa acetone powders containing cocoa proteins and proteinases resulted in proteolysis of the storage protein, and the products of proteolysis resulted in cocoa-like aromas on roasting with sugars. This suggests that specific cocoa proteinases are required to break down cocoa storage proteins and produce cocoa flavour precursors. TI:Quantitative analysis for distinguishing rat and squirrel damage to cocoa pods. AU:Noor-HM SO:Planter. 69: 803, 67-72 DE:Pods-; Damage-; Vertebrate-pests; Squirrels-; Rats-; Rattus-tiomanicus; Callosciurus-notatus; PY:1993 **:Chip size, shape and position of hole were used to identify and distinguish between damage by rats and by squirrels to cocoa pods. An index of roundness and position of hole with respect to stalk was introduced to assign numerical values to both parameters. Quantitative analysis showed a strong correlation between chip size and hole shape, between chip size and hole position, and between hole shape and position. A general guideline for identification of rodent damage in the fields is proposed: the wood rat (Rattus tiomanicus) bores round shaped holes near the stalk and produces smaller chips, whereas squirrels (Callosciurus notatus) normally bore oval shaped holes away from the stalk and produce larger chips. TI:Evaluation of slow-release fertiliser as one-off or dual application method in cocoa nurseries. AU:Sidhu-M SO:Planter. 69: 804, 105-115 DE:planting-stock; production-; cultural-methods; nitrogen-; phosphorus-; potassium-; fertilizers-; types-; slow-release-fertilizers; PY:1993 GE:Malaysia; South-East-Asia; Asia; **:Cocoa seedlings were planted in black polyethylene bags (23 X 35 cm) and treated with NPK fertilizer, slow release fertilizer (Nurseryace, Kokei, Triabon or Fertimel) or no fertilizer. Untreated plants showed very poor growth. After 3 and 4 months, single applications of all 4 slow release fertilizers produced results comparable to NPK fertilizers applied at 2-week intervals, but after 6 months, only Fertimel at 1 tablet/bag was still giving good growth (average seedling heights were 873.3, 843.5 and 412.8 mm for Fertimel, NPK fertilizer and no fertilizer, respectively). Dual applications of slow release fertilizers (at 3 and 12 weeks after planting), gave average shoot dry weights afer 6 months of 171.1, 151.2, 143.5 and 113.2 g for Fertimel at 1 + 1 tablets/bag, Triabon at 6 + 6 g/bag, Kokei at 1 + 1 tablets/bag and Nurseryace at 1 + 1 tablets/bag, respectively, compared with 144.4 mm for NPK fertilizer. Incidence of iron and zinc deficiency after 4 months was negligible with slow release fertilizers, but varied from 5 to 20% of plants with NPK fertilizers. Increasing the interval between NPK fertilizer application from 2 weeks to 4 weeks had no adverse effects on cocoa seedling growth and reduced the percentage of plants showing iron deficiency symptoms after 6 months from 35 to 15%. TI:An organisational analysis of plantation agriculture. AU:Goldthorpe-CC SO:Planter. 70: 814, 5-18; DE:trees-; economies-of-scale; ; production-; plantations-; structure-; management-; PY:1994 **:This paper analyses tropical tree crop production in plantations, from an organizational theory perspective. The characteristics of plantation agriculture are that it is a high input/high output farming system with production undertaken in organizations with a full bureaucratic internal structure. Plantations are characterized by a formal hierarchy of management control, specialization of the workforce and standardization of agricultural production methods. It is argued that large scale plantation agriculture does not benefit from economies of scale over smallholding agriculture in the cultivation of tree crops. The economies of scale in the primary processing of the harvested crop are, however, considerable, especially for oil palm, rubber and tea. The technological determinism school of organization theory suggests that there is a close link between the technology of production and organization structure. An analysis of the technology of production of tree crop plantation agriculture supports the arguments of the technological determinist school for the most suitable internal structure of the plantation organization to be a bureaucracy. Plantations may therefore have an organizational comparative advantage over small family farms for tree crop commodity production in the tropics. TI:The shrivelling of pods in Theobroma cacao AU:Rounce,-N.V.; Smart,-H.P.; SO:M.S. Dissertation in library of ICTA Trinidad. DE:Chrelle-wilt; PY:1928 GE:Ghana **:Young cherelles are sensitive for wilting until 75 days after pollination. TI:Cocoa in Uganda OT:Le cacaoyer en Ouganda AU:Liabeuf,-J.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 10(2):103-125. DE:Regional; PY:1966 GE:Africa; Uganda TI:Sustaining the growth of cocoa industry through zero import taxes. AU:Shamsudin,-MN; Selamat,-J SO:Planter. 70: 815, 59-62 DE:value-added; trade-liberalization; processing-; constraints-; import-controls; economics- PY:1994 GE:Malaysia- **:Malaysia's National Agricultural Policy has identified cocoa processing as the main vehicle to sustain growth of the cocoa industry as well as the catalyst to spur agriculture's contribution to value-added products. To complement this effort, the current import regime for cocoa beans is being gradually liberalized. This paper elucidates the economic implications of import liberalization on the Malaysian cocoa industry. The results indicate that the abolition of import tax would encourage domestic utilization and hence downstream processing of cocoa beans. TI:Importance of coffee leaf rust and factors involved in Coffea canephora field resistance in Cote d'Ivoire. OT:Importance de la rouille orangee et facteurs impliques dans l'evaluation de la resistance au champ de Coffea canephora en Cote-d'Ivoire. AU:Montagnon,-C.; Leroy,-T.; Kebe,-I.; Eskes,-A.B.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 1994, 38: 2, 103-112; 25 ref. DE:plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; disease-resistance; coffee-; Hemileia-vastatrix; Cote-d'Ivoire; varietal-reactions; Coffea-canephora PY:1994 GE:Cote-d'Ivoire **:The importance of H. vastatrix was studied on selected susceptible C. canephora genotypes during 1990-91. In a fungicide trial, 60% and 20% defoliation was observed on untreated and treated susceptible control varieties. Observations of the degree of attack in breeding plots revealed strong interactions between genotype, site and year. The susceptibility of plants of the same genotype planted in a randomized design was variable. The results showed a heterogeneous distribution of races of the pathogen with different virulence genes. It is suggested that races other than race II, the only race so far detected in Cote d'Ivoire, may be present. Resistance was also observed in many genotypes. TI:Important considerations in the management of soil erosion AU:Hashim,-G.M.; SO:The Planter (Kuala Lunpur), 75:5-17 DE:Soil-erosion; Land-clearing; Planting; Site-preparation; Runoff; Rainfall; Rainfall-interception; PY:1995 GE:Malaysia TI:Regeneration of cocoa in Ivory Coast OT:La rÈgÈnÈration de cacaoyËres en CÙte d'Ivoire. AU:Dupont-de-Dechin,-B.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 7(2):87-107. DE:Rehabilitation PY:1963 GE:Africa; Ivory-Coast **:The average yields of cacao in various regions of the Ivory Coast Rep. are discussed in their relation to climatic and soil conditions. Cultural practices applied by the farmers are reviewed, and the economics of cacao growing are outlined. Examples are given of old plantations which have been rehabilitated by various methods including the removal of excess shade, disease and pest control, fertilizer application, replanting, and budding. A campaign directed at promoting the farmers' interest in the rehabilitation of old fields would be desirable; conversion of coffee and banana plantings into cacao should be included in the programme. Though rehabilitation in marginal cacao areas should not be wholly neglected, the effort should be concentrated on the regions most suitable for the crop. TI:Report on the activities of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in 1991 OT:Rapport d'activite 1991 de l'Institut de Recherches du Cafe et du Cacao SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1992, (special issue):1-75, 47 ref. DE:research-institutions; PY:1992 GE:Ivory-Coast **:A report is present on the activities of the IRCC in 1991; IRCC missions were carried out within 3 technical programmes, the viz. the coffee programme (Arabica and Canephora), the cocoa programme and the logistic support programme. Research carried out in 1991 in the areas of agronomy, plant improvement, phytopathology, applied zoology, and the chemistry and technology of coffee and cocoa is presented, as well as activities involving training and technology transfer. The activities of the biometrics, documentation and publications services are also described. Lists of missions, conferences, lectures, training sessions and publications are also included. TI:Annual report of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute for 1990 OT:Rapport d'activite 1990 de l'Institut de Recherches du Cafe et du Cacao SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1991, (special issue):1-95, 47 ref. DE:research-institutions; PY:1991 GE:Ivory Coast **:A report is presented of the research of the IRCC for 1990, organized around various programmes, such as: (1) coffee (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (2) cocoa (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (3) kola (agronomy and plant pathology), and (4) logistic support (biometrics, documentation and publications). TI:Contribution to the development of cloning in Theobroma cacao utilizing orthotropic axes: constraints and prospects OT:Contribution a la mise au point du clonage du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) par l'utilisation d'axes orthotropes: contraintes et perspectives AU:Bertrand,-B.; Dupois,-V.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 36(1):9-26. DE:cloning-; hybrids-; vegetative-propagation; cuttings-; grafting- PY:1992 GE:Togo **:Trials on cocoa tree cloning were carried out in Togo on selected clones. Orthotropic clonal cuttings and seedlings were compared in the nursery and under field conditions, and various horticultural methods of rejuvenation were tried. Disparities were observed within the clonal material under study and between orthotropic clonal cuttings and seedlings. Among the various horticultural techniques used to delay crown development, only ablation seemed satisfactory. TI:Effects of naturally stabilized sugar cane froth on the growth of the cocoa trees (var. Forastero) in the nursery OT:Effet des ecumes de canne a sucre naturellement stabilisees sur la croissance du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao var. Forastero) en pepiniere AU:Makita-Ngadi,-J.; M'Batchi,-B.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 36(1):27-34. DE:plant-nurseries; organic-fertilizers; sugar-byproducts PY:1992 GE:Gabon **:Cocoa (var. Forastero) tree growth was studied in Gabon, in the nursery, on 11-month-old sugar cane froth, commercial compost and on local black soil. Various parameters (height, diameter, leaf surface, dry matter and total plant N) suggest that sugar cane froth is a good growing medium for cocoa plants. This procedure may reduce the time of nursery cultivation by half. TI:Estimation of nuclear DNA content of Theobroma cacao L. by flow cytometry AU:Lanaud,-C.; Hamon,-P.; Duperray,-C.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 36(1):3-8. DE:DNa; chromosomes-; Cytology; Genetics; PY:1992 **:An estimation of the nuclear DNA content of cocoa was performed by flow cytometry using japonica rice, Dioscorea alata and Arabidopsis thaliana, as standards. Only in vitro leaves of cocoa were found suitable for the analyses. Adult leaves or seeds contained muscilaginous compounds, which made it impossible to obtain isolated nuclei. The mean estimation of nuclear DNA content was 0.402 pg per haploid genome. The deduced mean haploid genome size was 2.7 times the genome size of A. thaliana. Therefore, the cocoa genome is among the smallest plant genomes. TI:Rodent infestations in cropland: an incessant situation AU:Hafidzi-Mohd-Noor; SO:Planter (Malaysia). 69(808):289-296. DE:Pests-; rodents-; ecology-; animal-population; behaviour-; pest-control; crops- PY:1993 GE:Asia Malaysia **:A brief review is presented on the problem of rodent infestation in various crops in Malaysia, such as oil palm, cocoa and coconut. Rodents cause great crop losses in Malaysia, due to heavy infestation levels and efficient resource depredation. Their omnipresence is attributed to a high adaptability to new or modified environments, through simple learning and slight behavioural shifts. Based on the ecology of many rodents, the present situation can be ascribed to the wide range of available resources and the opportunist-generalist feeding nature of rodents. Another feature which enables rodents to successfully populate a resource-rich habitat is their ingenuity in using available material to meet nesting and breeding needs. Through re-adjustments, they respond to the conditions resulting from cropping and pest control practices. Rodent control strategies should not be rigid, but should be adapted to the dynamic, changing status of the infestation. A long-term monitoring study on species composition, population dynamics, responses to predation and control strategies could improve the understanding of the dynamic pest-crop interaction. From author's summary. TI:An organisational analysis of plantation agriculture AU:Goldthorpe,-C.C; SO:Planter. 70: 814, 5-18 DE:Plantations; Oraganisation; Management; Classification; Farming-systems; Technology; Processing; Economies-of-scale; Smallholders; PY:1989 GE:Asia; Malaysia TI:Cocoa breeding in Sabah AU:Chee,-Y.F.; SO:Planter, 47 ?? PY:1971 GE:Asia; Malaysia TI:Biochemical and physiological aspects of leaf development in cocoa (Theobroma cacao). V. Changes in auxins and cytokinins AU:Orchard,-J.E.; Collin,-H.A.; Hardwick,-K.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 25(1):25-28 DE:Flushing; Leaf-expansion; Hardening; Growth-regulators; Hormones; Auxins; Cytokinins; PY:1981 GE:England; **:Cocoa seedlings were grown in a glasshouse with supplementary heating, lighting and humidification to ensure optimal growth. The flush leaves were sampled at specified stages during the flush cycle of growth and auxin and cytokinin levels in the leaves measured by bio assay. Auxin compounds were present in the flush leaves during leaf expansion (F-2) but, immediately after reaching full size and during the period of leaf maturity, no auxins could be detected. The cytokinin levels were also high during leaf expansion, declined in the recently matured leaves and then increased agina just prior to the renewal of apical bud growth. The significance of the changes in the levels of growth substances is discussed in relation to the control of the enogenous growth rhythm in cocoa. TI:Important economic considerations on cocoa cultivation and management: a practical man's perspective AU:Sasidaran,-S.S.; Vanialingam,-T. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 68(800):535-538, 541-546; DE:Costs-; cultural-methods PY:1992 GE:Malaysia **:Some practical aspects of cocoa crop management in Malaysia are discussed. Subjects dealt with include: (1) nursery location and nursery practices; (2) land clearing; (3) selective weed control; (4) the establishment of Gliricidia shade trees; (5) cocoa planting; (6) fertilizer application and the effects of Gliricidia and cocoa litterfall on the cocoa tree nutrient requirements; (7) pruning; (8) weed control; (9) the major pests and diseases; (10) bean quality, and (11) production costs. TI:(Annual report of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute for 1990) OT:Rapport d'activite 1990 de l'Institut de Recherches du Cafe et du Cacao SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1991, (special issue):1-95, 47 ref. PY:1991 GE:Ivory-Coast **:A report is presented of the research of the IRCC for 1990, organized around various programmes, such as: (1) coffee (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (2) cocoa (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (3) kola (agronomy and plant pathology), and (4) logistic support (biometrics, documentation and publications). TI:(Report on the activities of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in 1991) OT:Rapport d'activite 1991 de l'Institut de Recherches du Cafe et du Cacao SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1992, (special issue):1-75, 47 ref. PY:1992 GE:Ivory Coast **:A report is present on the activities of the IRCC in 1991; IRCC missions were carried out within 3 technical programmes, the viz. the coffee programme (Arabica and Canephora), the cocoa programme and the logistic support programme. Research carried out in 1991 in the areas of agronomy, plant improvement, phytopathology, applied zoology, and the chemistry and technology of coffee and cocoa is presented, as well as activities involving training and technology transfer. The activities of the biometrics, documentation and publications services are also described. Lists of missions, conferences, lectures, training sessions and publications are also included. TI:Evaluation of slow-release fertiliser as one-off or dual application method in cocoa nurseries AU:Manjit-Sidhu SO:Planter (Malaysia). 69(804):105-115; DE:Fertiliser-application; slow-release-Fertilisers; plant-nurseries; PY:1993 GE:Malaysia, Sabah **:As manuring with compound fertilizers in large cocoa nurseries can be labour-intensive, 2 nursery trials were established in Sabah, Malaysia, to evaluate the potential of using slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) to reduce application frequency. As a one-off application for short periods of nursery retention (3-4 months), all 4 SRFs , i.e. Nurseryace, Kokei, Triabon and Fertimel, gave cocoa growth similar to compound fertilizers. Over a longer retention period of 6 months, only Fertimel at 1 tablet per bag continued to support good cocoa growth. As split (1 + 1) applications over a 6-month period, Kokei, Fertimel and Triabon were superior to Nurseryace and similar to 12 applications of compound fertilizer for most of the characters assessed. In addition, Triabon consistently produced large stem girths ideal for early bud grafting and a root mass superior to the compound fertilizer treatment. Furthermore, repeated application of compound fertilizers induced a moderately high incidence of Zn and Fe deficiencies, which was negligible in SRF plots. Author's summary. TI:Symptomatology of stem canker of cocoa in India AU:Ramesh-Rao,-G.K.; Chandra-Mohanan,-R. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 69(805):153-158; DE:Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; symptoms-; surveys-; PY:1993 GE:India, Karnataka, Kerala **:During a survey in Kerala and Karnataka, India, stem canker of cocoa, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, was observed in 2- to 18-year-old plants. Detailed studies of the symptoms of this disease revealed oval to round, brownish rusty discolouration on the external bark as the most characteristic and common symptom. The collar infection usually appeared as dark-brown, irregular, water-soaked lesions with comparatively more bleeding. Greyish-brown water-soaked lesions with a dark-brown to black margin and a rusty deposit due to drying up of the exudate from the lesion were also observed. In 2- to 3-year-old cocoa plants the stem appeared slightly sunken at the infected area without any external symptom on the bark. From authors' summary. TI:Genetic analysis of a few quamtitative characters of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) flowers. Their merits for evaluating the diversity of the species OT:Analyse gÈnÈtique de quelques caractËres quantitaifs des fleurs du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.). Leur intÈrÍt pout l'Èvaluation de la diversitÈ de l'espËce AU:Raboin,-L.M.; Paulin,-D.; Cilas,-C.; Eskes,-A.B.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 37(4):271-282 DE:Morphology; Flowers; Style; Sepals; Stamenodiums; Variability; Heritability; Combining-ability; Genetics; Component-analysis; PY:1993 GE:Africa; Togo; **:This study involved estimating the genetic parameters of several quantitative characters of cacao flowers using a 12 x 12 half diallel, set up in Togo. The aim was to evalaute the merits of these characters as descriptors for a study of diversity of the species. observations were carried out on five flowers per tree and five to ten trees per cross. Measurements concerned the length and diameter of the ovary, the length and width of the sepal, the length of style, the length of the staminodium; in addition, the lenght:witdth ration for the sepal and lenght:daimeter ratio for the ovary were calculated. These characters own an essentially additive transmission, and their heritabilities are variable. The highest values were obtained for style length, staminodium length and speal length. Te coefficients of genetic correlations observed between the characters differed from the coefficients of phenetypic correlations. The style length, staminodium length, sepal length and ovary length: diameter ratio were the variables least genetically correlated between them and the highest heritability, which confirmed the merits of these four characters as descriptors. The coefficients of variation within families were relatively high compared to the residual variation coefficients, which showed the extent of the variability within the progenies and the value of within-hybrid breeding. A prioncipal component analysis with the general combining ability of the different parents made it possible to distinguish between origins of the parents (Upper Amazonian, Lower Amazonian, Trinitario, or Criollo) This confirmed the merits of this type of descritpors for studying genetic variability in cacao and guiding hybridization work. TI:Production of cocoa hybrid seeds in Cote d'Ivoire. Various hand pollination trials OT:Production de semences hybrides de cacaoyer en Cote d'Ivoire. Essais de diffÈrentes pollinisations manuelles AU:Bastide,-P.; Sounigo,-O.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 37(4):295-302 DE:Pollination; Artificial; Manual; Fruit-set; Yields; Pods; Cost-benefit-analysis; PY:1993 GE:Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Hand pollination trials were carried out in five biclonal seed gardens in Cote d'Ivoire The efficiency of hand pollination without isolation of the floral buds, calculated by the ratio number of pods harvested: number of pollinations carried out, is 29% which corresponds to one pod in 3.4 pollinations. The percentage of seeds from self fertilization, very high after natural pollination (32 to 93%), is severley reduced after hand pollination with (0 to 1.6%) or without (2 to 6.7%) isolation of the floral buds. The mean number of normal beans per pod is higher after pollination, with or without isolation of the floral buds. The mean number of normal beans per pod is higher after hand pollination, iwth or without the isolation of the floral buds (39 to 53), than after natural pollination (31 to 38). The inverse tendency is observed for the percnetage of flat beans: 2.4 to 7.5% after natural pollination and 0.7 to 2.6% after hand pollination. An economic feasilbility study, presented in the appendix, enabled and estimante of the cost of a pod after hnd pollination with and without isolation of the floral buds: fifteen times and five times the cost of natural pollination respectively. TI:Persuit of suitable techniques for cacao replanting in Togo. II. Contribution towards a better pedological approach to cacao replanting OT:Recherche d'un ininÈraire technique pour la replantation des cacaoyeres au Togo. II. Contribution ý une meilleure approache pÈdologique de la replantation des cacaoyers AU:Jagoret,-P.; Jadin,-P.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 37(4):313-320. DE:Rehabilitation; Soils; Pedology; Stones; Gravel; Plastic; PY:1993 GE:Africa; Togo; Litime **:The installation of temporary shade on planting combined with a few forest trees (permanent shade) and weed control are two essential crop techniques if the old cacao plantations in Togo are to be replanted succesfully. However, this succes is also governed by the pedogensis of the soils occupied by the old plantations. :The study descrivbed in this article shows that certain soil types, previously planted with cacao, are no longer suitable for this crop. Hence with replanting, modal altered and ferruginous ferralitic soils should be ruled out. Recovering rejuvenated altered soils is a tricky business. TI:Pale cocoa OT:Le cacao ardoisÈ AU:Jacquemin,-H; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 1(3):134-135 DE:Fermentation; Ripeness; Quality; PY:1957 GE:Ivory-Coast; TI:The technical conference on cacao, London 1957 OT:La confÈrence technique du cacao de Londres 1957 AU:Coste-R; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 1(3):145-146 PY:1957 GE:England TI:The inter-American cacao conference in Bahia, 1956 OT:La confÈrence inter-amÈericaine du cacao de Bahaia 1956 AU:Coste-R; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 1(2):84-86 PY:1957 GE:Brazil TI:Work of the technical comitee of the cacao study group of the FAO OT:Leas travaux du comitÈ technique du groupe d'Ètude du cacao de la FAO AU:Coste-R; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 1(1):33-34 PY:1957 GE:France TI:Influence of illumination on the morphology and physiology of cacao tree leaves (Theobroma cacao L.) OT:Influence de l'Èclarement sur la morphologie et la physiologie des feuilles de cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Guers,-J.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 15(3):191-201 DE:Leaf-area; Leaf-weight; SLA; Specific-Leaf-Area; Shade; Light; Light-intensity; Specific-Leaf-Weight; SLW; Chlorophyll; PY:1971 GE:Cameroon; **:A study was undertaken to determine the influence of illumination on the physiolgy and photosynthesis in the cacao tree. The morphology and physiology of sun and shade leaves are compared on 25 year old cacao trees of the Forastero Amelonados in Cameroon. :In unshaded areas the leaves are much smaller, thicker and less hydrated than leaves in shaded areas: their nitrogen content and especially thier chlorophyll content is much lower. TI:Contribution to the study of growth and nutrition of young cacao in Ivory Coast OT:Contribution a l'etude de la croissance et de la nutrition des jeunes cacaoyers en basse cote d'ivoire. AU:Verliere-G; SO:Paris: [s.n.], 1965. - 27 p. [fr]. - (Bulletin. Institut Francais du cafe et du cacao ; no. 7) DE:Growth; Seedlings; PY:1965 GE:Ivory-Coast; TI:Work programme of the IFCC research centre in Ivory Coast OT:Programme de travail du Centre de recherches de l'I.F.C.C. en Cote d'Ivoire. SO:Paris: [s.n.], 1958. - 32 p. [fr]. - Institut francais du cafe et du cacao et autres plantes stimulantes DE:Research; PY:1958 GE:Ivory-Coast; TI:A contribution to the study of cocoa and coffee cultivations in Uganda. OT:Contribution a l'etude de la cacaoculture et de la cafeiculture en Ouganda SO:Bulletin. Institut francais du cafe et du cacao. no. 12. 68 p. DE:Potential; PY:1974 GE:Uganda TI:Study of mineral disorders and deficiencies of cacao OT:Etude des carances et des deficiences minerales sur le cacaoyer AU:Loue-A; SO:Paris: [s.n.], 1961, 54p., Bulletin, Institut francais du cafe et du cacao, I.F.C.C.; No. 1 PY:1961 TI:Influence of different chocolate production processes on cacao concentration, specially cacao starch OT:Einfluss verschiedener Verfahren zur Schokoladeherstellung auf Kakaoinhaltsstoffe, speziell Kakaostaerke AU:Geilinger,-I.B.; SO:Dissertation. Eidgenoessischen Technischen Hochschule Zuerich, No. 7152, 95 p. DE:Cocoa-solids; PY:1982 GE:Switzerland TI:Comparison of cocoa production costs in seven producing countries Ivory-Coast Ghana Nigeria Cameroon Malaysia Indonesia Brazil AU:Ruf-F; SO:Planter, 69(807):247-262 DE:Cultivation-costs; Production-costs; Cost-Comparison; Profitability; PY:1993 GE:Ivory-Coast; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Malaysia; Indonesia; Brazil; **:The competitiveness of cocoa producing countries is difficult to establish while costs and markets change structurall and rapidly. Malaysia's economic grwoth is pulling labour costs upwards. In contrasts, Ivory Coasts strong depedence on cocoa induciong spontaneous downward adjustment of the cost of labour. Producers in Ivory Coast are managing to reduce wages and the proportion of paid labour and increasing share and quality of family labour. However, this intensification of family labour will probably not outweigh tha handicaps of the country: deforestation, cash crises and excessively high marketing costs. The current cocoa boom in Sulawesi is explained by the abundance of land/forest and labour. The comnbination of these factors through migration, backed up by high yields, ensures that theproduction costs will still be the lowest in the world for a few years to come. The author thus tests tha advantages and constraints of the seven maor cocoa producing countries in the period 1989-93 with a dynamic approach and uses tha results to analyse prospects: decline in Brazil (Bahia) and Ivory Coast, very rapid growth of the Indonesia cocoa sector and high risk in Malaysia although a cocoa tree regeneration procedure is well under way thanks to a research effort unequalled elsewhere. TI:Notes on the use of genetic markers in research of haploids of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) OT:Notes sur l'utilisation d'un marquer gÈnÈtique dans les recherches d'haploÔdes chez le cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Dublin-P; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 17(3):205-209. DE:Haploid-culture; Methods; Techniques; PY:1974 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Pot trials conducted in the Ivory Coast showed that grafting of haploid cacao plants on diploid cacao rootstocks gave superior growth as compared to growth on their own root system. Diploidization was successfully carried out by applying 0.25% colchicine solution in 0.15% agar mi 10 ppm gibberellin to buds; 70% of the haploids treated produced a diploid shoot. TI:Flat beans as a new technique to obtain haploids of Theobroma cacao L. OT:Les 'fËves plates': une nouvelle source d'haploÔdie chez le cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Dublin-P; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 17(1):25-36 DE:Haploid-culture; Methods; PY:1973 TI:Polyembryos and haploids with Theobroma cacao L. OT:Polyembryonie et haploÔdie chez Theobroma cacao L. AU:Dublin-P; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 16(4):295-310 DE:Cytology; Haploid-culture; PY:1972 TI:Will CÙte d'Ivoire give up its position of world leading cocoa producer to Indonesia OT:La CÙte d'Ivoire va-t-elle cÈder la place de premier producteur mondial de cacao ý l'Indonesie AU:Ruf-F; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 37(3):227-249 DE:forest-rent; tree-capital; producer-life-cycle; capital; Production; Macro-economics; Development; Crisis; PY:1993 GE:Indonesia; Ivory-Coast; **:Contrary to accepted opinion, the dynamics of cacao production in Indonesia, based on family-run plantations, are similar to those of CÙte d'Ivoire during the 1970s and 1980s. This similarity confirms the hypothesis that a powerfull cacao boom will occur in Indonesia whereas CÙte d'Ivoire prodcution is likely to decline. Using the statistical appraoch proposed in a previous article, the author applies his cacao model of the cacao production cycles, based on concpets of forest-rent, tree-capital and producer life cycles and his capital. CÙte d'Ivoire which still seemed inaccessible in 1992-1993 exhibts a combination of characteritics which have disastrous effects in other producing coutries. CÙ d'Ivoire seems to have reached the apogee of its cacao supply cycle, and is now entering its phase of decline. Will Indonesia, which is apparently at the beginning of its production cycle or counter-cycle, at the same time be able to maintain its production when the cocoa pod borer reaches the plantations in South and South East Sulawesi? Uncertainties persist as to the future of cacao in both countires, even in CÙte d'Ivoire, where producers are introducing changes and trying to adapt to the triple ecological, ecopnomic, and social crisis. Growth of the Indonesia cacao sector should nevertheless continue to be string. The second place seems certain. The hypothesis that Indonesia could occupy the place of world leader by the beginning of the next century merits a study of prospectives coupled with a thourough investigation of microeconomics. TI:Biological control of Helopeltis spp. in mature cocoa by the black ant (Dolichoderus bituberculatus) and the cocoa mealybug (Planococcus lilacinus) AU:Graham-MK; SO:Planter (Malaysia). 67(788):543-546; DE:IPM-; Pest-insects; Helopeltis; natural-enemies; Dolichoderus-thoracicus; Insecta; Planococcus-lilacinus; symbiosis-; biological-control PY:1991 GE:Indonesia, Kalimantan **:The biological control of Helopeltis spp. in mature cocoa by the black ant (Dolichoderus bituberculatus, syn. Dolichodorus thoracicus) and the cocoa mealybug (Planococcus lilacinus) in East Kalimantan, Indonesia is described. The control only works with an association of ants and mealybugs. Methods to establish populations of the ants and mealybugs on cocoa are given. If the control by the black ant is not effective synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin at 0.03-0.06 kg/ha) is advised. TI:Important economic considerations on cocoa cultivation and management: a practical man's perspective AU:Sasidaran,-S.S.; Vanialingam,-T. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 68(800):535-538, 541-546; DE:costs-; cultural-methods PY:1992 GE:Malaysia **:Some practical aspects of cocoa crop management in Malaysia are discussed. Subjects dealt with include: (1) nursery location and nursery practices; (2) land clearing; (3) selective weed control; (4) the establishment of Gliricidia shade trees; (5) cocoa planting; (6) fertilizer application and the effects of Gliricidia and cocoa litterfall on the cocoa tree nutrient requirements; (7) pruning; (8) weed control; (9) the major pests and diseases; (10) bean quality, and (11) production costs. TI:Some notes on bark stripping behaviour of Callosciurus notatus AU:Hafidzi-Mohd-Noor SO:Planter (Malaysia). 68(799):501-505; , , DE:rodents; squirrels-; pests-; damage-; stems-; fruit-trees; PY:1992 GE:Malaysia **:The bark-stripping activity of the common red-bellied squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) on young cocoa trees and certain fruit trees (Lansium domesticum and Baccaurea motleyana) in Malaysia is described. The frequency, severity and selectivity of attack indicate opportunistic feeding behaviour. An explanation of this behaviour is given in the light of similar findings in temperate regions. From author's summary. TI:Microbial populations and products formation during fermentation of cocoa beans AU:Samah,-O.A.; Ibrahim,-N.; Zaleha,-R.N. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 68(797):395-399; , DE:cocoa-beans; fermentation-; microorganisms-; bacteria; acids- PY:1992 GE:Malaysia **:The changes in microbial populations and some of the major products formed during cocoa fermentation, in Malaysia, are described. The maximum number of colonies observed for lactic acid bacteria was 8 800 000 cells/g of cocoa beans, and that of acetic acid bacteria was 13 000 000 cells/g after 34-40 h of incubation. Spore forming bacteria appeared to be dominant towards the end of the fermentation period. The major acids found were acetate and lactate; other acids such as aspartate, malate, and citrate; and alcohols were also detected. From authors' summary. TI:Free amino acids in fresh and fermented cocoa beans inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild strain). AU:Abdul-Samah,-O; Mohd.-Fared-Putih; Jinap-Selamat; Lee,-CH; Othman-Abdul-Samah SO:Planter. 68: 790, 3-6; DE:Fermentation; seeds; composition; Proteins; metabolism; Amino-acids PY:1992 GE:Malaysia **:Cocoa beans of the Sabah hybrid (UIT1 X NB32) inoculated with a wild strain of S. cerevisiae or not inoculated (controls) were placed in plastic bags (60 X 35 cm) and left to ferment in the dark for 6 days with regular turning at 12 h intervals. After fermentation, the protein content of control beans was higher (2.76 g/10 g bean DW) than that of inoculated beans (2.30 g) or freshly harvested beans (1.07 g). Freshly harvested beans contained higher percentages of various amino acids (including lysine, serine, isoleucine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine and glycine) than inoculated or control beans. Inoculated beans had higher percentages of some amino acids than control beans. The major amino acids found in cocoa beans were aspartic acid and glutamic acid. TI:Research report 1991. OT:Rapport d'activite 1991. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 76p. DE:Reports-; PY:1992 GE:France; Ivory-Coast; Togo; Mexico; Burundi; Nicaragua; Sao-Tome; Principe; **:IRCC is the department within CIRAD (Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement) responsible for research, development and training programmes on stimulant crops. Research carried out during 1991 on coffee and cocoa, on agronomy, plant improvement, chemistry/technology, plant pathology and applied zoology, is described. Work of the development programmes for coffee in Laos, Cote d'Ivoire, Togo, Mexico, Burundi, Nicaragua and France, and for cocoa in Sao Tome, Togo, Cote d'Ivoire and France is also briefly described. TI:Methodology of evaluation of susceptibility to moniliasis in cocoa cultivars (Theobroma cacao). OT:Metodologia para evaluar la susceptibilidad a moniliasis en cultivares de cacao (Theobroma cacao). AU:Sanchez,-J.A.; Gonzalez,-L.C.; SO:Turrialba, 39(4):461-468; DE:Fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; Pre-testing; Inoculation; Early-testing; Nursery; Techniques- PY:1989 **:Cocoa plants of 2- to 3-months old were inoculated with Moniliophthora roreri at concn of 0, 104, 105 or 106 spores/ml using a Devilbiss sprayer model No. 15 or with cotton swab-type applicators. The best results were obtained when 60-d-old cocoa varieties R-2, R-8, TSH-792, Diamante-800, UF-701 and CATIE-1000 were spray inoculated with 105 spores/ml. The critical point in fruit damage from the disease occurred between weeks 8 and 9 allowing determination of possible susceptibility to be made in a single reading. TI:The first record of witches' broom in the main cocoa producing area of Brazil. OT:La primera aparicion de la "Escoba de Bruja" en la principal area productora de cacao del Brasil. AU:Pereira,-JL; Ram,-A; Figuereido,-JM; Almeida,-LC-de; De-Almeida,-LC SO:Turrialba. 1989, 39: 4, 459-461; 8 ref. DE:Diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; PY:1989 GE:Brazil-; Bahia- **:In 1989, cocoa infected by Crinipellis perniciosa was detected for the first time in Bahia, Brazil. TI:Growth and sporulation of Moniliophthora roreri on various sources of nitrogen and carbon. OT:Crecimiento y esporulacion de Moniliophthora roreri en diversas fuentes de nitrogeno y carbono. AU:Herrera,-F.; Galindo,-J.J.; Ramirez,-C.; SO:Turrialba, 39(4):429-434. DE:Fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; culture-media PY:1989 **:The effect of different sources of N and C on vegetative growth and sporulation in vitro of M. roreri, isolated from diseased cocoa, was investigated. Nitrogen sources studied were asparagine, aspartic acid, proline, phenylalanine, urea, sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride at concn of 15, 75 and 150 mg N/litre; C sources were maltose, saccharose, lactose, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose at 0.2, 2 and 4 g C/litre. M. roreri produced max. colony diam. and max. sporulation area with urea at 75 and 150 mg N/litre. Max. spore density/cm2 and per colony was observed with asparagine at 150 and 75 N/litre, respectively. Max. vegetative growth and max. sporulation zone occurred with urea at 75 mg and 150 mg of N/litre, while the highest production of conidia/cm2 of sporulation zone and per colony was observed with asparagine at 150 mg and 75 mg N/litre, respectively. The highest colony diam. and sporulation zone were found with maltose as a C source at 2 g C/litre. The number of conidia produced with C sources were considerably lower than those with N sources. TI:Bioeconomic simulation of agroforestry systems: an application to southeast Bahia, Brasil. AU:Wojtkowski,-P.A.; SO:Thesis, University of Georgia, 1989, 117p. DE:Intercropping-; Agroforestry-; plant-density; economic-viability; simulation-models; computer-software; economics-; simulation; management; Agrosilvicultural-systems; PY:1989 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Agroforestry has the potential to solve some of the world's agricultural problems, but will require a large investment in research before this potential can be realized. The introduction of computer based simulation methods could help shorten the research process. This study develops a bordered density matrix approach to bioeconomic modelling of agroforestry systems. This modelling approach is designed to find the optimal species density and to evaluate the effects of management practices on agroforestry systems. To test the model, the technique was applied to two Brazilian agricultural systems; a banana/cassava intercrop and a rubber/cocoa agroforestry system. The computer simulations, in addition to finding the optimal planting densities for the species involved, found that the systems studied are economically viable. TI:Contribution to studies of the chemical control of Monilia pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Costa Rica. OT:Contribution a l'etude de la lutte chimique contre la moniliose (Moniliophthora roreri) des cabosses du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) au Costa Rica. AU:Trocme,-O SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 1991, 35: 4, 257-274; 22 ref. DE:Fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; control; Fungicides; Chlorothalonil-; Cupric-oxide; disease-control PY:1991 GE:Costa-Rica; **:An attempt was made to adapt the paired microplot method used to study the chemical control of Phytophthora black pod to the study of the control of M. roreri. The modifications included hand pollination to provide fruit of identical age and inoculum was placed on the top of posts. Results showed that the dose of chlorothalonil can be considerably reduced and that cupric oxide can effectively replace chlorothalonil. Pruning was essential to facilitate fungicide application to the highest parts of a tree. An epidemiological study showed that no notable variation in inoculum pressure occurred throughout the year and that it was identical in lower and upper parts of a tree. TI:Chemical approach towards the improvement of the agronomic performance of cocoa varieties. AU:Frimpong,-E.B.; Safo,-J.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 1991, 35: 3, 191-195; 7 ref., 2 pl. DE:Growth-regulators; responses; paclobutrazol; Cultar; growth-retardation; flowers-; initiation-; fruits-; plant-height PY:1991 GE:Ghana- **:Cultar (paclobutrazol) at 0-1000 p.p.m. was sprayed onto seedlings of 3 new cocoa hybrids to control excessive vegetative growth, which occurs at the expense of fruit production, and bearing throughout the year which does not fit easily into the growers' existing cropping calendars. Application of 1000 p.p.m. decreased plant height by 40% and gave earlier lateral branching (jorquetting) thus advancing canopy formation and increasing light interception. Treatment gave flower initiation after 18 months compared with the normal period of 4 years. The pattern of leaf flushing was not affected but the number of flushes/month was increased by 40% during peak flushing (Feb./Mar.) in young plants. TI:Observations on cocoa flushing in Ghana under different shade regimes, with particular reference to the distribution of natural light. AU:Adomako,-D.; Frimpong,-E.B.; Ampofo,-S.T.; Brew,-K.M.; SO:Planter. 66, 565-579. DE:Light; Growth-regulators; IAA-; shoots; development; shade; soil-water; responses-; Multipurpose-trees PY:1990 GE:Ghana; **:Unshaded cocoa trees growing on low wet ground, as well as shaded and unshaded cocoa trees growing on dry ground, were studied for the effects of sunlight availability and soil moisture on flushing. The studies covered the period Nov. 1982 to Mar. 1987, which included the severe dry seasons of 1982/83 and 1983/84. Growth of cocoa seedlings and one-year-old plants in the greenhouse under 35% shade and in the nursery under 50% shade was also studied. In 1983 and 1986 peak flushing occurred as usual in Jan. when there had been little or no rain during the preceding 10 and 4 weeks, respectively. Flushing was earlier, more frequent and more intense in unshaded or 'broken canopy' and roadside (edge) trees than in shaded trees; and there was no relationship between the flushing pattern and soil moisture content. Seedlings growing under 35 or 50% shade in the greenhouse and the nursery flushed at regular 4-weekly intervals without a seasonal peak. One-year-old jorquetted plants also flushed at regular intervals of 4 to 5 weeks each time at a few growing points; but as in the case of mature trees there was peak flushing involving all growing points during the drier part of the year in Oct.-Nov. and Feb.-Mar. There was a highly significant correlation between sunshine hours and flushing (r = 0.999 and 0.949 for 2 different recordings in one plot). These observations are interpreted in the light of the known relationship between sunlight availability, tissue carbohydrate content, bound and free IAA levels in the plant, and flushing. TI:The role and importance of different insect species in the ecology of CSSV (cacao swollen shoot virus) in Togo. OT:Place et importance des differentes especes d'insectes dans l'ecologie du CSSV (cocoa swollen shoot virus) au Togo. AU:Dufour,-B.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ. 1991, 35: 3, 197-204; 25 ref. DE:Cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; Transmission; Insects; Plant-diseases; Plant-viruses; Hemiptera; Insect-pests; Diptera; Coleoptera; Neuroptera; Hymenoptera; Predators; Parasitoids; Hyperparasitoids-; Pseudococcidae; plant-pathogens; Planococcoides-njalensis; Planococcus-citri-group; Planococcus-kenyae-group; vectors; Planococcus-njalensis; plantations-; beneficial-insects; Encyrtidae-; Cecidomyiidae-; Coccinellidae-; Chrysopidae-; natural-enemies; hosts-; prey PY:1991 GE:Africa; Togo **:Eight Pseudococcidae spp. have been reported to transmit "Agou 1" disease, a dominant form of the disease caused by cacao swollen shoot badnavirus in cocoa plantations in Togo. Present studies revealed that the main mealybug vector populations comprise Planococcoides njalensis and Planococcus citri/kenyae group. Other vectors identified include 8 primary parasitoids of the Encyrtidae family, 7 predators in the Cecidomyiidae, Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae and 8 hyperparasites from the Encyrtidae. A list of ants found in association with Pseudococcidae is included. TI:Biological control of Helopeltis spp. in mature cocoa by the black ant (Dolichoderus bituberculatus) and the cocoa mealybug (Planococcus lilacinus). AU:Graham,-MK SO:Planter. 67: 788, 543-546; DE:IPM-; Pseudococcidae-; Hemiptera; Insect-pests; Beneficial-insects; Miridae-; Formicidae-; Hymenoptera Helopeltis-; Helopeltis-theivora-theobromae; Helopeltis-clavifer; plantations-; Dolichoderus-bituberculatus; natural-enemies; Planococcus-lilacinus; interactions-; control-; biological-control; arthropods-; against-; pest-control; of-Helopeltis-theivora-theobromae; of-Helopeltis-clavifer PY:1991 GE:Indonesia- **:Helopeltis theobromae [H. theivora theobromae] and H. clavifer are pests on cocoa in Indonesia. The use of an association of Dolichoderus bituberculatus and Planococcus lilacinus to control the pests was investigated. D. bituberculatus farms P. lilacinus and was observed driving adults of Helopeltis spp. off cocoa plants, whilst larvae of Helopeltis spp. could not tolerate the presence of the ants. Where D. bituberculatus and P. lilacinus were established, very few puncture wounds of the type caused by the pest species were observed on the cocoa pods. Large D. bituberculatus populations were maintained by hanging coconut or cocoa leaf bundles, or rolls of cardboard or polythene film, from the bushes as breeding sites. New colonies of P. lilacinus were established by placing fragments of harvested, infested pods onto new pods. It is commented that other species of Formicidae may also drive the pest species away. Back-up control measures are suggested. TI:Cocoa, pineapple and sugar cane waste for ethanol production. AU:Othman-Abdul-Samah; Othman-Mohd-Nor; Abdul-Rahim,-AR; Abu-Bakar-Salleh SO:Planter. 68: 792, 125-128. DE:Fermentation-; yeasts-; agricultural-byproducts; Sugarcane-juice; ethanol-; biosynthesis-; Crop-residues; ethanol-production PY:1992 GE:Malaysia **:A wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown at 30ƒC in cultures based on (previously autoclaved) common Malaysian agrowastes, firstly in batch mode to a preset optical density, then continuously at various dilution rates. With increasing dilution rate, the concentration of biomass decreased and that of ethanol increased, reaching 98 g/litre on cocoa juice (waste from pressed cocoa beans) at 0.5 h-1 and 70 g/litre on juice pressed from pineapple peelings. Using alginate-immobilized cells of the same strain (1.4 g/litre) in batch cultures, ethanol concentration was highest at 36 g/litre after 20 h on cocoa juice and at 49 g/litre after 10 h on sugarcane juice. TI:Soil drenching of flutriafol for controlling vascular streak dieback in immature field cocoa and its dissipation in soil. AU:Lam-Chin-Hee; Ho-Shui-Hing; Chung-Giat-Fee SO:Planter. 68: 791, 69-80. DE:Diseases; VSD; Oncobasidium-theobromae; control-; Soil-; fungicide-residues; persistence-; Flutriafol-; Triadimenol; application-techniques; Soil-treatment PY:1992 GE:Malaysia **:Field trials on the use of flutriafol for controlling vascular streak dieback (VSD) caused by Oncobasidium theobromae were carried out in Sabah and Malacca in Malaysia. Monthly or bimonthly soil drenches of flutriafol at 25-200 mg a.i./plant controlled cocoa VSD and plants were vegetatively more vigorous compared with untreated plants. Foliar sprays of flutriafol at 200 p.p.m. and triadimefon at 500 p.p.m. gave good disease control. Controlled release granules or stem painting were effective novel application methods for flutriafol. Flutriafol applied at 0.5 kg a.i./ha to sandy loam soil under mature cocoa degraded with a half-life of c. 2 months. No apparent leaching was observed under the study conditions. TI:Cacao in French Guyana OT:Les cacaoyers de Guyane fancaise AU:Braudeau-J; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 6(3):187-190 PY:1962 GE:America; French-Guyana TI:Indonesia, 2nd world cocoa producer OT:l'IndonÈsie, second producteur mondial de cacao ? AU:Ruf-F SO:Cafe Cacao the 37: 2 (APR-JUN 1993) 153-158 DE:Migration; Forest; Pod-borer; PY:1993 GE:Asia; Indonesia **:How to understand the cocoa producing potential in Indonesia - an apparent << new comer >> ? The approach consists in comparing available statistics with field observations, while at the same time taking into account the author's own data on the rules by which a << cocoa boom >> functions in other countries. As with all countries in which there has been a << cocoa boom >> production statistics for Indonesia have been underestimated and on occasion upwardly revised, a posteriori. With a growing number of family-run plantations playing the dominant role, complemented by a few private or state-run plantations, Indonesia is becoming a very big producer of cocoa. TI:Search for a suitable method of mineral fertilization for cacao plantations in rural areas OT:Recherche d'une dÈmarche pour une fertilisation minÈerale des cacaoyers en milieu rural AU:Viroux,-R.; Jadin,-P.; SO:Cafe Cacao ThÈ, 37(2):121-128. DE:Fertilisers; Soil-analysis; Fertiliser-reccomendations PY:1993 GE:Africa; Togo; **:The soil diagnosis technique may be used to estimate fertilizer requirements in a cacao plantation and to determine in a scientific manner, specific formulae for the different regions where fertilizers need to be applied. This method is based, amongst other things, on knowledge of the chemistry of the soil and principally on the anionic (N-P) and cationic (K-Ca- Mg) equilibria favourable to cacao growth and production. By modifying these to an optimum, the qualitative and quantitative requirements in mineral fertilizer may be calculated. These result in appreciable increases in production of the cacao plantation. These production surpluses bring about new disequilibria in the soil which may be corrected by further soil diagnoses and new applications of mineral fertilizer. This technique provides significant results and leads to appreciable increases in production. TI:Wild cacao in French-Guyana - localisation, ecology and morphology OT:Les cacaoyers spontanÈs de Guyane, Localisation, Ècologie et morphologie AU:Lachenaud-P; SallÈe-B SO:Cafe Cacao the 37: 2 (APR-JUN 1993) 101-114 DE:History; Origen; Distribution; Germplasm-collection; Expeditions; PY:1993 GE:America; French-Guyana **:The existence of wild cacao << forests >> in south- east French Guiana has been known since 1729. The few plantations set up in this country were believed to have been derived from seeds from these wild cacao trees. Following the results of electrophoretic investigations by Lanaud which showed, in contrast, that the wild cacao and formerly cultivated material belonged to different populations, the CIRAD-IRCC decided to collect and study these wild cacao trees which are of considerable potential interest. The authors describe two expeditions, one to the upper course of Camopi and Tanpok rivers in 1987, the other to the upper course of the Oyapock river in 1990, together with their results. A total of one hundred and seventy six mother trees, belonging to fifteen populations, were collected as pods or budwood sticks. The particular ecological environments of these cacao trees : banks of streams, swamps and << pinotieres >>, are described and a cacao forest in Upper Camopi is studied in detail. The morphological characteristics of the trees, fruits and seeds demonstrate the originality of this material, compared with the Amelonado form of the Lower Amazon Forastero, especially with regard to pod shape and appearance. The problem of Pleistocene forest refuges, which could explain the presence and original characters of the wild Guianese cacao is treated in the discussion. Seven countries have been supplied with this material which represents a considerable source of variability to enlarge the Lower Amazon cacao genetic pool. TI:Preliminary observations on the classification of Forcipomyia midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Ghana with special reference to species involved in the pollination oc cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Brew,-A.H.; Boorman,-J.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 37(2):139-144 DE:Insects; Taxonomy; Determination PY:1993 GE:Africa; Ghana; Tafo **:This paper records Forcipomyia species which have been found associated with cocoa in Ghana and provides a simple key for easy identification. Ten species in five different sub genera were identified. Males of Forcopomyia offer the best characters for accurate determination, in particular male genitalia. TI:Preliminary Study to Optimise Cocoa Roasting Parameters - Aroma Precursor Consumption, Pyrazine Development, Organoleptic Quality AU:Mermet,-G.; Cros,-E.; Georges,-G.; SO:Cafe Cacao ThÈ, 36(4):285-290. DE:Roasting; Biochemistry; Quality; Sensory-evaluation; PY:1992 **:The free amino acid content of cocoa nibs exhibits a decreasing linear relationship with temperature for roasting duration of twenty-five minutes. Their consumption is less than 40 % at 140-degrees-C. The ratio of sugar (fructose and glucose) consumption to free amino acid consumption is about 3 for the most aromatic cocoas and exceeds 2 so long as off-flavours associated with excessive roasting are absent from the sample. The reducing sugar content is believed to be the factor limiting aroma development. No simple relationship seems to exist between pyrazine content and organoleptic quality. TI:A cocoa 21-Kilodalton seed protein has trypsin inhibitory activity AU:Dodo,-H.W.; Fritz,-P.J.; Furtek,-D.B.; SO:Cafe Cacao the 36: 4 (OCt DEC 1992) 279-284 DE:Biochemistry; PY:1992 GE:USA **:A 21 KiloDalton (kDa) cocoa (Theobroma cacao) seed protein was assayed for serine proteinase and alpha- amylase inhibitory activities following clues from computer-aided homology comparisons of amino acid sequences. The protein was found to be a heat sensitive bovine trypsin inhibitor with inhibiting capacity twice as high as the Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitor. However, the 21 kDa protein did not exhibit inhibitory activities toward bovine pancreas alpha-chymotrypsin, subtilisin Carlsberg, or barley malt alpha-amylase. TI:Quantitative analysis for distinguishing rat and squirrel damage to cocoa pods AU:Hafidzi-Mohd-Noor; SO:The Planter, Kuala Lumpur, 69:67-72 DE:Pests; Vertabrae; Rats; Rattus-tiomanticus; Squirels; Callosciurus-notatus; Pod-damage; PY:1993 GE:Asia; Malaysia **:Chip size, shape and position of the hole were used to identify and distinguish between damage by rats and by squirrels to cacao pod. An index of roundness and position of hole with respect to stalk was introduced to assign numerical values to both parameters. Evidence collected from the filed indicated that cacao pods bearing oval shaped holes, normally bored away from the stalk and come with larger chips. In contrast, cacao pods bearing round shaped holes, normally bored close to the stalk and come with smaller chips. Quantitative analysis showed strong correlation between chip size and hole shape, between chip size and hole position, and between hole shape and position. Supported by captive depredation trials, this study proposes a general guideline for identification of rodent damage in the fields i.e. the wood rat (Rattus tiomanticus) bores round shapedhole near the stalk and produces smaller chips whereas the squirrle (Callosciurus notatus) bores oval shaped hole away from the stalk and produces larger chips. By combining all three parameters: chip size, shap and position of hole, the quantitative analysis substained earlier claims made on empirical grounds. TI:Acetic bacteria from cacao fermentation OT:Uber essigbakterien aus der kakaog”rung. AU:Eckmann-C; SO:Dissertation, Kiel, 1928. Printed by R. Noschke, Borne-Leipzig DE:Fermentation; Acetic-acid; Bacteria; Yeasts; PY:1928 TI:Cacao yeasts AU:Lilienfeld-Toal,-O.A.-von; SO:Dissertation, Kiel. 1926. DE:Fermentation; PY:1926 TI:Aspergillus mould fungi from cacao beans and cacao fermentation AU:Reinke SO:Dissertation, Kiel. Printed by Nolke, Bordesholm DE:Fermentation; PY:1927 TI:Producers, consumers seek to stabilize the market for cocoa SO:Planter, 69(802):27-32. DE:Marketing; Trade; Production; Prices; International-agreement PY:1993 GE:World **:Popular account of the United nations cocoa Conference, held from 21 April- 1 May 1992. An overview of the current production situation is given, 8 countries produce more than 85% of the world cocoa, they are concentrated in the tropics. 80% of the world cocoa is bought by the USA and EC only. The price cojntrol mechanisms, based on a bufer stock and production quota has failed. :Currently producing countries are in favour of export quota, cocoa consuming countries do not, however, consider export quotas as the best solution. They are more in favour of buffer stocks. A follow-up meeting will be held in November 192. TI:Experiences in the management of cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) infestations in some Malaysian Cocoa Growers Council member estates of peninsular Malaysia AU:Yew-CC; Chung-GF; Ho-CT; Leong-CW; Liau-SS; SO:Planter, 68(798):445-455 DE:Pests; insects; Pod-borer; Acrocercops-cramerella; Pest-control; Ramapassan; PY:1992 GE:Asia; Malaysia **:In penisular MAlaysia the Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB) Acrocercops cramerella was firts detected in Melaka in 1986. As the insect was indicated as a dangerous pest under the Malaysian Plant Quarantine Act of 1976, eradication was attempted in this and subsequent infestations. The dersired results were obtained at great costs. From 1990 onwards, reifestation occurred at sites where CPB had been previously eradicated, giving rise to doubts on the feasibility of the strategy. Presently, emphasis on height control of cacao trees, on frequent and complete harvesting, and on techniques of pod husk disposal is proving effective in management of the pest. Eradication is, however, unattainable. There is need for the authorities and cocoa growers to come to terms with this fact, and quarantine measures should be deregulated. This would ease the burden of a beleagered cocoa industry and allow research on the imrpovement of ways to manage CPB in Malaysia. TI:The influence of moisture, radiation and thermal conditions of the climate upon the vegetative and flowering activity of cacao in Cameroon OT:Influence des rÈgimes hydrique, radiatif, et thermique du climat sur l'activitÈ vÈgÈtative et la floraison de cacaoyers cultivÈ au Cameroun AU:Boyer-J; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 14(3):189-201 DE:Leaf-area-index; Growth; Trunk; Branches; Flowering; Periodicity; Shade; PY:1970 GE:Africa; Cameroon; **:The objective is to determine the ideal ecological conditions under which productivity of cacao would be at its optimum. Two years of observations are presented for the YaondÈ region with three shade treatments (No-shade; Light shade and Medium shade). Of microclimatic factors rainfall and radiation are important. The utilization of the water depended heavily on the water retention capcity of the soils. The intensity of radiation could be revealed by the movement and variation in atmospheric temperature. Differences between shade treaments in distribution of solar energy were demonstrated. Other factors were secondary. :For the YaoundÈclimate the optima periods for the appearance of flushes occurred at the end of the wet main wet season (end of November to beginning of January) for trees growing under direct sunlight, and at the beginning of the subsidiary wet season (March-April) for trees growing under medium shade. The sprouting of new leaves stopped completely when the deficiency in available water exceeded 40%. Another maximum existed in September-October at the beginning of the heavy rains, but the importance of this was increasingly reduced as the cacao trees were subjected to more natural shade. Thus solar radiation could act as a limiting factor. With satisfactory soil water content the sprouting of flushes was optimum if insolation avearged between 4 and 6 h/day. :Leaf fall and the appearance of new leaves were allmost always simultaneaous. The growth and thickness of the wood alternated with the periods of leaf growth. :The rhythm and intensity of flowering which were closely linked with vegetative activity also depended largely on the rainfall and radiation regime. The hypothesis that a hormonal control intervened in order to stop flowering if the tree was already bearing a certain quantity of fruit was commonly accepted. In any case most flowering periods were grouped from February to MAy with a very marked optimum in March-April which was a period of good water intake and sunshine exeeded 4 h/d. Trees grown under medium shade produced greatest number of flowers in a year. Solar radiation still played a limiting role. :The conclusion can be drawn from these observations was that in all cases in which cacao trees did not produce a sufficiently dense cover, the introduction of slight an medium shade conditions was advisable, TI:Cacao selection in Ivory Coast, Performance analysis of 62 hybrids in 4 environments OT:La sÈlection du cacaoyer en Cote-d'Ivoire, Analyse du comportement de soixante-deux hybrides dans quatre localitÈs AU:Paulin,-D.; Mossu,-G.; Lachenaud,-Ph.; Cilas,-C.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 37(1):3-20 DE:Selection; Covariance; Environment; Yields; Vigour; Precocity; Disease-resistance; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1993 GE:Africa; Ivory-Coast **:This study carried out in Ivory Coast, consisted of the analysis of four comparative multilocal hybrid trials involving approximately 60 crosses between 16 UA clones and 4 locally selected Amelonado clones. The cumulative production from 1982 to 1987 showed that most of the new hybrids were better placed than the control although the means were not significantly different. Trial precission could be improved by analysing the covariance with the mean vigour of the nearest adjacent trees as covariable. Under favourable growth conditions a close relationship between production and early vigour was apparent . The possible implications of the experimental design (single-tree-plots) are discussed in relation to the effects of between tree competition on vegetative development. Analysis of the relationship between production and adult vigour produced a different classification to that of production. The selction of high-yielding moderately vigorous hybrids could be envisaged with a view to intensive high density planting. The analysis of pod losses due to black pod disease indicated a significant hybrid effect and a relatively concordant classification between localities. The multilocal yield analysis revealed significant hybrid locality interaction. Although this was of minor importance in relation to the principal effects. The selection materail may therfore be proposed for all cocoa production zones in Ivory Coast TI:Review of the problems of cacao growing, breeding and production in the colonies OT:Vue d'ensemble des problemes poses par de la culture cacaoyere et l'amelioration de sa production dnas les territoires d'outer-mer AU:Coste-R; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 1(1):5-9 PY:1957 TI:Eco-physiological study of the development of cocoa trees cultivated in the Cameroon. I. Relationships between the annual climatic cycle and vegetative activity. II. Influence governing climatic factors on flowering and frutification OT:Ètude Ècophysiologique du dÈveloppement de cacaoyers cultivÈs au Cameroun. I. relations entre le cycle climatique annuel et l'activite vegetative. II. Influence des facteurs climatiques preponderants sur la florai AU:Boyer-J; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 18(1):3-30 DE:Climate; Vegetative-growth; Flushing; Shade; Leaf-area; Wood; Stem; Branches; Flowering; Fruit-set; Cherelle-wilt; PY:1974 GE:Cameroon TI:Organic matter and mineral element cycles in a Cameronian cacao plantation OT:Cycles de la matiere organique et des ÈlÈments minÈraux dans une cacaoyere camerounaise AU:Boyer-J; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 17(1):3-24 DE:Nutrient-cycling; Leaves; Wood; Partitioning; Litter; Fruit; PY:1973 GE:Cameroon; **:The author studied the neds of cacao trees as far as indispensable major elements are co0ncerned and their mineral fertilization under three environmental conditiones (absence of shading, light shading and moderate shading) in a plantation of the family type (1.5 ha) in Camerron, characterised by a subequatorial climate and a soil of a ferralitic type. :Quantative indications regarding the phases of the mineral and organic cycle make it possible to state that: :- the main sources of nutrients (exchangable bases Ca++, K+, Mg++, assimilable phosphorus and total nitrogen) include the natural environment, rain water, washing by rain of the plant cover, the bed composed of leaves, wood, flowers and fruits; :-exports of nutrients are due to the immobilization of the elements in the framework and fruit harvesting. :The rate of liberation of the major mineral elements is in decremental order: K > Mg > Ca > N > P and the experimental study of this liberation shows the importance of the action of micro-organisms in the soil, in the bed decomposition processes. :This study makes it possible to set up an annual balance of the mineral elements in a plantation consisting of unshaded, approximateley thirthy years old cocoa trees, and to specify the existing relationship between various components of the nutrient balance in this same plantation: Quantities of elements returned to the soil, quantities of not returned, total quantities absorbed by plants, totla reserves of the agricltural profile. :This overall balance makes it possible to calculate the needs of a cocoa plantation as a function of its productive level. It does not take into account the distribution throughout the year. This information might bring out temporary deficiencies at a well determined stage of the development cycle even if the overall annual balance is positive. TI:Persuit of suitable techniques for cacao replanting in Togo. I. Comparative study of various cacao planting methods. OT:Recherche d'un itinÈrarire technique pour la replantation des cacaoyers au Togo. I. Etude comparative de divers modes de plantation des cacaoyers AU:Bertrand,-B.; Jadin,-P.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 36(2):115-120 DE:Rehabilitation; Shading; Bananas; Maize; Socio-economics; PY:1992 GE:Africa; Togo; Litime **:The choice of planting method in Togo must take into consideration the socio-economic constraints of the zones traditionally used for cacao cultivation. This is why the objective of the trials set up on the IRCC research stations was to compare various planting procedures requiring very low investment or ensuring a complementary income. :This experimentla trial network has shown that planting of young cocoa plants under temporary shading of plantain bananas is a suitably advatageous technique. The planter may in addidtion to that grow a food crop (maize for example) in which case the financial and/or nutritional value can be added to that of the bananas. TI:Persuit of suitable techniques for cacao replanting in Togo. II. Comparative study of different husbandry techniques under research station conditiones OT:Recherche d'un ininÈraire technique pour la replantation des cacaoyeres au Togo. II. Etude comparative de diverses techniques culturales en station AU:Jagoret,-P.; Bertrand,-B.; Jadin,-P.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 36(3):207-212 DE:Rehabilitation; Mulching; Weed-control; Soil-water; Growth; Planting-hole; Temporary-shade; Permanent-shade; PY:1992 GE:Africa; Togo; Litime **:Different husbandry techniques were tested under the edapohic conditiones in Togo to limit post-replanting losses due to drought. The husbandry techniques tested under research station conditiones included partial coverage of the soil with plastic sheeting or a mulch, herbicide application to eradicate grasses, mineral fertilization and planting hole preparation. The aim of all these techniques was to limit evapotranspiration or to encourage root development. Their efficacy was teste by examining the percentage mortality and vigour of the young cocoa plants after twqo dry seasons. It was apparent from these experiments that husbandry technique could only be effective if replanting was carried out under light forest shading with complementary temporary shading provided by bananas planted at the same time as the cacao trees and at the same density. Under these planting conditiones, hole preparation and regular maintenance of the young plantation with herbicide are simple inexpensive husbandry techniques which guarantee a 90% success rate. The efficacy of both techniques is improved by planting two cocoa plants in the same hole or by making a shallow bassin around the cacao plant to collect run-off water. TI:Pursuit of suitable techniques for cocoa replanting in Togo. III. Initial results of the technical innovations proposed for cocoa replanting in the peasant environment OT:Recherche d'un itineraire technique pour la replantation des cacaoyeres au Togo. III. Premiers resultats des innovations techniques proposees en milieu paysan pour la replantation de cacaoyeres AU:Jagoret,-P.; Jadin,-P.; SO:Cafe cacao ThÈ, 36(4):269-278. DE:Rehabilitation; Smallholders; Weed-control; Fertilizers; PY:1992 GE:Africa; Togo; **:The tradiational cacao culture practised in Togo no longer permits the succesfull replanting of old cacao plantations. It was therefore necessary to test the agronomic techniques tested on the research station under real environment. this test was carried out on one hunderd and forty plantations with grower assistance and using different experimntal designs. :The results of this trial network demonstrated the necessity of eliminating weed competition versus young cacao trees, either by covering the planted rows with black plastic film or by applying herbicide. This latter technique the least costly and is indispensable in the case of old plantations in the sun. If the old cocoa plantation is under a few trees, careful hand weeding will be effective if temporary shading (banana) can be associated with the trees. TI:Administarive problems related to replanting of cocoa OT:Alguns problemas de administracao rural na replantacao de cacauis AU:Alvares-Afonso,-F.M.; SO:MS thesis, Turrialba, Costa-Rica, IICA, 152p. DE:Rehabilitation; PY:1967 GE:America; TI:Canopy architecture, photosynthesis and yield of Cocoa Trees AU:Thomas-G; Balasimha-D; SO:Cafe Cacao the 36: 2 (APR-JUN 1992) 103-108 DE:Photosythesis; Light-interception; Yields PY:1992 GE:India **:Five different types of canopy architecture viz., unpruned single storey (T1), unpruned double storey (T2), minimum pruning to give cone shape (T3), severe pruning (T4) and flat spreading canopy (T5) were maintained in cocoa. Due to pruning, the canopy area and number of branches were significantly reduced. A significantly low light interception efficiency with correspondingly high PAR was noted in pruned treatments. Due to this effect, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate increased in T4 and T5, with a reduction in water use efficiency. Net photosynthetic rate did not show any significant treatment effect. Current photoassimilates were translocated and the stored stem starch was mobilized to sustain the sink demand exerted by intense flushing observed in the pruned treatments. The maximum yield was obtained in T1 and T2. The low yields in T3, T4 and T5 treatments can be attributed to the following reasons: (i) the reduction in canopy area and number of branches, (ii) carbohydrate exhaustion for flushing and subsequent carbohydrate stress at the time of flowering and pod load, (iii) high transpiration rate. It is concluded that cocoa requires a comparatively big and spreading canopy for better yield. Whenever pruning is found necessary, it should be restricted to maintenance pruning towards optimum leaf area index and removal of excessively shaded bottom or interior branches. TI:A new dendrometer for monitoring cambium activity and changes in the internal water staus of the plant AU:Alvim-P-de-T; SO:Turrialba, 25:445-447. DE:Water-stress PY:1975 TI:Potential pod production and pod yields of Fdn3 Amazon cacao budded or grafted on shoots regenerated from coppiced Amelonado trees AU:Odegbaro-OA; Folarin-JO; SO:Turrialba, 24(3):256-264. DE: Rehabilitation; Regeneration; Budding; Grafting; PY:1974 GE:Nigeria **:During a year, each month a number of old Amelonado cacao trees were cut back and the regenerated shoots were either budded or grafted with F3 Amazon scions or left to grow normally. Records of the number of flowers and young fruits as well as all mature pods harvested were taken every month for the first 3 years of productivity. The potential pod production and the actual pod yields are presented. The trees came into production 18 to 24 months after renovation. The budded and grafted F3 Amazon trees started bearing earlier and yielded more pods than the Amelonado trees. The period of cutting back was found to significantly affect pod production and the results indicate the period Oct. to Dec. as the best time to renovate cacao trees for best yields. The F3 Amazon clones reached the pre-renovation level of production in the 2nd year. In the 3rd year the production of all the regenerated trees including Amelonado was higher than the pre-renovation level. TI:Understanding the cocoa crises OT:Comprendre la crise du cacao AU:Jarrige-F; Ruf-F; SO:Cafe Cacau ThÈ XXXIV(3):223-221 DE:History; Economic-analysis; Rehabilitation; MArket-competition; International-trade; Production PY:1990 GE:Ivory-Coast; Malaysia **:The authors faced with the prolonged cocoa market crises and the issues it raises, analyze the situation at different levels and provide some explantations : Firstly, some characteristics of the market are described: the concentration of supply, duality of producing and consuming areas, the narrowness of trading outlets, the relative demanding nature of the crop and the ease of settting up the initial processing operations. : Historical analysis of the evolution of cocoa production reveals a displacement, on the world scale , of the production areas, and the chr9onological succession of different market leaders. A certain non-reproducibility, in the long term of a competetive coocoa production system, due to various factors of agronomic and scio-economic nature is also apparant. : In this perspective, a comparison of the Ivory Coast and Malaysia consists of a comparison of two producers at different phases in this cycle: The first at its apogee, and the second in the phase of exponetial growth. The two countries also present very different production systems: a peasant system (with wage earners) in Ivory Coast and a mainly indutrial system in Malaysia. : Some elements of future evolution in the mid-term can be predicted from an evaluation of the respective advantages and disadvantages of each of the producer countires, notably a probable decline of cocoa production in Ivory Coast. TI:Parental influence of several cacao clones on the yield performance of theur progenies AU:Soria-J; Ocampo-F; Paez-G; SO:Turrialba, 24(1):58-65 DE:Variance-components; heratibility; general-combining-ability; specific-combining-ability; GCA; SCA; Yield; pod-length; pod-diameter; bean-number; wet-bean-weight; PY:1974 GE:America; Costa-Rica **:The main objective of breeding is to increase yield. There are many reports of the good yield performance of several cocoa clones as parents of hybrids, but no critical evaluation of their combining ability has been carried out. Yield in cacao is most accurately estimated in bean weight, the total fruit weight, size of fruits and beans, and number of beans being the main components of yield. Using individual tree bean weight records of 48 hybrids representing top crosses of 6 Trinitario and two Criollo clones crosses to 6 Amazon clones, the general combining ability and heritability of yield of these clones were estimated. Amazon clones P-7, P-12 and IMC-67 had a high general combining ability, while SCA-6 and the majority of the Trinitario clones had medium to low combining abilities for yield. Heritability for bean production from three year records was h=17.3%, but this was 89% when based on only 1 season. Heritabilities for other characters calculated with one season records, were 57% for total weight of fruit, 55% for fruit length, 63% for fruit diameter and 43% for beans per fruit. The high combining ability of some of the cacao clones seem to depend on their high contribution of additive gentic variance to their progenies. Thes clones can be recommended as more reliable sources of hybrid seed production. TI:Fundamental artificial drying characteristics of cocoa beans AU:Bravo,-A.; McGaw,-D.R. SO:Tropical-Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago), 51(3):395-406. DE:Unit-Operations PY:1974 **:Three separate drying periods were identified. In the 1st period the rate of drying was controlled by the rate of heat transfer to the beans from the air stream. In the 2nd and 3rd periods, drying was a function only of air temperature. TI:The barico cocoa dryer AU:Anselmi,-J.A.; Nam,-L.S.; Hain,-M.C. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 50(578):144-151. DE:Drying; Dryers; PY:1974 GE:Malaysia; Sabah **:Description of a low capital cost and low labour cost cocoa dryer used at an estate in Malaysia. The barico dryer is built entirely of local materials. A costs calculation is presented of processing with the dryer working at full capacity. However, the system is flexible and will cope with a wide range of daily intakes. TI:Further notes on the Waimaro cocoa. Part 2. Yield AU:Sundaram,-S.; Hassan,-M. SO:Fiji Agricultural Journal, 35(2):61-66. DE:Climatology; Yields; Rainfall; Soils; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1973 GE:South Pacific Islands; Fiji, Waimaro **:During 1968-72 individual plots at Waimaro, the first Amelonado cacao planting in Fiji, yielded between 1,500 and 3,700 kg/ha. Large variations in yield, and in loss to black-pod within the small area of the trial (1.7 ha) show that the growth of cacao is highly sensitive to small variations in soil, and the incidence of black-pod to variations in micro-climate. The average black-pod loss (25%) is so high as to make it doubtful whether cacao should be planted in this rainfall zone. Authors' summary. TI:Equilibrium conditions in the international cocoa market OT:Condicoes de equilibrio no mercado internacional do cacau AU:Brandt,-S.A.; Neto,-A.A.; Rezende,-A.M.; Sousa,-A.F.-de; Rebello,-A.-de-P.P. SO:Revista Ceres, 21(113):38-50. DE:Production-Economics; Trade- PY:1974 GE:World **:Large price fluctuations in cocoa bean prices during 1925-71 resulted from considerable fluctuations in supply coupled with a very low price elasticity of demand. TI:Haploids of Theobroma cacao L. diploidization and production of homozygote individuals. OT:Les haploides de Theobroma cacao L. Diploidisation et obtention d'individus homozygotes AU:Dublin,-P.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 18(2):83-96. DE:Haploid-culture; Methods; Techniques; Stock; Scion; PY:1974 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Pot trials conducted in the Ivory Coast showed that grafting of haploid cacao plants on diploid cacao rootstocks gave superior growth as compared to growth on their own root system. Diploidization was successfully carried out by applying 0.25% colchicine solution in 0.15% agar mi 10 ppm gibberellin to buds; 70% of the haploids treated produced a diploid shoot. TI:Effect of depth of placement on uptake of radioactive superphosphate by cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Oyejola,-B.O.; SO:Turrialba, 24(2):200-204. DE: Fertiliser-and-Manure-Application; Plant-Nutrition PY:1974 GE:Nigeria **:In Nigeria, the specific activity of P32 in leaves decreased with increasing depths of labeling sites, with the highest specific activity at a depth of 7.5 cm. Uptake. TI:The use of herbicides in the maintenance of young cacao plantations OT:L'utilisation des herbicides pour l'entretien des jeunes cacaoyeres AU:Gestin,-A.J.; Roux,-G.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 18(2):107-120. DE:Weed-control; Herbicides; PY:1974 GE:Cameroon **:Field trials in cacao plantations showed that application of 1.5 l gramoxone (20% a.i.) mi 0.1 l Teepol per ha at a frequency of 6 rounds per year is approx. 40% cheaper than manual weeding in controlling graminaceous material. It was further shown that the 3 most efficient treatments are, in decreasing order: 1.8 l MSMA mi 2.4 kg diuron per ha; 1.25 l amino-triazole and per ha; and 4.25 kg dalapon mi 0.3 l paraquat per ha. It was noted that symptoms of Zn deficiency were induced in cacao following application of MSMA to weeds. TI:Influence of light and temperature conditions on the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity of the cacao tree leaves OT:Influence des conditions d'eclairement et de temperature sur la teneur en chlorophylles et l'activite photosynthetique des feuilles de cacaoyer AU:Guers,-J. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ,18(3):157-166. DE:Photosynthesis; Light; Temperature; Chlorophyll; PY:1974 GE:Cameroon **:An experiment is described showing the remarkable morphological and physiological adaptation of cacao leaves to various conditions of illumination. Leaves exposed to direct sunlight, which are smaller and thicker, have a higher compensation point and higher photosynthetic yields than the leaves growing under shade, but their chlorophyll content is much lower. TI:The conservation of the germinative power of cacao seeds OT:La conservation du pouvoir germinatif des graines de cacaoyer AU:Mossu,-G. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 18(3):179-186. DE: Plant-Growth-and-Development PY:1974 GE:Cameroon **:Methods in use for the conservation of the germination power of cacao seeds are reviewed. Tests recently conducted in Cameroon showed that coating of the ripe cacao pods with a powder consisting of 50% talc and 50% benomyl gives 98% germination after conservation for 1 month and 1 1/2 month, respectively. Coating with pure talc provides excellent conservation for 35 days only, after which period the germination percentage decreases rapidly. TI:Behaviour of hybrid families of cacao trees subjected to attacks by Homoptera OT:Comportement de familles hybrides de cacaoyers soumis aux attaques d'homopteres AU:Bruneau-de-Mire,-P.; Lotode,-R. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 18(3):187-192. DE:Insetc-pests; Homoptera; Mealybugs; Resistance; Selection; PY:1974 **:A comparative test is described which shows, among other things, that the differences in the vegetative development result from a more or less resistance to attack by Homoptera pests. TI:Study of radicular absorption of the cocoa tree using a radio-active tracer under South-Cameroon ecological conditions OT:Etude de l'absorption radiculaire du cacaoyer a l'aide d'un traceur radio-actif dans les conditions ecologiques du sud-Cameroun AU:Massaux,-F.; Gestin,-A.J.; Misse,-C. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 18(4):225-236. DE:Nutrient-uptake; Root-system; PY:1974 GE:Cameroon; south **:Since phosphates do not move in the soil, P fertilizers should be placed within the immediate reach of the roots of the cacao tree. Results of placing P at various distances and depths showed, on the basis of foliar analysis, that the uptake of P is optimum when supplied at a depth of 5 cm and a distance of 80 cm from the trunk. Leaf P contents vary with physiological age of leaves. As a result of this study, surface spreading of fertilizer can be recommended in a circle mulch but should not be buried. TI:Seasonal variations of populations of Boxiopsis madagascariensis Lavabre, a devastating Madagascar cacao mirid (preliminary note) OT:Les variations saisonnieres des populations de Boxiopsis madagascariensis Lavabre, miride ravageur du cacaoyer a Madagascar (note preliminaire) AU:Decazy,-B. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 18(4):255-262. DE:Plant-Pests PY:1974 GE:Malagasy Rep. **:A preliminary study on the biology of the Madagascar cacao mirid and on the seasonal changes in its populations indicated that cacao should be correctly shaded and the chupon shoots eliminated. Apart from that, adequate chemical control is necessary. TI:The development of blackpod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) in Ghana AU:Dakwa,-J.T. SO:Turrialba, 24(4):367-372; DE:Diseases; Fungi; Phytophthora-palmivora PY:1974 GE:Ghana **:Counts of numbers of diseased pods over a certain period of time indicate, that the disease developed rapidly between May and Sep. The pattern of development was influenced by location and fungicide application but was similar from year to year on different cacao varieties and under different shade regimes; the effects of these factors on disease incidence were, however, different. Blackpod developed faster under shade than without shade, and also in years and areas with frequent heavy rainfalls than with occasional light rains. Disease development was slow on cacao varieties known to be resistant to the disease but fast on those known to be susceptible. Fungicides reduced the rate at which the disease increased during the epiphytotic period. TI:An efficient, new cocoa pollinator, Lasioglossum sp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Ghana, West Africa AU:Kaufmann,-T. SO:Turrialba, 25(1):90-91. DE:Pollination; Pollinators; Insects; Hymenoptera; Halictidae; Lasioglossum PY:1975 GE:Ghana **:The sun-loving Lasioglossum sp. visits cocoa flowers (Theobroma cacao) blooming at the canopy level to gather pollen. During this process, the bee's zigzag movement in and out of petal hoods makes the insect brush against pistil 5 times in each flower, resulting in a characteristic distribution of pollen grains around the style. The pollination efficiency of Lasioglossum spp. proved more than twice as effective as some of the commonest ceratopogonid s in Ghana. This advantage is further enhanced by the bee's longer active hours and much greater flying distances. The importance of this cocoa pollinator for future studies is stressed. Authors' summary. TI:Dynamics of an Earias biplaga (Wlk) population - Lepidoptera, Noctuidae - in the ecosystem of the cocoa tree cultivated in the Lower Ivory Coast OT:Dinamique d'une population d'Earias biplaga (Wlk) - Lepidoptere, Noctuidae - dans l'ecosysteme du cacaoyer cultive en basse Cote d'Ivoire AU:Nguyen-Ban,-J. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 19(1):5-18. DE: Plant-Pests; Animal-Biology PY:1975 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:The dynamics of Earias and the various factors involved are discussed comprehensively on the basis of laboratory and field studies. The rapid development of the insect in the ecosystem of cacao coincides each year with a period of stress in the tree, resulting from optimum climatic conditions and favourable nutritional status of the substrate. TI:Studies on seedlings of Theobroma cacao L., variety Fdn3 Amazon. I. Role of cotyledons in seedling development AU:Olofinboba,-M.O. SO:Turrialba, 25(2):121-127. DE:Growth; Nurseries; PY:1975 GE:Africa; Nigeria **:This study showed that removal of the cotyledons from above cacao variety, before the formation of 4 fully expanded leaves results in growth retardation. The cotyledons are not important photosynthesising organs, but they store food reserves for the development of the seedling. The importance of these reserves for growth decreases with the age of the seedling. Application of herbicides on the cotyledons caused swelling of the hypocotyl, suppression of growth, and rapid proliferation of lateral root primordia. TI:Horizontal resistance of the cocoa tree to Phytophthora sp. Methods of early evaluation OT:La resistance horizontale du cacaoyer au Phytophthora sp. Methodes d'evaluation precoce AU:Partiot,-M. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 19(2):123-136. DE: Plant-Diseases; PY:1975 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Laboratory work conducted in the Ivory Coast to develop methods for early evaluation of horizontal resistance to Phytophthora sp. of cacao is reported. Two direct methods to be used with pods and 2 indirect methods to be used with young roots of plagiotropic cuttings, beans, and plantlets are described. The tests would allow: (1) the constitution of a differential range of pathodemas and pathotypes; (2) acceleration of programmes for resistance breeding; and (3) a better understanding of the pod rot horizontal resistance phenomenon. TI:A new jassidomorphic Homoptera of the Cameroon cocoa plantations OT:Un nouvel homoptere jassidomorphe des cacaoyeres camerounaises AU:Boulard,-M. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 19(2):137-138. DE:Insect-Pests; Hemiptera; Homoptera; PY:1975 GE:Cameroon **:Morphology of the sucking insect Wolfella benjamini occurring in cacao in the Rep. of Cameroon is described. TI:Characteristics of the marketing of cocoa in Bahia OT:Caracteristicas da comercializacao de cacau na Bahia AU:Rezende,-A.M.; Aad-Neto,-A.; Sousa,-A.F.-de; Barroco,-H.E.; Brandt,-S.A. SO:Revista Ceres, 22(120):116-140. DE:Production-Economics PY:1975 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:This marketing study deals specifically with the various channels of the commercialization of cocoa and quantifies the respective contributions by the participants in the market. Results show that the wholesale exporters are mainly responsible for the marketing in the study area, i.e. the municipality of Ilheus, Bahia (Brazil). Information is presented on the forward selling of cocoa, credit, length of storage of the produce, and the relation between size of enterprise and level of technology in the method of transport. TI:Observations on quality and sale of Malaysian cocoa beans AU:Schwartz,-P.B.; SO:Planter (Malaysia).1975, 51(591):258-261; DE:Quality; Product-Properties; Marketing- PY:1975 GE:Malaysia **:Problems related with quality requirements and sale on the world market of cocoa beans are identified. Malaysian growers often have to sell their produce for lower prices than Ghanian or Nigerian growers. The solution obviously lies in striving for good quality of the beans and it is therefore recommended that Malaysian producers should pay more attention to: (1) re-appraising selection of planting materials; (2) conducting research more intensively into all aspects of bean processing and the agronomy of the crop; and (3) aiming for quantity only in as far as it is compatible with quality. TI:Research on the determinism of the growth rhythm of the cocoa tree OT:Recherche du determinisme du rythme de croissance du cacaoyer AU:Vogel-M; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 19(4):265-290. DE:Flushing; PY:1975 **:From a review of the literature it appears that the growth rhythm of leafy cacao shoots is of endogenous origin for plagiotropic axes. In view of the regular and "automatic" character of the growth rhythm of both arthotropic and plagiotropic axes, and the fact that the overall root elongation rhythm has the same period as the rhythm of the aerial plant parts, the idea of overall endogenous rhythm is suggested. Experiments showed that the growth rhythm of the shoots is essentially due to internal correlations between the shoot apex and the nearest-by half-developed leaves. The nature of these internal correlations is discussed, viz. transfer of inhibiting substance, membrane message from cell to cell, and competition for nutrients. Practical applications are suggested. TI:(Evolution of black pod disease under natural conditions of the Ivory Coast cocoa plantations). OT:Evolution de la pourriture brune dans les conditions naturelles de la cacaoyere ivoirienne AU:Babacauh,-K.D. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 19(4):293-302. DE: Plant-Diseases; Plant-Diseases PY:1975 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Phytophthora palmivora strains were systematically gathered in 7 cacao plantations. Greatest damage was caused by P. palmivora, except for 1 plantation where Trachysphaera fructigena (mealy pod disease) was the most damaging agent. Progression of the disease varies from one area to another. A correlation was established between rainfall and the development of rot between July and September. It is estimated that 2 to 4 fungicidal treatments should be sufficient during this short period of rains. TI:(Behaviour of hybrid families of cocoa trees subjected to Helopeltis Sign. attacks). OT:Comportement de familles hybrides de cacaoyers soumis aux attaques de Helopeltis Sign. AU:Decazy,-B.; Lotode,-R. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 19(4):303-306. DE: Plant-Pests; PY:1975 GE:Cameroon **:Ten hybrid families of cocoa trees in 10 randomized repetitions of 20 trees each under shading were studied. Analysis of multiple regression leads to the conclusion that the development of the canopy has a positive and significant attracting influence; the attracting character is not a function of the number of cherelles (or very young pods) per tree but increases with the number of pods/tree. It should be noted that this increase varies from one hybrid to the next and represents the intrinsic attracting character of these hybrids with respect to Helopeltis sp. The resisting nature to psyllids (Tyora tessmani) and the non-attracting character with respect to Helopeltis sp. are in all likelihood carried by the same genes. Authors' summary. TI:Effect of season on sun drying of cocoa beans in Brazil AU:Ghosh,-B.N.; Cunha,-J. SO:Turrialba, 25(4):396-403. DE:Unit-Operations PY:1975 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The sun drying of cocoa beans after fermentation is carried out on a flat, horizontal platform. An average of 10 days is needed to sundry a batch of beans, with a minimum and maximum recorded value of 5 and 12 days, respectively. An extraction of 84% of the bean moisture is needed to produce a dry sample. An average of 55 hrs of sunshine and 69 platform-open hours is necessary to dry a batch; on the average the platform is kept open for 7 hrs a day. The initial bean moisture content had only a marginal effect on the number of days needed to dry a batch. The dry stage, as judged by the operator, was found to vary from 7% to just over 10% in moisture content, which is somewhat higher than the maximum recommended value of 8%. The use of a portable, easy-to-operate moisture meter, is likely to produce more consistent results. TI:Amounts of nutrients removed from the soil in harvested Amelonado and F3 Amazon cacao during a year AU:Omotoso,-T.I. SO:Turrialba, 25(4):425-428. DE:Nutrient-cycling; Nutrient-removal; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Husk; Beans; Testa; Amazon; Amelonado PY:1975 GE:Africa; Nigeria **:In the case of cacao it has been shown that both the physical and chemical properties of soil decline with cultivation, with a corresponding decline in the yield. To study the removal of nutrients, bimonthly samples of cacao pods of both varieties from 4 different localities were analysed throughout the year. It was shown that there is little variation between the 2 varieties as well as in the NPK contents throughout the year and from one locality to another. It was calculated that the amounts of NPK removed from the soil in harvested Amelonado cacao are, respectively, 47.3, 7.1 and 94.8 kg/ha, assuming an average yield of 1,255 kg dry beans/ha. The amounts of P and K are not expressed here as P2O5 and K2O, but in bare P and K values. TI:(Tests relating to the use of growth substances on cocoa trees in the Ivory Coast). OT:Essais d'utilisation de substances de croissance sur cacaoyers en Cote d'Ivoire AU:Snoeck,-J. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 20(1):3-10. DE:growth-regulators; hormones; CCC; cherelle-wilt; PY:1976 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:The growth retardants CCC (chlormequat chloride) and B9 (N-dimethylamin o succinamic acid) were applied in various concentrations to cocoa seed gardens with several clones. When applied during flowering, they improved substantially the rate of fertilization of the ovules, resulting in a strong increase in the number of beans/pod (mi 51% with 500 ppm of CCC). When applied before flowering, production was increased by 57% with 500 ppm of CCC, and by 60% with a mixture of 500 ppm of B9 and 600 ppm of Fruitone (AAA). It is thought that the growth retardants induce a temporary reduction of the development of small branches so reducing the competition for photosynthates between these branches and the ovules and young fruits. TI:(Development of the microflora and fatty acids of cocoa beans during storage. Preliminary study). OT:Evolution de la microflore et des acides gras des feves de cacao au cours du stockage: etude preliminaire AU:Guenot,-M.-C.; Perriot,-J.-J.; Vincent,-J.-C. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 20(1):53-58. DE:Stimulant-Products; Product-Storage-and-Damage; Product-Properties PY:1976 GE:Cameroon **:Forastero cocoa beans from Cameroon were stored for 6 months at 28 +/- 2oC and 80 +/- 3% relative humidity. With an initial water content of 5.1%, the equilibrium moisture content was reached after 4 months of storage. The fungal population tended to stabilize itself after 1 month at a low level and consisted mainly of Mucor (M. pusillus); no yeast was shown to exist. Free fatty acids increased only slightly during storage with preferential liberation of palmitic and oleic acids. TI:Cocoa on island soils in peninsular Malaysia AU:Mainstone,-B.J. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 52(598):16-24; DE: Crop-Cultivation-and-Maintenance PY:1976 GE:Malaysia; west **:Upto 1961, cocoa had not been considered as a suitable crop for farmers anywhere in W. Malaysia because of stem 'dieback'. However, after introduction of some seedlings of another type than the Amelonado type in 1951 and later importations of similar material in 1961, the position began to change and there was more interest in cocoa planting. This Upper Amazone material was hardier, more precocious and suffered less from "dieback". It also could tolerate less shade and longer periods of water stress. Following the recommendations on cultural practices described in this article, cocoa appears to be an economical crop producing good yields of over 2,000 kg/ha of dry beans in a year, also on inland soils in W. Malaysia. TI:(Annual Report 1975). OT:Rapport d'Activite 1975 SO:Rapport d'Activite-Institut Francais-du-Cafe-et du-Cacao (France).Paris (France), IFCC, 1976, 114 p., figs, maps, photos, tables PY:1976 GE:Africa **:This report contains firstly information on chemical and technological research conducted in France regarding processing of cocoa and coffee. Furthermore, results are given of research carried out mainly with respect to selection and breeding in (1) the Ivory Coast, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee, cacao and kola, (2) Togo, on Robusta and Arabica coffee, cacao and tea, (3) the Cameroon Rep., on Robusta, Arabica and Arabusta coffee, cacao, and tea, (4) Madagascar, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee, and tea, and (5) New Caledonia, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee. TI:A selection criterion of main importance for the cocoa tree in the Cameroon: the resistance to the black pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) OT:Un critere primordial de selection du cacaoyer au Cameroun: la resistance a la pourriture brune des cabosses (Phytophthora palmivora) AU:Blaha,-G.; Lotode,-R. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 20(2):97-116. DE:Plant-Diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1976 GE:Cameroon **:The method adopted to screen for disease resistance simulated as much as possible natural conditions. The tests were carried out on living pods still on the tree, during the main rainy season, on trees receiving neither fertilizers nor pesticides. The infection was carried out at a point in the cortex using a suspension of zoospores of local aggressive strains. It was noted that the epidermal resistance to penetration of the fungus and resistance to its progression inside the cortex were sometimes inversely related (susceptibility tests must therefore take into account the 2 phenomena), and that certain clones definitely stimulated the formation of fructification organs of the fungus. The resistance to penetration of the fungus was lowered when the fruit was picked. TI:(Phytophthora sp., a parasite of the cocoa tree in the Ivory Coast. First study of its morphological, physiological and pathogenic variability). OT:Le Phytophthora sp., parasite du cacaoyer en Cote d'Ivoire. Premiere etude de sa variabilite morphologique, physiologique et pathogenique AU:Babacauh,-K.D.; Partiot,-M. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 20(2):117-128. DE: Plant-Diseases PY:1976 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:The results reported in this article show that the populations of Phytophthora sp. are heterogeneous. It is therefore concluded that a simultaneous study of host and parasite is indispensable in resistance-breeding. TI:Vascular-streak dieback of cocoa in Papua New Guinea and Peninsular Malaysia AU:Byrne,-P.N. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 52(599):49-53; DE: Plant-Diseases PY:1976 GE:Southeast Asia; Papua New Guinea, Malaysia **:The causative fungus (Oncobasidium theobromae) and the symptoms associated with vascular-streak dieback disease of cacao are described. In the early sixties this disease has become epidemic in several cacao growing areas of Papua New Guinea, causing estimated overall losses of 25-40%. Pruning out of infected branches is practicable for delaying build-up of the disease in newly infected areas. Selection of resistant (less susceptible) planting material is the most promising control measure to date. The importance of the disease in Peninsular Malaysia and the need to introduce control measures is stressed. Future cacao development should be based preferably on vegetative propagation of resistant planting material by means of budding. TI:(Study of the cocoa tree pollen dissemination with the P32 labelling method). OT:Etude du transport du pollen de cacaoyer par marquage au 32P AU:Massaux,-F.; Tchiendji,-C.; Misse,-C.; Decazy,-B. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 20(3):163-172. DE: Plant-Growth-and-Development PY:1976 GE:Cameroon **:Since the interpollination of cacao trees belonging to compatible clones is one of the essential factors affecting productivity, the authors have studied its effects under natural conditions. The distribution of the number of pollen goes through 2 maxima around 08:00 hr and 17:00 hr, with or without insects. The number of pollen collected on insects captured on the cacao flowers indicates that all captured insects are able to ensure fertilization. The wind, whether natural or forced by atomization plays only a small and negligible part in the role of transportation of pollen. It is shown that several species of insects other than Forcipomya can pollinate cacao, such Drosophila eoundo, Zaprionus spp., Toxoptera aurantii, Stilobezzia sp., and Tyora tessmanni. TI:Water supply for young cocoa and influence of irrigation OT:Alimentation hydrique des jeunes cacaoyers. Influence de l'irrigation AU:Jadin,-P.; Chauchard,-A.; Bois,-J.F. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 20(3):173-200. DE:Soil-Physics; Water-relations; Seedlings PY:1976 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Experiments involving the water supply and the effects of additional water supplies were carried out. One plot was not irrigated, 1 plot received sprinkler irrigation, and 1 plot received trickle irrigation. Fertilizer needs were evaluated by soil diagnosis. Determination of field capacity profiles and water movements in the soil was carried out using neutron probes. It was shown that water supplies considerably improve growth and developement of crowns, the trickle irrigation system being superior to sprinkler irrigation. The latter system reduces growth differences between hybrids. Resistance to pests is increased by trickle irrigation. TI:The establishment and the development of cocoa mealy pod lesions and the evaluation of fungicides for their control AU:Dakwa,-J.T. SO:Turrialba, 26(3):279-285; DE:Diseases; Fungi; PY:1976 GE:Ghana **:Lesions of cocoa mealy pod caused by Trachysphaera fructigena were established when pods were extensively (plug holes), moderately (scratches) and lightly (pin holes) wounded. Lesions however, established sooner with extensive wounds. Susceptibility of wounds declined sharply 24 hr after wounding. Inoculum in the form of conidia or infected pod tissue free of spores infected pods but, because lesions associated with conidia developed more quickly, these were 1.2 times longer and wider than those associated with infected pod tissue. Kocide '101' (copper hydroxide) and Perecol (copper oxychloride) appeared to be suitable fungicides for the dual purpose of controlling mealy pod and black pod (Phytophthora palmivora) diseases. No fungicide suppressed sporulation. TI:The effect of MCPP on aspects of the metabolism of 17-day old seedlings of Theobroma cacao, variety Fdn3 Amazon AU:Olofinboba,-M.O.; Fawole,-M.O. SO:Turrialba, 26(2):167-173. DE:Nurseries; Growth-regulators; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Proteins; Distribution; PY:1976 **:The cotyledon, hypocotyl and root of 17-day-old seedlings, var. F3 Amazon, contained lipids, amino acids, maltose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, xylose and starch. Application of MCCP on the cotyledon affected the distribution of these reserves in the seedling within 48 hrs. TI:(Comparison of different techniques of 32P labelling of the cocoa tree organs). OT:Comparaison de differentes techniques de marquage au 32P des organes du cacaoyer AU:Massaux,-F.; Tchiendji,-C.; Misse,-C.; Bruneau-de-Mire,-P.; Decazy,-B. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 20(4):273-286. DE: Plant-Physiology; Research- PY:1976 GE:Cameroon **:Integral techniques for labelling cocoa trees are presented. Attention is paid to the sleeve method, and to soil and plant injection methods. Methods are described for injecting 32P into flower buds and the bud peduncle, and for external labelling of flowers. Details are given. The distribution of radioactivity through the plant is intended as an aid in the study of the eco-system and of entomological aspects in the crop. TI:(Relationships between the chemical potentials of the soils in Ivory Coast and the production of cocoa trees). OT:Relations entre le potentiel chimique des sols de Cote d'Ivoire et la production des cacaoyers AU:Jadin,-P.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 20(4):287-296. DE: Plant-Nutrition; Soil-Fertility PY:1976 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Pot and field trials, conducted in Ivory Coast, showed that P correction in the presence of regular N dressings caused considerable yield increases. The pot trial indicated that addition of P in presence of sufficient N increased number of flowers by 65% as compared to the control, but no effect was observed when N was deficient. Addition of N and P in N rich soil increased the number of flowers more than 4 fold, whereas in N deficient soil this was 6-10 fold. The N/P equilibrium seems to affect the floral abundance; values< 2 appear favourable. Addition of K increased fruit setting rates by half; the balance with Ca and Mg seems less important in this respect. The results of a field trial have provided a first confirmation of these results. TI:Response of six-month-old seedlings of Theobroma cacao to foliar treatment with Spruce Seal AU:Olofinboba,-M.O.; Fawole,-M.O. SO:Turrialba, 26(4):365-370; DE:Growth-Regulators; Nurseries; Transpiration; Chlorophyll; Anti-transparant; PY:1976 GE:Nigeria **:In earlier studies "spruce seal" was observed in Nigeria to reduce rate of wilting of young uprooted cacao seedlings. Further work reported in this article shows that "spruce seal" is an effective antitranspirant for cacao at 0.5 to 2% concentrations but chlorophyll content was reduced with increasing concentration of the antitranspirant. CO2 assimilation was enhanced by a 0.5% concentration but 1 and 2% concentrations caused an inhibition. Treated seedlings retained more assimilates 30 days after exposure to CO2 than did untreated plants. A 0.5% concentration of spruce seal is considered suitable to reduce mortality rate after transplanting. TI:(Cross-protection of the cocoa tree against Phytophthora sp.: induction of occurrence and first trial of its utilisation as a control means). OT:La premunition du cacaoyer contre le Phytophthora sp. Induction du phenomene et premier essai d'utilisation comme moyen de lutte AU:Partiot,-M.; N'Guessan-Konan; Zoumboi,-A.M. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(1):29-40. DE: Plant-Diseases; Crop-Protection PY:1977 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Experiments, conducted in Ivory Coast, showed that immunization of cocoa seedlings against Phytophthora spp. is feasible. Lots of pre-inoculated seedlings with a mildly aggressive strain showed 88-100% survival rate over a period of 4-6 weeks after infection with aggressive Phytophthora strains. Comprehensive details are given. TI:A new herbicide trial in a cocoa plantation at the Nkoemvone station OT:Un nouvel essai d'herbicides en plantation de cacaoyers a la station de Nkoemvone AU:Paviot,-J. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(1):41-46. DE:Weed-control; Herbicides; Glyphosate; Diuron PY:1977 GE:Cameroon **:Field trials conducted in Cameroon on 3-year-old stunted cocoa trees showed that association of glyphosate mi diuron has quite substantial herbicidal efficiency. Applications of glyphosate at 730 g/l, 1,460 g/l and 2,190 g/l a.e. are comparable to applications of 1,460 g/l glyphosate mi 2.40 kg diuron/ha, or 1,460 g/l glyphosate mi 0.30 l/ha paraquat. The combination with diuron shows the highest persistence, but the cost factor may be prohibitive. TI:(Fermentation tests with small samples of cocoa). OT:Essais de fermentation de petits echantillons de cacao AU:Challot,-F. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(1):47-54. DE: Product-Properties PY:1977 GE:Cameroon **:A fermentation method is presented in which simple apparatus, readily available in any laboratory, are used, namely, a drying oven adjustable to +/- 2 to 3 degC and desiccators. Three fermentation methods are compared. Cocoa beans from one lot were divided up, dried for 2 hrs, and placed in a wooden control box in the form of a cube, in 4 desiccators and in four 1 l cylindrical recipients closed with a lid. The 4 desiccators and the 4 recipients were maintained at 37 degC in a drying oven for 48 hrs, and then at 50 degC for 4 days. The cocoa was stirred twice a day. The fermentation in the control box lasted 6 days, the cocoa being stirred on the 1st, 2nd and 4th days. Each sample was subjected to a cut test and the following physical characteristics were obtained: weight of 100 beans, number of beans in 100 g, and swelling index. Tasting tests with chocolate samples showed that there is no change in the concentration or nature of the aromatic compounds. TI:Cocoa establishment and maintenance on alluvial soils AU:Menon,-K.G.; SO:Planter (Malaysia). 53(612):88-98; DE: Crop-Cultivation-and-Maintenance PY:1977 GE:Malaysia **:This paper is meant for the practical planter. It provides information on the current techniques and practices for the cultivation of cacao in Malaysia, e.g. planting material, nursery techniques, field preparations, lining, holing, transplanting, care after planting and early maintenance, including manuring and weed and pest control. TI:Aspects of cocoa cultivation under coconut on two estates in Peninsular Malaysia AU:Shepherd,-R.; Gilbert,-J.R.; Cowling,-P.G. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 53(612):99-117; DE:Farm-Management; Farm-Economics PY:1977 GE:Malaysia **:Interplanting of cocoa in avenues between old coconut palms has proved an unqualified success. Coconut crops have not declined and it is expected that yields in excess of 1,000 lb dry beans/acre can be obtained from the cocoa stand. Even although the cocoa has not reached full maturity in all plantings, the revenue from cocoa in recent years has exceeded that from the coconut stand and the current combined revenue per acre is greater than obtained from oil palms. Interplanting has not been without problems. Most of the difficulties have been overcome, but close vigilance must be maintained to ensure that vascular-streak dieback and diseases caused by Phytophthora palmivora are contained. Strict checks and timely remedial measures are also necessary to minimise damage by insect and mammalian pests. Limited replanting of old coconut stands underplanted with cocoa has been attempted. A means of disposal of the palms which causes very little damage to cocoa has been developed. TI:Annual report 1976 OT:Rapport d'activite 1976 SO:Rapport d'Activite-Institut Francais-du-Cafe-et du-Cacao (France).Paris (France), IFCC, 1976, 94 p., tables PY:1976 GE:Africa **:This report on activities in 1976 deals with coffee, cacao, tea, and other stimulant crop research conducted in France, Ivory Coast, Togo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Madagascar, and New Caledonia. TI:Influence of the leaf and lignification of the stem on the rooting of the cuttings from cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae OT:Influence de la feuille et de l'aoutement de la tige sur l'enracinement des boutures de cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiacees) AU:Vogel-M; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(2):91-98. DE:Vegetative-reproduction; Cuttings PY:1977 GE:Cameroon **:An experiment was carried out with the clone Amelonado SNK 37. Ninety semi-lignified plagiotropic cuttings with a single node were split longitudinally at their base, so as to separate the 2 types of "wood", i.e. green and lignified. The limb of each leaf was reduced to a quarter of its length. It was shown that rooting tended to take place towards the base of the cutting, and preferentially on the lignified side. Rooting is the result of internal morphogenous correlations between an emitter site, the leaf (associated perhaps with its bud) and a receptor site on the mose basal and lignified part of the cutting. The messages pass through the stem longitudinally or very slightly obliquely, according to a strict polarity. TI:Storage of cocoa under vacuum in polyethylene containers. OT:Stockage du cacao sous vide dans des conteneurs en polyethylene AU:Challot,-F.; Vincent,-J.C. SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ, 21(2):29-136. DE:Storage; PY:1977 GE:Cameroon **:The beans were introduced into parallelepiped-shaped 240 l capacity polyethylene containers, which were then sealed, a vacuum of 600 mm having been obtained by means of a laboratory pump. The containers were stored for twenty months under shelter, but after eight months, two containers were exposed to bad weather. The samples taken before the test and after various storage periods, were analyzed for moisture content, submitted to cut tests, and the swelling index, weight of hundred beans, number of beans in 100 g, amount of matter oxidisable with KMnO4, and the inner Zeller acidity figure determined. The chocolate was examined for organoleptic properties. On the basis of the results obtained, the conservation of cocoa beans under vacuum does not affect their physical, chemical and organoleptic properties adversely. The proliferation of insects and the development of microflora are checked. TI:The sceptical cocoa grower AU:Ng-Siew-Kee SO:Planter (Malaysia). 53(614):202-205. DE: Plant-Diseases PY:1977 GE:Malaysia **:In order to place the fast expanding cocoa industry on a stronger footing, the author urges the progressive and dynamic Malaysian industry to strengthen and intensify research. As first priority breeding for resistance against VSD (Vascular Streak Dieback) must be accelerated. In this fashion the scepticism of the cocoa grower can mellow into guarded optimism as threats of explosive pestilences recede into the background. TI:Contribution to the knowledge of the heriditary transmission of the resistance of the cocoa tree to the black pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) in Cameroon OT:Contribution a la connaissance des modalites de la transmission hereditaire de la resistance du cacaoyer a la pourriture brune des cabosses (Phytophthora palmivora) au Cameroun AU:Blaha,-G.; Lotode,-R. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(3):179-196. DE:Plant-Diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; PY:1977 GE:Cameroon **:Inoculations with local strains of Phytophthora palmivora of pods growing on cocoa hybrid trees showed that resistance and susceptibility are transmitted genetically but that the offspring of resistant parents is more susceptible than the parent trees, while the variability within hybrid families is very pronounced. Reciprocal crosses produce different results and demonstrate the predominant role played by the male parent. This might be attributed to a maternal effect which is not located in the chromosomes. TI:Preliminary study on the utilisation of resins for prolonging the remanence of fungicides used against the black pod disease of the cocoa tree (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.) OT:Etude preliminaire sur l'emploi des resines pour ameliorer la remanence des fongicides utilises contre la pourriture brune du cacaoyer (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.) AU:Couprie,-F. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(3):203-209. DE:Diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; Chemical-control; Spraying; Sticker; PY:1977 GE:Cameroon **:Climatic conditions in the Cameroons necessitate a high frequency of fungicide application if cocoa pods are to be protected against Phytophthora palmivora. Experiments with various fungicides in combination with resin-type additives showed that in the presence of the latter, both run-off during spraying and leaching during subsequent rains are reduced. TI:Variation and correlations of some pod and bean values in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) with reference to the parental effects on fruit setting and bean number AU:Eskes-AB; Beek-MA; Toxopeus-H; SO:Turrialba, 27(2):193-198. PY:1977 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:Fruits obtained from 2 pollination experiments were analyzed for various characters. Differences in fruit setting and bean number per pod were significant between male parents, indicating genetical differences in pollen fertility. When a heavy cherelle wilt occurred 7 weeks after pollination, the only clone showing considerable tolerance was 'SCA 12'. Correlations between 7 pod and bean characters have been determined within 5 clones. Generally dry bean production per pod was closer related to bean number, than to the average bean weight. However, in fruits with a relatively high number of beans the average bean weight is of a major importance. In this group of fruits the average bean weight becomes a less independent character, showing high correlations with pod weight and dry weight of the pod wall. Authors' summary. TI:Observations on free pollination in Theobroma cacoa: mathematical analysis of data and modelling. OT:Observations sur la pollinisation libre chez Theobroma cacao: analyse mathemathique des donnees et modelisation AU:Parvais,-J.P.; Reffye,-P.-de; Lucas,-P. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(4):253-262. DE:Pollination; Fruit-set; Simulation; PY:1977 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Lack of pollination is a limiting factor in fruiting of cocoa trees. In this study it appeared that only a minority of styles carried any pollen and that of these only a few carried sufficient pollen to fertilize the ovules and set fruits. Pollen tends to aggregate, thus pollination depends on the frequency of the deposition of aggregates on the style and on the size of these aggregates. The frequency of the deposition of the aggregates depends on the mode of action of the pollination vectors, mainly insects. Simulation methods enable the various means of the pollination of the cocoa tree to be evaluated and the possible influence of external factors to be described. TI:A typology of the peasant coffee or cocoa farms in Ivory Coast OT:Une typologie des exploitations paysannes de cafeiers et de cacaoyers de Cote d"'Ivoire AU:Vaissiere-P-de-la SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(4):273-287. DE:Farming-Types; Rural-Sociology; Labour-social-aspects PY:1977 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Almost all the coffee (Coffea canephora) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) produced in the Ivory Coast (285,000 tons and 240,000 tons respectively in 1976/77) is derived from peasant farms. This study was carried out on the basis of a national agricultural survey of 1974/75. It relates the yields with the number of permanent labourers, the criterion which best represents the size of a farm. The size of the farm also relates to whether only one of these 2 crops is grown or both. Oil palm and coconut are also sometimes grown on a farm together with coffee and/or cocoa. A cumulative effect is observed of the number of crops grown on farm size and the number of family or paid labourers. A paid permanent labourer recruitment threshold seems to appear from 4 to 5 permanent labourers, which seems to represent a family labour saturation point. TI:(The mineral nutrition of cocoa at the Nkoemvone Station: present situation and prospects). OT:La nutrition minerale du cacaoyer a la station de Nkoemvone: bilan et perspectives AU:Paviot,-J. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 21(4):245-252. DE: Plant-Nutrition PY:1977 GE:Cameroon **:The object of this study was to use soil analysis to establish the possible economic interest of mineral fertilizers on cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in S. Cameroon. In a field trial the chemical changes in the soil, growth, yield and yield components of the cocoa tree were compared for plots with a balanced K-Ca-Mg fertilizer and for control plots. In pots the effect of different doses of fertilizers on the diameter of the stem, the number of foliated shoots, flowering and fruiting, and on the chemical changes of the soil, were studied. A nursery trial was also done. In this way fertilizer formulations could be determined by which substantial increases in growth and yield could be obtained. TI:Root distribution of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer AU:Falade,-J.A. SO:Turrialba, 27(3):267-271; DE:Root-system; Plant-Growth-and-Development; Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses PY:1977 GE:Nigeria **:The effect of continued application of N (as urea) at dosages of 0, 45, 90 and 180 kg/ha on spatial distribution of amazon cocoa roots has been investigated. Vertical distribution of roots was greatly affected by the fertilizer treatments. The quantity of medium (1 to 5 mm diameter) roots was found to decrease, and that of bigger roots to first rise before falling with increasing N dosage. Increasing N dosage did not affect the quantity of small roots (diameter less than 1 mm). Low to medium doses of N either increased or decreased quantity of roots depending on the root fraction and depth considered. Where there was a decrease, it was more pronounced than that caused by high N doses. TI:Cocoa bean processing - a review AU:Ong-Kheng-Hoi SO:Planter (Malaysia). 53(620):509-530; DE:Fermentation; Drying; Reviews; PY:1977 GE:Malaysia **:Fermentation, fermentation methods and various drying techniques of cocoa are described. TI:Annual report 1977 OT:Rapport d'activite 1977 SO:Rapport d'Activite-Institut Francais-du-Cafe-et du-Cacao (France).Paris (France), IFCC, 1978, 100 p., maps, photos, tables PY:1978 GE:Africa **:Research on coffee (Coffea arabica, C. canephora and their interspecific hybrid Arabusta), cacao, tea and kola (Cola nitida) is recorded. Genetic improvement, cultural practices, plant protection measures and improvement of the quality of commercial produce in various countries, including Ivory Coast, Togo and Cameroon, are reviewed. TI:The effect of irrigation on the earliness of young cocoa trees OT:Effet de l'irrigation sur la precocite des jeunes cacaoyers AU:Jadin,-P.; Jacquemart,-J.P.; SO:CaCafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 22(1):31-36 DE:Water-relations; Precocity; Yields; PY:1978 GE:Ivory-Coast **:The object of the trial was to demonstrate the effect of different types of irrigation with and without fertilizers on the yield of young cacao plantings. Watering does not affect the physiological cycles of the cacao tree, but it promotes the development of young cacao trees and improves the initial yield (or earliness). This beneficial effect is related to the manner in which the water is supplied. Drip irrigation is superior to a sprinkler system, because it makes better use of the small quantity of water at the dripping points under which the roots of the cacao trees have developed. TI:Existence of a morphogenous gradient in the upper vegetative buds in the orthotropic axes of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae). Occurrence of plagiotropy OT:Existence d'un gradient morphogene au niveau des bourgeons vegetatifs superieurs des axes orthotropes chez le cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae). Apparition de la plagiotropie AU:Vogel-M; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 22(1):13-30. DE:Architecture; PY:1978 GE:Cameroon **:In Theobroma cacao, a tree with dimorphous branches, the appearance of the crown at the top of the young trunk seems a priori a phenomenon which either occurs or does not occur, in which a typical single-stemmed orthotropic axis is opposite to ramified plagiotropic axes. In fact a gradual progression occurs in certain characteristics, such as phyllotaxis, the shape of the leaves, the possibility of the occurrence and the nature of possible ramification. There are two possible types of passages to plagiotropy: sudden in plants derived from seeds, gradual in certain plants whose development has previously been disturbed. The location, nature and importance of the zone of the passage to plagiotropy (at the top of the young trunk) are themselves subject to "random" fluctuation, common to all biological phenomena. TI:Nutrition of coconuts - a review for formulating guidelines on fertiliser recommendations in Malaysia AU:Chew,-P.S.; SO:Planter (Malaysia). 54(624):115-141. DE:Fertiliser-and-Manure-Application; PY:1978 GE:Malaysia **:The cultivation of cocoa under coconuts and the availability of very productive Malayan Yellow Dwarf x West African Tall (MAWA) hybrids has renewed interest in coconuts. The nutrient removal of coconuts producing 6 ton coprah/ha is about equal to oil palms producing 25 t f.f.b./ha and considerably higher than in existing plantings. Responses to N are expected on coastal clays and later possibly to K. Complete fertilizers will probably be required on inland soils. In the absence of sufficient reliable fertilizer experimental data annual foliar analysis should provide useful guidance on fertilizer requirements. TI:The swollen shoot disease of the cocoa tree in Togo. Preliminary inventory and first estimate of the losses caused by this disease OT:Le "swollen shoot" du cacaoyer au Togo. Inventaire preliminaire et premiere estimation des pertes causees par la maladie AU:Partiot,-M.; Djiekpor,-E.K.; Amefia,-Y.K.; Bakar,-K.A. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 22(3):217-228. DE:Plant-Diseases; Cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; CSSV; Virusses PY:1978 GE:Togo **:In this study, the presence of several types of virus diseases of different aspects and aggressiveness, has been revealed. The most serious form is seen by the swelling of the twigs and the appearance of characteristic mosaic patterns on the leaves of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao). It affects 21% of the plantations in the country. The question of the origin of the Togo virus is raised in connection with the study of the ecological factors. Further study and the examination of atypical forms of the disease, in order to make it possible to achieve a more effective control of it, are needed. TI:Seasonal fluctuations in the fertility of the cocoa tree mirid, Distantiella theobroma Dist. OT:Fluctuations saisonnieres de la fecondite chez le miride du cacaoyer Distantiella theobroma Dist. AU:Piart-J; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 22(3):195-202. DE:Plant-Pests; Animal-Biology PY:1978 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Mass breeding of the cacao (Theobroma cacao) tree mirid was carried out in the laboratory in the Ivory Coast, on fresh plant material (suckers of the silk cotton tree, Ceiba pentandra), between 1968 and 1973. The average fertility of the females was found to fluctuate with a minimum in Mar.-Apr. and its highest values between Jun. and Nov. No significant difference was found between the average fertilities observed in each generation of the females that had been bred or were collected. A significant correlation was found to exist between the quantity of water available to the plant and the fertility of the insects that fed on it. It is assumed that, in this way, the chemical composition of the tissues of the host plant induces the fluctuations in fertility observed, also in nature. TI:Some factors affecting fat content in cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.), with emphasis on the effect of the pollinator parent AU:Beek-MA; Eskes-AB; Toxopeus-H; SO:Turrialba, 27(4):327-332. DE:Product-Properties; PY:1977 GE:Brazil **:The beans resulting from 2 pollination experiments were used for the study of some sources of variation on the fat content of cacao beans. No significant differences between trees of the same clone were found. A positive and significant correlation (rm=0.56 to 0.66) between bean weight and fat content existed within the bean populations as a total for female clones. For individual bean measurements, however, this correlation was low and often insignificant. Absolute differences in fat content of individual beans within a cross or even within one fruit could be as high as 8%. Female and male parents both affected significantly the fat content of the beans. Also the fat determinations on individual beans showed considerable differences in variation of fat content between crosses, the reciprocals of which always showed the same magnitude of variation. So it would seem, that the genotype of the zygote may be a main factor in determining its fat content. Authors' summary. TI:Some naturally occurring insect pathogens in Colombia AU:Agudelo,-F.; Falcon,-L.A. SO:Turrialba, 27(4):423-424; DE:Plant-Pests; Animal-Biology PY:1977 GE:Colombia **:Five pathogenic fungi, 1 bacterium and 1 virus were isolated from sick or dead insects, which attack cotton, citrus, cacao and soya beans. TI:Intercropping of coconuts with cocoa in Malaysia AU:Ramadasan,-K.; Addullah,-I.; Teoh,-K.C.; Vanialingam,-T.; Chan,-E. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 54(627):329-342; , DE:Intercropping PY:1978 GE:Malaysia; Peninsular-Malaysia **:Intercropping of cacao under older stands of coconuts results in greatly improved financial returns in Malaysia. Large coconut areas on fertile alluvial clays along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia have been underplanted with cacao. The favourable cacao bean prices, the unstable copra prices and the availability of the ready made coconut shade have accounted for the rapid expansion of the cacao industry. The present situation with respect to planting materials, cultural practices, fertilizer inputs, pests and diseases, harvesting, processing, as well as yields and profitability is considered and the main areas of research are discussed. The cropping system could be improved by using high-yielding coconuts hybrids. TI:(Training and standard of living of rural workers: the situation in the cacao region of Bahia). OT:Treinamento e nivel de vida do trabalhador rural: a situacao cacaueira da Bahia AU:Froes,-J.C.; Guerrero,-S.J.; Maffia,-L.N.; Castro,-L.N.B.-de SO:Revista Ceres, 25(139):266-279. DE:Labour-social-aspects; Education-and-Training PY:1978 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:A study on the impact of labour force training on the standard of living of rural workers from the cacao area of the State of Bahia showed that significant differences were found in the material and cultural conditions between the 2 groups of workers studied. The workers who received training showed better standards of living than the untrained ones. However, the standard of living of the population was deficient in relation to the main material and cultural benefits. TI:Influence of pollination hazards on the yields of the cocoa tree. Mathematical model and simulation OT:Influence des aleas de la pollinisation sur les rendements de cacaoyer. Modele mathematique et simulation AU:Reffye,-P.-de; Parvais,-J.P.; Mossu,-G.; Lucas,-P. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 22(4):251-274. DE:Flowering; Yield-forecasting; Pollination; Modelling; PY:1978 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Mathematical modelling techniques enable the reconstitution of the statistical repartition of the number of beans per pod in the cacao crop. This study led to the identification of three important breeding criteria, viz. fertility, number of ovules per ovary, and wilting point. Once these characteristics have been fixed yield depends only on pollination quality. TI:Diploidized haploids and production of fertile homozygous genotypes in cultivated cacao trees (Theobroma cacao) OT:Haploides diploidises et obtention de genotypes homozygotes fertiles chez les cacaoyers cultives (Theobroma cacao) AU:Dublin,-P. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 22(4):275-284. DE:Haploid-culture; Haploidy; PY:1978 GE:Ivory-Coast **:The improvement of cacao trees in Africa is based on the exploitation of the heterosis appearing when Amelonado or Trinitario are crossed with Upper Amazonian cacao. Amazonian hybrids commonly used are, however, very heterogeneous. This problem can be overcome by the identification of haploid seedlings and their subsequent diploidization. The author reviews the work done on this subject in the Ivory Coast since 1972. TI:The possibilities of improving techniques of pod breaking and fermentation in the traditional process for the preparation of cocoa. OT:Les possibilites d'amelioration des techniques d'ecabossage et de fermentation dans le processus artisanal de la preparation du cacao AU:Grimaldi,-J. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 22(4):303-316. PY:1978 GE:Cameroon **:The author gives a detailed description of the construction and mode of operation of a cocoa pod breaker, a mucilage remover, and a fermentation box for the small-scale preparation of cocoa. TI:(Infestation control trials and anti-mirid treatments). OT:Tests de controle d'infestation et traitements anti-mirides AU:Decazy,-B.; Essono,-B. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 23(1):35-42. DE: Plant-Pests; Crop-Protection PY:1979 GE:Cameroon **:The Cameroon Cacao Development Organization has developed a highly satisfactory method for the control of capsids (Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobromae) which consists of chemical treatment after insect counts have shown the need for it. Experiments described in the present paper show that the method can be improved by spraying all fields in July-August possibly followed by a second spray if capsid populations have increased above a newly-defined level. TI:Rats as agricultural pests in Malaysia and the tropics AU:Wood,-B.J.; Liau,-S.S.; SO:Planter (Malaysia). 54(631):580-599. DE:Plant-Pests; Rodents; Rats; PY:1978 GE:Malaysia; **:There are many species of rats in Malaysia, although a relatively small number are pests. Particular environments, including crops and habitations, support a characteristic limited range of species. In recent years, detailed studies have been carried out on the population dynamics of pest rats. They frequently occur in hundreds per acre and cause losses even more serious than was previously supposed. This paper illustrates the principles involved in studying and controlling rats in the tropics. TI:Crop protection in cocoa in Malaysia AU:Mainstone,-B.J. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 54(631):643-658; , DE: Plant-Pests; Plant-Diseases PY:1978 GE:Malaysia **:Cacao is relatively new as a large-scale crop in Malaysia. It is affected by various diseases and pests which may flare up or cause steady loss. Agricultural factors markedly influence incidence, and the need for control techniques to be integrated with general cultivation practice is stressed. Appropriate agronomy is the main route to disease control; insecticides are sometimes essential, but there are serious dangers in their indiscriminate use; rodent pests can sometimes totally destroy the harvest. It is vital to avoid the import of further diseases and pests. Author's summary. TI:Monilia disease of cocoa in Costa Rica AU:Enriquez-C,-G.A.; Suarez-C,-C. SO:Turrialba, 28(4):339-340; DE:Fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri PY:1978 GE:Costa-Rica **:Monilia disease caused by the fungus Monilia roreri had until recently been restricted to the north-western part of South America and a small area in Panama. In Dec. 1978, a new focus of infection was detected in a small area in Costa Rica, situated in a triangle formed by the mouth of the Estrella River and the counties Cahuita and Pandora in the Limon Province, at 9 deg45N and 83 degW. TI:Effects of bean maturity on seedling vigour in cacao (Theobroma cacao) AU:Adenikinju,-S.A. SO:Turrialba, 28(3):225-231. DE: Plant-Growth-and-Development PY:1978 GE:Nigeria **:Studies carried out at the Gambari Experiment Station of the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria since 1965 have shown that the stage of maturity of cacao beans has definite effects on their development and viability. The maturity of the beans also affects the growth of seedlings while mature green pods can supply beans capable of producing seedlings that are as vigorous or more vigorous than those of ripe pods. By using more vigorous seedlings it is possible to reduce the nursery period by up to 3 months while pods which have attained the mature size and colour prior to ripening could also be used for raising such seedlings for field planting. Author's summary. TI:Present state of the plant health situation of cocoa and coffee tree plantations in West Africa OT:Etat actuel de la situation phytosanitaire des cultures de cacaoyers et de cafeiers en Afrique de l'Ouest AU:Lavabre,-E.M.; SO:CafÈ Cacao ThÈ (France).1979, 23(3):183-186. DE:Plant-Pests PY:1979 GE:West-Africa **:The author reviews the pest problems of cacao and coffee in West Africa. Mirids, which have become resistant to organochlorine insecticides, are the most important pest of cacao. An integrated control policy and, in the longer run, breeding for resistance seem to be feasible. The most important coffee pest, the berry borer, can be effectively controlled with endosulfan, particularly if its use is based on knowledge of the biology of the insect. TI:(Control of mirids on the cocoa tree in Cameroon: new data on fog-sprayed insecticides). OT:La lutte contre les mirides du cacaoyer au Cameroun: nouvelle donnees sur les insecticides thermonebulisables AU:Decazy,-B. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 23(3):187-192. DE:Insect-Pests; Mirids; Insecticides- PY:1979 GE:Cameroon **:In Cameroon, mirids of cacao are controlled by spraying lindane, but other insecticides are required. The carbamates Orthobux, Etrofolan, PPC3 (isoprocarb) and Unden (propoxur) can be recommended, while the organophosphorous insecticides Basudine (diazinon) and Ekalux (quinalphos) hold promise. TI:(Use of cacao and tea by-products: bibliographic study). OT:Utilisation des sous-produits du cacao et du the: etude bibliographique AU:Boussard,-B. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1979, 23(3):215-219; Jul, bibliography (106 ref.) DE:By-products PY:1979 **:The industrial and agricultural uses of by-products and wastes from cacao (pods, pod husks, mucilage, discarded beans) and tea (leaves, seeds) processing are reviewed. TI:Relationships between the monthly crops from cacao trees and climatic factors in Ivory Coast OT:Relations entre les recoltes mensuelles des cacaoyers et les facteurs du climat en Cote d'Ivoire AU:Snoeck,-J. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 23(4):277-282 DE:Rainfall; Evaporation; Temperature; Radiation; Yields; Production; Forecasting; PY:1979 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:Ecological studies on cacao in Ivory Coast demonstrated the paramount importance of radiation and temperature in the humid forest areas and of rainfall in the dryer forest areas. TI:(Some aspects of the damage caused by (Giard) and the biology of this cacao thysanopteran pest). OT:Quelques aspects des degats causes par Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) et de la biologie de ce thysanoptere ravageur du cacaoyer AU:Coulibaly,-N. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 23(4):283-290. DE:insect-Pests; Selenothrips-rubrocinctus; PY:1979 GE:Ivory-Coast **:This paper describes the life-cycle and the damage caused by Selenothrips rubrocinctus, a thrips which was considered a secondary pest of cacao but which has become increasingly important because of new cultural practices and unfavourable weather conditions. TI:Branch formation in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae) AU:Wheat,-D. SO:Turrialba, 29(4):275-284. DE: Plant-Growth-and-Development PY:1979 GE:USA (Mainland); Massachusetts **:The 2 buds present in the leaf axils of cacao have different morphogenetic potential, but the distribution between 2 types of buds is not the source of the axis differentiation of the plant. A description is presented of the formation of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches. The distinction between plagiotropic and orthotropic branches is not due to their origin from different types of buds, nor to their origin by syllepsis or prolepsis. TI:(Artificial drying of cocoa beans). OT:Le sechage artificiel des feves de cacao AU:Jacquet,-M.; Vincent,-J.C.; Hahn,-J.; Lotode,-R. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 24(1):43-56. PY:1980 GE:Ivory-Coast **:In this study cacao (Theobroma cacao) bean drying curves were plotted under different artificial conditions. The properties of such beans were then compared with those of similar beans subjected to solar drying. It appeared that, in order to compare reasonably well with solar dried beans, artificial drying should maintain a temperature of 65 to 70 degC with a moderate air-flow of 0.4 to 0.5 m/s, to avoid 'caking' or 'crusting'. TI:Cocoa pod rot diseases; assessment of crop losses AU:Adebayo,-A.A. SO:Turrialba, 30(1):57-61; Ja DE: Plant-Diseases PY:1980 GE:Nigeria **:A comparison is made between disease incidence and crop losses in cacao in view of the high crop protection costs in this crop. About 90% of all pods infected by Phytophthora palmivora or Botryodiplodia theobromae are non-fermentable. However, only 30% of the pods affected by Fusarium spp. are non-fermentable. In the latter case a straight conversion of disease incidence to crop loss is not justified. TI:Cocoa: a summary of some recent and current experience, and some suggested specifications for trials on inland soils in Kelantan AU:Vivian,-L.A. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 56(648):88-100. DE: Crop-Cultivation-and-Maintenance PY:1980 GE:Malaysia; Kelantan **:Detailed information is presented on cacao in respect of planting materials, nursery procedures, field practices, harvesting and processing in Malaysia for persons interested in starting a cacao plantation. TI:Studies on rodent damage to cocoa in south India: identification of their damage AU:Bhat-SK; SO:Planter (Malaysia). 56(648):101-104; , DE:Rodent-pests; Vertebrae; Rats; Squirrels; Pod-damage PY:1980 GE:India; Karnataka **:Studies were made to distinguish squirrel (Funambulus spp.) and rat (Rattus rattus) damage on cacao pods to assess their economic importance in the field. Squirrels had the tendency to make oval holes in the central or terminal portion of the pods, while rats made oval or round holes near the stalk region of the pod. TI:Study on the pollination of cacao on the basis of insect traffic: mathematical model and simulation OT:Etude de la pollination du cacaoyer a partir du trafic des insectes: modele mathematique et simulation AU:Reffye,-P.-de; Parvais,-J.P.; Coulibaly,-N.; Gervais,-A. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 24(2):83-100. DE:Flowering; pollination; Modelling; Yield-forecasting; PY:1980 GE:Ivory-Coast **:A quantitative study on cacao pollination based on operational research theory led to the conclusion that the distribution of pollen on the styles can be forecast with precision if certain conditions are met and that natural pollination could be reconstructed by simulation. TI:Behaviour of some clones under manual pollination: ovular fertility and early flower shedding OT:Comportement de quelques clones en pollinisation manuelle: festilite ovulaire et chute precoce des fleurs pollinisees AU:Mossu,-G. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 24(2):113-120. DE:Pollination; Hand; Artificial; Cherelle-wilt; PY:1980 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Under saturated manual pollination conditions using pollen known to be compatible, it was possible to specify the ovular fertility of cacao clones. Physiological wilting was found to be independent of the number and stage of development of the seeds: early shedding of fruits seems to be the result of a defect causing their unsuitability for fertilization. TI:(The swollen shoot disease of cacao in Togo: the various forms of the virus and their economic consequences). OT:Le swollen shoot du cacaoyer au Togo: les differentes formes de viroses et leurs consequences economiques AU:Castel,-C.; Amefia,-Y.K.; Djiekpor,-E.-K.; Partiot,-M.; Segbor,-A. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 24(2):131-146. map, photos, DE: Plant-Diseases PY:1980 GE:Togo **:This paper gives a qualitative analysis of the development of swollen shoot of cacao in Togo and its effect on growers' revenues, and makes suggestions for a strategy for its control. TI:Establishment of Gliricidia maculata in Bungor series soil AU:Wills,-G.A. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 56(649):128-136. DE:Shade-Plants; PY:1980 GE:Malaysia **:A description is presented of the establishment of Gliricidia maculata as a shade tree for cacao. The effect of soil type on establishment is described. Cuttings should be 2.5-5.0 cm in thickness, cut at right angles, waxed at the top, dipped in dieldrex at the bottom, planted 15 cm deep especially during dry periods in a loose soil at 1.5 x 3 m spacing to be gradually thinned to 12 x 12 m in later years. Establishment of Cajanus cajan as a nurse shade is indicated, as well as the ground cover maintenance and the control of the shade trees. TI:Malaysian cocoa: some observations on its quality and value SO:Planter (Malaysia). 56(650):189-192. DE:Product-Properties; Quality; Bean-size; Flavour; Dry-nib-yield; Fat-yield; Grading; PY:1980 GE:Malaysia **:This article provides information on the quality and value of Malaysian cacao as compared with Ghana cacao. The Malaysian cacao is considered inferior in respect of dry nib yield, fat yield, bean size and quality/flavour. Much Malaysian estate cacao is well prepared and as good as cacao produced anywhere else in the world. Some estate and most smallholder cacao, however, is not well prepared and steps should be taken to introduce grading standards so that buyers of Malaysian cacao know what they are getting. The grades should conform to the FAO grade model ordinance. It is also proposed that parcels should be classified according to bean size, for instance as no more than 110 beans per 100 g and over 110 beans per 100 g. TI:(Study on antiphycomycete systemic fungicides with a view to controlling black pod disease due to Phytophthora spp. in cocoa trees: search for a laboratory method of screening seedlings). OT:Etudes des fongicides systemiques anti-phycomycetes en vue de la lutte contre la pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer due a Phytophthora sp: recherche d'une methode de tri sur plantules en laboratoire AU:Daguenet,-G. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 24(3):195-202. DE: Plant-Diseases; Fungicides- PY:1980 GE:Ivory-Coast **:This paper describes a screening method for systemic fungicides against Phytophthora sp. in cacao based on their efficiency and translocation in young seedlings. TI:Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis) control by aerial application in plantation crops in Malaysia AU:Ng,-K.Y. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 56(654):362-367. DE: insect-pests; Valanga-nigricornis; pest-damage; pest-control-chemical; aerial-application PY:1980 GE:Malaysia **:Serious outbreaks of the grasshopper Valanga nigricornis in young oil palm, rubber and cacao have occurred frequently in peninsular Malaysia in recent years. Where large areas are affected, aerial application with an effective insecticide is normally resorted to as an economical technique which provides efficient and quick control. Tamaron 600LC (600 g methamidophos/l) applied aerially at 0.62 l (product) in 17 l water per ha was found to be effective. The 7102 ha of young oil palms at Keratong, South Pahang, was aerially sprayed in 11 days by a helicopter in July 1979. This treatment brought the pest well under control. Where the smell of the pesticide is an important criterion, a new formulation of Tamaron (called Tamaron 600SL), with a strongly reduced smell, was recently introduced in Malaysia. Author's summary. TI:Some studies on mammalian pests in cocoa planted under coconuts AU:Han,-K.J.; Subash-Bose; SO:The Planter, Kuala Lumpur, 56(652):273-283 DE:Pests-; Pest-damage; Vertebrae; Pest-control; PY:1979 GE:Malaysia **:Mammalian pests cause very serious losses in cacao under coconuts. Up to 92% of the crop on the trees may be damaged. The rats and squirrels also cause damage to the coconuts, which appear to be a principal food source to the rodents. Rats were the main problem in cacao, especially Rattus tiomanicus. Only very few R. argentiventer appeared to feed on the cacao. The squirrels were far fewer than the rats. Extent of damage to cacao pods was found to vary greatly with the cacao cropping season. Baiting with warfarin baits reduces incidence considerably but not completely. Trapping has been tried with some sucess against squirrels and shooting for civets appeared to be the most effective method for the latter. TI:Calculation of the fertilizer needs of cacao trees OT:Calcul des besoins en engrais des cacaoyers AU:Lotode,-R.; Jadin,-P.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(1):3-24. DE:Fertiliser-requirement; computer-program; Soil-fertility; PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Soil analysis data fed into a computer program enable the calculation of fertilizer recommendations for cacao in the Ivory Coast in relation to soil and agronomic conditions. A trend in soil fertility from East to West was noted. TI:(Influence of insecticide treatments against cacao tree mirids on pollination conditions). OT:Influence des traitements insecticides contre les mirides du cacaoyer sur les conditions de pollinisation AU:Lucas,-P.; Decazy,-B. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(1):29-36. DE:insect-pests; mirids-; pest-control-chemical; pollination- PY:1981 GE:Cameroon **:In Cameroon, the control of mirids in cacao plantations by the fogging or atomization of insecticides reduced the pollinating insect population for a period of, respectively, 2 or 8 days. An artificially-created airstream has little effect on pollination and only after prolonged action. TI:Cacao extension activities in Togo OT:La vulgarisation cacaoyere au Togo AU:Deuss,-J. SO:Cafe, Cacao, The, 25(1):37-44. DE:Rehabilitation; development-plan PY:1981 GE:Togo **:The role of extension in cacao production in Togo is placed within the socio-economic context of the industry and the feasibility of its rejuvenation. TI:(Fermentation of cacao beans in a triple phase fluidized bed). OT:Fermentation des feves de cacao en lit fluide a trois phases AU:Jacquet,-M.; Vincent,-J.C.; Rios,-G.M.; Gibert,-H. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(1):45-54. DE:cacao-; fermentation-; processing-technology PY:1981 GE:France **:Two methods were investigated in this study on the development of a new method for the fermentation of cacao in an aqueous medium. TI:Grafting of cacao by a terminal slit OT:Greffage du cacaoyer en fente terminale AU:Gervais,-M. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1981, 25(1):55-59; Jan, photos, table DE:Grafting; nursery-practices; Vegetative-propagation; PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:This paper describes and illustrates a method for the grafting of cacao in nurseries. TI:Vascular streak dieback of cocoa in Malaysia. 1. A survey of its incidence and identification of the pathogen involved AU:Zainal-Abidin,-M.A.; Varghese,-G.; Mainstone,-B.J. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(658):3-13; , DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; vascular-streak-dieback; disease-diagnosis; disease-incidence PY:1981 GE:Malaysia **:This paper reports on the incidence of vascular streak disease (VSD) in Malaysia and on methods of inoculation. Symptomatology of immature and mature cacao stands is described. VSD was found wide-spread on Peninsular Malaysia as well as in Sabah. The pathogen is described including morphological features and growth characteristics. Techniques useful for isolation and identification are discussed. TI:Zinc deficiency in cocoa: diagnosis and correction AU:Mohanan,-R.C.; Menon,-M.A.; Yadukumar,-N.; Naik,-B.G. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(660):120-124; , DE:nutrient-deficiency; zinc-; foliar-application PY:1981 GE:India; Karnataka **:A widespread occurrence of severe deficiency of zinc on cacao plantings in India is reported. Foliar symptoms included chlorosis, crinkling of leaves with wavy margin, little leaf, sickle leaf and premature abscission of leaves. Twig symptoms included rosette and dieback. A mixture of zinc sulphate and lime when applied as a foliar spray corrected the deficiency in two-year old cacao plants under field conditions. Foliar sprays of a mixture of zinc sulphate and lime at five different concentrations were tried. Though all the concentrations had beneficial effects, best results were achieved with 0.3% zinc sulphate and 0.15% (w/v) lime. Authors' summary. TI:Contribution to the study of the flower biology of the cocoa tree: results of artificial pollination OT:Contribution a l'etude de la biologie florale du cacaoyer: bilan de pollinisations artificielles AU:Paulin,-D. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(2):105-112. DE:Pollination; Pod-formation; Cherelle-wilt; Pod-damage; Phytophthora; Yields; PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:The hand pollination of 8 trees belonging to two cacao clones showed that: (1) potentially, the trees are able to produce throughout the year, (2) the number of seeds per pod is linked with the amount of pollen, (3) the first 120 days after fruit set are critical, (4) the usual high loss of fruits is due in particular to insects and Phytophthora, while the effect of physiological wilt is often over-estimated. TI:(Study of cocoa tree pollination conditions in Togo). OT:Etude des conditions de pollinisation du cacaoyer au Togo AU:Lucas,-P. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(2):113-120. DE:cacao-; pollination-; pollinators-; traps- PY:1981 GE:Togo **:The time spent by diptera, aphids, thrips and ants in the flowers of the cacao tree, as well as their pollinating efficiency have been calculated. To increase the natural pollination of the cacao tree, the use of coloured traps was envisaged, based on the fact that the attractiveness of the flowers must vary with their colour. Author's summary. TI:(A new industrial solar drying technique for cacao). OT:Nova tecnica de secagem solar industrial de cacau AU:Borges,-J.M.; Roa,-G.; Villa,-L.G.; Serodio,-R.-dos-S. SO:Revista Ceres, 28(155):19-35. DE:Sun-drying PY:1981 GE:Brazil; Bahia **:The good results obtained in small-scale tests of cocoa drying using forced aeration with air heated in solar collectors and by artifical heaters led the authors to develop a prototype of a solar dryer to operate under farm conditions with the same capacity as the traditional dryers of the cocoa region of Bahia, Brazil. The new process is technically and economically feasible for drying cocoa. Comparing the new process with the traditional one of the 'barcacas', it presented the following advantages, without imparting any defect to the quality of the product: (a) reduction of the dryer area 1:4; (b) reduction of the cost of the instalation 1:2; (c) reduction of the drying time 1:1.6; (d) reduction of the hand labour 1:14, and (e) no development of fungus on the seeds. Authors' summary. TI:The financing of palm oil and cocoa industries with special reference to the Agricultural Bank of Malaysia SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(664):401-418; Jul, DE:financing-; oil-palm; industry-; cacao-; industry-; development-banks PY:1981 GE:Malaysia **:The financing of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) industries are discussed, with special reference to the Agricultural Bank of Malaysia, its loan terms and conditions, some aspects of its loan appraisal and supervision, and the prospects, problems and constraints of the industries. The background of both industries in the country is also described. In 1979 the production of palm oil was 2 188 000 tons (54.2% of the world's production) and of kernels 423 000 tons. Its share in the world's export of palm oil was 70%. For cocoa bean the production in 1978 was 21 900 tons (1.52% of the world's production). For both products production figures are expected to increase. TI:Growth of Theobroma cacao L. under conditions of accelerated shade removal AU:Wills,-G.A.; Yegappan,-T.M. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(667):562-575; , , DE:Shading-; vegetative-growth PY:1981 GE:Malaysia **:Analysis of cacao (Theobroma cacao) plants of 5 different ages grown under a regime of accelerated reduction of Gliricidia maculata shade, shows that the vegetative growth of the cacao and especially the leaf area development and root/shoot ratios are favourably influenced. The increases in leaf area index are associated with decreases in net assimilation rate. Although crop growth rate increases initially, it declines in stages after 50 months from planting. The yield of dry beans increases throughout this period despite the associated responses of net assimilation rate and crop growth rate: thus questions arise about optimum leaf area indices for cacao yield and vegetative productivity. One unfavourable characteristic of the rapid vegetative growth is the production of dominant fan branches. The height increment of these dominant branches and their potential to compensate for the yield lost from lower sloughed-off branches is discussed. Authors' summary. TI:Vascular streak dieback of cocoa in Malaysia. 2. Isolation and culture techniques of causal pathogen AU:Varghese,-G.; Zainal-Abidin,-M.A.; Mainstone,-B.J. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(667):576-580; , , DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; vascular-streak-dieback; isolation-; culture-medium PY:1981 GE:Malaysia **:The previous method of isolation of vascular streak dieback (VSD) pathogen of cacao (Theobroma cacao) from cut pieces of stem of infected plants proved destructive when attempted on seedlings in the nursery. Therefore, a non-destructive technique was developed by planting sections of lamina containing midrib of leaves exhibiting symptoms. The new technique gave a higher percentage frequency of successful isolation of VSD fungus when compared to stem isolations. The fungus hitherto recorded to have poor regrowth on artificial media, when tested on a variety of media, showed satisfactory growth in Corticium culture medium. The VSD fungus was also successfully established in dual cultures with cacao stem callus tissue on solid medium. Authors' summary. TI:Clorophyll stability index as an aid in screening for heat tolerance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) AU:Ravindran,-P.N.; Menon,-M.A. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(667):581-583; , DE:Drought-tolerance; Heat-tolerance; chlorophyll-; screening- PY:1981 GE:India; Karnataka **:Chlorophyll stability index (CSI) of the leaves of 20 cacao (Theobroma cacao) genotypes were estimated. Results showed that CSI varied from 25.0 to zero. The highest CSI was recorded for the Criollo variety and the lowest in the NC 34, a genotype obtained from Nigeria. The CSI is inversely related to the heat resistance of chlorophyll and thus may be related to drought tolerance. The P combinations (hybrids derived from the collections of Pound) are considered as more tolerant to heat and moisture stress, and such combinations are found to have low CSI values. This finding is further supported by higher proline accumulation and better germination and seedling growth of these genotypes under induced moisture stress. Thus in cacao, CSI seems to be a parameter that can be used for screening for heat tolerance. TI:Some notes on maturation of cocoa beans as a means to reduction of acidity AU:Schwartz,-P.B.; Wong,-D.Y.C.; Bridger,-R. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(667):584-587; , , DE:Fermentation; PY:1981 GE:Malaysia; Sabah **:Chocolate manufacturers regard high bean acidity as the most serious quality defect. The pH of Sabah cacao beans leaves room for improvement, being generally around 4.8 compared with pH levels of 5.3 to 5.5 for West African beans. These notes describe work carried out by the authors on a cacao estate in Sabah on maturation of beans, after completion of fermentation and prior to drying. The principles of maturation, first introduced by Liau (1976), formed the basis for the tests conducted. Observations on results obtained are presented. Authors' summary. TI:Technical development in cocoa production AU:Santiago,-J.T. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(667):588-593; , table DE:cultural-practices; smallholdings-; estates-; Farming-system; PY:1981 GE:Philippines **:Two types of cacao (Theobroma cacao) farms may be considered, big or estate farms and smallholdings. Recommendations for planting materials for both farms, cultural practices including propagation of planting materials, plantation lay-out, the use of cover crops, pruning and plant protection measures against the pod borer (Acrocercop cramerella) and Phytophthora palmivora are discussed, and overviews of big estate holders and of smallholders are made. TI:Some thoughts on the life span of cocoa AU:Montgomery,-P.J. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 57(667):604-609; , DE:Plant-age; Economics PY:1981 GE:Malaysia **:The life span, or longevity of a commercial tree crop such as cacao (Theobroma cacao) can be regarded from several aspects, but essentially, refers to the physiological age of an individual or its species, depending on the particular context. It is stated that little is known about the longevity of any trees, whether in their natural state or grown by man. In theory, the cacao tree should have an almost indefinite ideal physiological life span, being possessed of certain built-in factors favouring longevity. The various causes of senescence of the cacao plant, including hormonal and other chemical reactions, are discussed. A consensus of opinion holds that in economic terms, the highest yields are achieved 15 to 25 years after planting, and that a profitable life yield span is 50 years. TI:(Cacao black pod disease due to Phytophthora sp. in Togo: assessment and control strategies). OT:La pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer due a Phytophthora sp. au Togo: evaluation et strategies de lutte AU:Djiekpor,-E.K.; Goka,-K.; Lucas,-P.; Partiot,-M. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(4):263-268. DE:IPM-; cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-sp.; crop-losses; integrated-disease-control PY:1981 GE:Togo **:The very high losses of cacao in Togo caused by black pod disease might be reduced by an integrated control strategy, combining agronomic, chemical and genetic approaches. TI:Influence of specific gravity of seeds on early seedling growth and development in cacao AU:Ravindran,-P.N. SO:Turrialba, 31(4):351-356. DE:cacao-; seed-weight; seedling-; growth-rate PY:1981 GE:India; Karnataka **:Seeds from 4 cacao forastero types were grouped into the following specific gravity (SG) values: <1.00, 1.00-1.03, 1.03-1.06, 1.06-1.09, 1.09-1.12, or >1.12. Seeds of each group were studied in relation to various seedling characters. Results showed variations among types in respect of seed distribution in various SG groups and in their influence on seedling characters. An increase in SG was highly correlated with an increase in growth and dry matter production. Specific gravity of seeds can be used in mass selection criterion for selecting seeds which give seedlings of greater vigour and may be beneficial in enhancing establishment ability and drought tolerance in the initial critical growth period. TI:Effect of flowering and pollination on cacao yields. Mathematical relationships between experimental data: yield equation OT:Influence de la floraison et de la pollinisation sur les rendements du cacaoyer. Liaisons mathematiques entre les donnees experimentales: equation du rendement AU:Mossu,-G.; Paulin,-D.; Reffye,-P.-de SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(3):155-168. DE:Flowering; Pollination; Yield-forecasting; PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:In order to gain a better knowledge of the influence of flowering and pollination on cacao tree yeilds, a study was carried out on some Amelonado and Amzonian hybrids (UPA and their progeny) arranged in blocks of three lines of twelve trees planted at intervals of 2.5 x 3 m; the observations were made during periods of twenty to forty months on adult cocoa tree plots at the IFCC stations of Bingerville and San Pedro. :According to these observations , the flowering cycles result from preponderant influence of edapho-climatic conditions on floral induction. The pollination conditions are subject to great variations from one period to another and one plot to nother. te pollen rarity index seems to vary cyclically. Forecasts of pod and seed harvests are necessarily based on a quantified knowledge of flowering and pollination. A yield equation enables the number of pods which reach maturity to be calculated. The mean correlation between the values calculated and observed for the cases shown here is 0.8, which is highly significant. A mathematical formula gives the number of seeds actually obtained to an accuracy of 1%. Fluctuations in the yield are certainly due almost entirely to flowering and pollination factors. TI:A study of growth periodicitiy in cocoa seedlings, with particular emphasis on the root system AU:Sleigh,-P.A.; Hardwick,-K.; Collin,-H.A.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(3):169-172. DE:Growth-cycle; root-system; Distribution; Partitioning; Roots; Shoots; PY:1981 GE:UK **:Cocoa seedlings grown in an acceptably constant greenhouse environment show clear alternation of root and shoot growth. Pattern of transport of photosynthetically labelled carbon throughout the plant varies markedly with stage of the growth cycle, periods of growth of root and shoot each being positively correlated with the period of maximum assimilated carbon input. TI:Comparative study of the resistance of three species of the genus Theobroma against Phytophthora palmivora: demonstration of the presence of phytoalexin-type substances responsible for induced resistance. OT:Etude comparative de la resistance a Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. emend. Bras. et Grif. de trois especes du genre Theobroma: mise en evidence de substances de type phytoalexines responsables de la resistan AU:Daguenet,-G.; Parvais,-J.P. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 25(3):181-190. DE:fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-resistance; wild-species PY:1981 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Theobroma cacao, T. bicolor and T. grandiflora were found to differ in their degree of resistance against a slightly aggressive and a very aggressive strain of Phytophthora palmivora. Prior inoculation with the slightly aggressive strain increased the resistance to the very aggressive strain. It is likely that fungicidal compounds (phytoalexins) are formed. TI:Caterpillar and beetle pests of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in India AU:Kumar,-T.P.; Nair,-C.P.R. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 58(670):3-13; photo, DE:cacao-; insect-pests; pest-identification PY:1982 GE:India; South India **:A survey carried out to catalogue and study the pests occurring in cocoa showed 16 lepidopteran and 14 coleopteran pests in the cocoa growing areas of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in South India. Lymantria obfuscata, Lymantria ampla, Zeuzera coffeae, Adoxophyes privatana, Euproctis subnotata, Euproctis guttata were observed to be the major caterpillar pests. The important beetle pests include Popillia complanata, Monolepta longitarsus, Sinoxylon sp. and Glenea sp. A brief description of their biology, nature of damage, seasonal occurrence and alternative hosts are given. Authors' summary. TI:(Role of insect communities and water in the dissemination of Phytophthora palmivora in cacao plantations in the Ivory Coast). OT:Role des communautes d'insects et de l'eau dans la dissemination de Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. emend. Bras. et Griff. dans les cacaoyeres de la Cote d'Ivoire AU:Babacauh,-K.D. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 26(1):31-36. DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-transmission; insect-vectors PY:1982 GE:West-Africa; Ivory-Coast; **:The role of ants-scale insects communities, notably the association of Pheidole megacephala and Planococcoides njalensis in the spread of Phytophthora palmivora is examined on the basis of observations and experimental data. From foci installed in ant nests or on trees by inoculation of fruit, Pheidole megacephala spreads propagules vertically and horizontally. This activity is linked to the community life which they lead with the scale insects. These are systematically sought out and protected by shelters made of various materials including, on occasions, the propagules of the parasite. The epidemiological impact of associations of ants and scale insects is discussed. Author's summary. TI:(Changes in cacao production factors caused by the swollen shoot virus. 1. Revelation of principal disturbances). OT:Modifications des facteurs de production du cacaoyer provoquees par le virus du swollen shoot. 1. Mise en evidence des principales perturbations AU:Lucas,-P.; Partiot,-M. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 26(1):37-42. DE:cacao-; viral-diseases; swollen-shoot-virus; yield-constraints PY:1982 GE:Togo **:Swollen shoot disease was found to reduce cacao yields through its effect on fertility and pollen viability in the dry season and the number of ovules per ovary. The latter factor offers a simple test for the early detection of the disease. TI:Studies on the reaction of pods of different cocoa accessions to Phytophthora palmivora AU:Mohanan,-R.C. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 58(672):99-103; photo, DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-resistance PY:1982 GE:India; Karnataka **:Black pod caused by Phytophthora palmivora in cocoa is of great economic importance in southern India. Susceptibility of 19 cocoa progenies was tested on nearly mature pods by means of potato-dextrose-agar discs on which P. palmivora was cultured for 7 days. All progenies were susceptible but the rate of infection varied. The less susceptible varieties showed poor sporulation on the lesion in contrast to the susceptible progenies. TI:(Black pod disease of cacao due to Phytophthora sp. in Togo: determination of species responsible). OT:La pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer due a Phytophthora sp. au Togo: determination des especes responsables AU:Djiekpor,-E.K.; Partiot,-M.; Lucas,-P. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 26(2):97-108. DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; disease-diagnosis PY:1982 GE:Togo **:An in vitro study of isolates of Phytophthora of the cacao tree in Togo was carried out. Appearance of colonies, morphology of sporocystes, growth on pods and on agar media, sporulation in the field, a sign of compatibility, and observations on the chromosomes, are reported. Two of the species of Phytophthora found on cacao are represented in Togo: P. palmivora in north-western and southern Kloto (Kloto I) and P. megakarya in the Litime-Adele region and the north-eastern part of Kloto (Kloto II). Authors' summary. TI:Search for a fermentation index of cacao. 1. Development of total cacao bean tannins and phenols OT:Recherche d'un indice de fermentation du cacao. 1. Evolution des tanins et des phenols totaux de la feve AU:Cros,-E.; Villeneuve,-F.; Vincent,-J.C.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 26(2):109-114. DE:Biochemistry; Fermentation-; chemical-composition; Tannins; Polyphenols; PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast **:A study of the development of polyphenols (total tannins, non-tannins, total phenols) in the cacao bean revealed that: (1) there is a decrease of about 70% in phenolic compounds extracted from non-fermented cacao as compared with fermented cacao; (2) the shape of the decreasing total phenols and total tannins curves are comparable; (3) phenolic compound contents on zero fermentation day is equivalent to that on the 2nd day of fermentation, an anomaly which could be due to the abundance of pulp slowing down the drying rate. TI:Search for a fermentation index of cacao. 2. Estimation of the red colouring matter of cacao beans OT:Recherche d'un indice de fermentation du cacao. 2. Estimation de la matiere colorante rouge des feves de cacao AU:Cros,-E.; Rouly,-M.; Villeneuve,-F.; Vincent,-J.C. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 26(2):115-122. DE:cacao-; fermentation-; anthocyanin-; colour- PY:1982 GE:Ivory-Coast **:Results of this study showed: (1) the overall decrease in anthocyanin pigments was about 93% and the rate of decrease was at its maximum between the 2nd and 3rd fermentation day; (2) there was an increase in the optical density (OD) (460 nm)/O.D. (525 nm) ratio from the 2nd to the 8th fermentation day; (3) principal changes in colour occurred between the 2nd and 4th fermentation days and enabled 3 distinct fermentation stages to be characterized: no colour change on the 1st day, reversal of the anthocyan monomers/yellow and brown polymers ratio from the 2nd to the 4th day, little or no colour development from the 4th to the 8th day. TI:Charcoal pod rot of cocoa in Kerala AU:Vijayan,-M.; Wilson,-K.I. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 58(674):213-216; May, , 2 ref. DE:cacao-; fungal-diseases; Botryodiplodia-theobromae; disease-diagnosis; disease-control-chemical; fungicides- PY:1982 GE:India; Kerala **:After presenting a description of charcoal pod rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, this paper proceeds with the morphology of the fungus and the control of the disease. Statistical analysis of the experimental data revealed that Rovral (iprodione) at 2000 ppm was significantly superior to all the other fungicides for the control of the disease. The second best fungicide was Difolatan (captafol) at 3000 ppm. TI:(Storage and transportation of cacao: a bibliographic study). OT:Etude bibliographique: stockage et transport du cacao AU:Boussard,-B.; SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ 1982, 26(2):136-144; Apr, bibliography (153 ref.) DE:Beans; storage-; transportation-; review- PY:1982 **:A review of the factors involved in the storage and transportation of cacao beans. After discussing the hygroscopic characteristics of the beans, the author goes on to investigaate the effects of various treatments and storage methods on insect infestation and the growth of moulds, and how these can be controlled. Storage problems in both producing countries and temperate countries are dealt with. TI:Cocoa by-products and their uses AU:Menon,-M.A. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 58(676):286-295; Jul, DE:cacao-; by-products; chemical-composition; review- PY:1982 **:A review is presented on waste products in cacao production. Attention is paid to cacao pod husks with low theobromine content as cattle feed, cacao shells as a source of cattle feed and theobromine extraction, production of cocoa butter from discarded beans, use of extracted beans as cattle feed, and application of residues as manure. Data are presented on contents in cocoa by-products. TI:Laboratory screening of cocoa genotypes for drought tolerance AU:Ravindran,-P.N.; Menon,-M.A. SO:Planter (Malaysia). 58(677):334-339; DE:Drought-tolerance; screening-methods PY:1982 GE:India; Karnataka **:In this paper, results of screening of cocoa germplasm for drought tolerance/resistance using three tests are presented. The parameters used are heat stability of chlorophyll, proline accumulation ability and germination of seeds under low osmotic potential. The results indicate that certain genotypes are more tolerant to heat degradation of chlorophyll, accumulate more proline under induced stress and give higher germination percentage under low OP. Such types can be selected for further testing for field performance. TI:(Changes in cacao production factors caused by the swollen shoot virus. 2. Quantitative evaluation). OT:Modifications des facteurs de production du cacaoyer provoquees par le virus du swollen shoot. 2. Evaluation quantitative AU:Lucas,-P.; Partiot,-M. SO:CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 26(4):227-236. DE:viral-diseases; swollen-shoot-virus; crop-losses; plant-reproductive-organs; ovule- PY:1982 GE:Togo **:Changes in the number of ovules per ovary when the cacao tree is attacked by swollen shoot diseases were studied. The activity of the mechanisms inducing the formation of ovules appeared to decrease as the concentration in available particles of the Agou 1 virus complex increases. Observations on the evolution of the numb