Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 520
Title: On the decline of cacao cultivation in Menado and the assertions of the Dutch Trade Assoc. that cocoa would not be a marketable trade article
Journal: Tijdschrift voor Staats huishoudkunde en Statistiek, Zwolle
Volume: 14
Issue: 237
Pages: 92
Keywords: Production;
Asia; Indonesia; Sulawesi
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2762
Year: 1050
Title: List of wordks by A.W. Knapp
Journal: Gordian
Pages: 53-54
Abstract: Mr. Kanpp wrote also numerous technical papaers, which appeared in chemical and other journals. He edited 'Vitamin D in cacao shell' (Bournville 1937), a collection of papers by various authors. This publication includes 'Vitamin D in cacao shell' and 'The vitamin D activity of cacao shell' two papers written by Mr. Knapphimself in collaboration with Dr. Katherine H. Coward, and 'cacao shell and its use as an acessory fodder', a paper by Mr. Knapp and Mr. A. Churchman.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 635
Year: 1165
Title: Cocoa export from Surinam
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 49
Issue: 1165
Pages: 11
Keywords: Production; Export;
Surinam
Abstract: Export figures for the period 1930-1946
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 647
Year: 1314
Title: Cocoa production in British West Afirca
Journal: Econ. Voorl.
Volume: 12
Issue: 169
Keywords: Production;
Ghana; Togo; Nigeria; Cameroon;
Abstract: Production in Ghana; Togo, Nigeria and Cameroon in 1935/36, 1945/46 1946/47 and estimates for 1947/48
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2164
Year: 1383
Title: Position of cocoa cultivation in the Gold Coast
Journal: West Africa
Volume: 24
Pages: 1383-1384
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2
Year: 1514


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 621
Year: 1729
Title: Remarks on the new taxes for coffee,tea and cocoa and other medicinale beverages
Journal: [o.O.]
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Keywords: History; Taxes;
Netherlands
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bl


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2880
Year: 1827
Journal: Philiosophical Magazine
Volume: 3
Pages: 3
Keywords: Taxonomy
Abstract: Herrania species described as cacao
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 619
Year: 1877
Title: Abridgements of specification relating to Tea,Coffee, Chicory Cocoa &c. (compromising the Manufacture, but not the preparationof drinks therefrom). A.D. 1704-1866
Journal: Printed by the order of the commisioners of Patents. London: Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, printers to the Queens most excellent Majesty. Published at the office of the Commisioners of Patents for Inventions
Volume: 25
Keywords: England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Southhampton buildings, Holborn, 8o,VII 91p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 618
Year: 1883
Title: Abridgements of specification relating to Tea,Coffee, Chicory Cocoa &c. (compromising the Manufacture, but not the preparationof drinks therefrom). Part II. A.D. 1867-1876
Journal: Printed by the order of the commisioners of Patents. London: Published and sold at The Commisioners of Patents Sales branch
Volume: 38
Keywords: England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Cursitor street,Chanery Lane,E.C., 8o,VI 59p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2736
Year: 1898
Title: The cultivation of cocoa
Journal: Lisboa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2817
Year: 1902
Title: Report of the Coppename expedition (Suriname)
Journal: Tijdschrift K.N. Aardr. Gen.
Volume: 18
Issue: 696
Pages: 695
Keywords: Distribution;
Suriname
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1561
Year: 1924
Title: Cacao manurial experiments
Journal: Trop. Agr. [Ceylon]
Volume: 63
Pages: 207-209
Keywords: Fertilizers;
Abstract: Comments on reports of early experiments.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3164
Year: 1926
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 32
Issue: 1926-27
Pages: 4305
Keywords: Booms;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4213
Year: 1930
Title: International congress of manufaturers of chocolate and cocoa, Antwerp, 1930
Journal: Congres international des fabricants de chocolat et de cacao, Antwerp. Bruxelles
Abstract: Consists of preparatory volume and official report.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4214
Year: 1930
Title: CONFERENCE OF WEST AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL OFFICERS, 2, GOLD COAST, 1929. Proceedings
Journal: Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 19
Issue: 106
Keywords: Ghana; Nigeria
Abstract: Includes discussions, findings, and reports concerning cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2564
Year: 1932
Title: Joint committee of 'Manufacturing Confectioners' Alliance and Cocoa Association of London
Journal: Joint committee on cacao infestation. Report. Off. Internatl. des Fabric. de Choc. et Cacao. B. Off.
Volume: 2
Pages: 319-326
Keywords: Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Ephestia;
Abstract: Report on sources of infestation in cacao beans, with special reference to Ephestia elutella, and preventive measures.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4215
Year: 1932
Title: Cocoa in the French Colonies
Journal: Rev. Internatl. des Prod. Colon.
Volume: 7
Pages: 331-351
Keywords: West-Africa; Central-Africa; Madagascar;
Abstract: Contents: 1, In French West Africa; 2, In the other French territoiries; 3, In Madagascar;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2206
Year: 1938
Title: Notes on cocoa growing
Journal: Cultivated resources of the Gold Coast, p
Pages: 12-28
Keywords: Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1507
Year: 1943
Title: Report of the central cocoa research station, Tafo, 1938-42
Journal: Rept. Dept. Agr. Gold Coast Colony, 63p
Keywords: research-programmes;
Africa; Ghana; Tafo;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 462
Year: 1945
Title: Recent work on cacao research in Nigeria
Journal: Soils and Fertilizers
Volume: 8
Pages: 71
Keywords: Nigeria
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2542
Year: 1945
Title: Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May-June, 1945
Journal: London: His Majesty's Stationary Office
Volume: 168
Keywords: Research; Research-programmes;
Abstract: Summary of recommendations, p. 9-16; , p. 17-99; Papers presented to the Conference (in this bibliography treated separately under individual authors), p. 100-168
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 627
Year: 1946
Title: Gold Coast Cocoa
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 49
Issue: 1166
Pages: 17.
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1427
Year: 1946
Title: Foreign trade of Brazil in 1945
Journal: Bol. Conselho Fed. Comercio Ext.
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-5.
Keywords: Production; Export;
Brazil;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2488
Year: 1946
Title: Witch - broom disease of cacao
Journal: London: [s.n.], [1946?]
Pages: 264
Keywords: Diseases; Witches-broom-disease; Crinipellis-perniciosa
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Science library bibliographical series. Science museum


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2489
Year: 1946
Title: Insects infesting cacao beans, including their life history and methods of control: references covering the period 1930 - 1938
Journal: London: [s.n.], [1946?]
Pages: 494
Keywords: Pests; Insects; Phenology
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5 p. - (Bibliographical series. Science library


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4288
Year: 1946
Title: International cocoa conference London, 1946
Journal: ConfÈrence Internationals du Cacao. Londres
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 2
Keywords: Diseases; Selection; Replanting; Cultivation; Survey;
Abstract: Session on research Into prevention of disease, selection of types, replanting and other matters connected with cultivation includes papaers by L.E. Campbell (P 88-89), Sir H. Tempani. (p.89-93), J. West (p.93-96), D.H. Urquhart (p.96-98) A.G. Beattie (p.98-103), and R.E.D. Baker (p.103-105)
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
et 4 Octobre Compte rendu officiel. Bruxelles, Office International du Cacao et du Chocolate, 1946? 155p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2531
Year: 1947
Title: International cocoa situation
Journal: Econ. Voorlichting
Issue: 118
Pages: 883
Keywords: Production; Supply; Consumption;
Netherlands;
Abstract: Includes a table with cocoa production in some countries in 1845, 1895, 1926/30, 1940.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
41, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3732
Year: 1947
Title: Suggested aims of plant-breeding work
Journal: In Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance. Report of the Cocoa Conference, London
Pages: 58-59
Keywords: Objectives;
Abstract: Lists aims in order of importance.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2310
Year: 1948
Title: How Nigerian cocoa is exported
Journal: London: [s.n.], [1948?]
Volume: 18
Keywords: Export;
Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2360
Year: 1948
Title: Concluding report of the Committee of enquiry to review legislation for the treatment of the swollen shoot disease of cocoa and to provide for payment of compensation in respect of cocoa trees destroyed by reason of the prescribed treatment: no. 2
Journal: Accra
Volume: 18
Keywords: Diseases; Virusses; Cocoa-swollen-shoot; Eradication; Socio-economics; Control-programme;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3851
Year: 1948
Title: Annual-report
Journal: FEDERATED MALAY STATES. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Annual report
Volume: 79
Keywords: Regional; Research;
Malaysia;
Abstract: Includes reports of various divisions on steps taken to carry out recommendations made by Professor Cheesman for establishing cacao as a crop. Notes on insect pests, p. 45; diseases, p. 52-53. Some earlier reports contain brief reports on work with cacao at Central Experiment Station, Serdang.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Kuala Lumpur, 1949. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 626
Year: 1949
Title: Cocoa cultivation in East Indonesia
Journal: Econ. Voorl.
Volume: 43
Issue: 4
Pages: 13
Keywords: Regional; Nurseries; Smallholders;
Indonesia; Sulawesi; Ambon; Timor
Abstract: First nurseries for smallholder cocoa cultivation have been installed in Central Sulawesi, Ambon, South Sulawesi and Timor.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2369
Year: 1949
Title: The ACRI story
Journal: Washington: [s.n.], [1949?]
Volume: 5
Keywords: usa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - ACRI. American cocoa research institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4293
Year: 1949
Title: Report of the Cocoa Conference held at Grosvenor House, London, 30th August-lst Septeinber 1949
Journal: Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionary Alliance Ltd. London
Volume: 115
Keywords: Breeding; processing; Quality; Research; WACRI; ICTA; Disease-control; Rehabilitation.
Trinidad; Ghana
Abstract: In addition to papers listed by author and title elsewhere in this bibliography, includes various untitied addresses and discussions at meeting sessions. Subjects discussed were. Aims of plant breeding, preparation, quality and breeding of cocoa; Research work at West African Cocoa Research Institute and Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad; Disease control and rehabilitation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2423
Year: 1950
Title: Hints to cocoa farmers [in English, Ashanti-Twi, Akwapim-Twi, Fante and Ewe]
Journal: Accra: Guinea Press, [1950?]
Volume: 40
Keywords: Extension;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 524
Year: 1953
Title: Cocoa cultivation in the Central Region
Journal: El Agricultor Venezolano
Keywords: Regional
Venezuela;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2453
Year: 1953
Title: The Golden harvest: the story of the Gold Coast cocoa industry
Journal: Accra: Information Services Department
Volume: 56
Keywords: History;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 516
Year: 1954
Title: River Estate: Field visit on March 18,1954,by Agr. Soc. Trin. Tob
Journal: Journal of Agric. Soc. Trin & Tob
Volume: 54
Pages: 79-87
Keywords: Research; Research-Institute
Trinidad
Abstract: New facts on various experiments
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 517
Year: 1954
Title: Discussion on cacao in Ceylon
Journal: Trop. Agric.
Volume: 110
Pages: 61-71
Keywords: Regional
Sri-Lanka;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2285
Year: 1954
Title: Institutes concerned with cacao research
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 2606
Keywords: Research-insitutes;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2331
Year: 1954
Title: Proceedings. West African international cacao research conference, 1st, held at Tafo, Gold Coast, December 1953
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Volume: 100
Keywords: Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Proceedings. West African international cacao research conference, 1st (December 1953; Tafo)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2366
Year: 1954
Title: Cacao: the chocolate tree
Journal: Washington: [s.n.]
Volume: 19
Keywords: usa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - OAS. Organization of American States


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2370
Year: 1954
Title: Expansion of cacao cultivation in the British West India
Journal: Turrialba: [s.n.]
Volume: 3
Issue: 1954
Pages: 5
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 p. - Overdr.: Cacao. Inter-American cacao center


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1627
Year: 1956
Title: Molybdenum in plant and animal nutrition, its deficiency symptoms and their occurrence
Volume: 81
Issue: 3
Pages: 159-258
Keywords: Deficiencies Deficiency-symptoms; Disorders; Mo-deficiency; Trace-elements; Molybdenum
Abstract: The whole number is devoted to molybdenum. There are 16 coloured plates illustrating deficiency symptoms, and a bibliography of 392 items. Horticultural and field crop plants are chiefly affected. Hibiscus, Prunus, Citrus and Cacao have all revealed symptoms. Some peat soils and forest litters carry high, and some pastures poisonous, levels of Mo. Special value is attached to its role in nitrate fixation and reduction in Leguminosae.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Soil Sci. 1956


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1750
Year: 1956
Title: Basic Slag for coffee shrubs, tea bushes and cocoa
Journal: Bruxelles: [s.n.]
Volume: 18
Keywords: Manure; Fertilizers;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1774
Year: 1956
Title: Bibliography on cacao soils, (1931 - 1955)
Journal: Harpenden: [s.n.]
Pages: 39
Keywords: England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7 p. - (Bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2338
Year: 1956
Title: A guide to the growing and cultivation of clonal cocoa
Journal: St. Vincent: [s.n.]
Volume: 12
Keywords: Clones; Culitvation;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2490
Year: 1956
Title: Pollen compatibility in cacao and methods of hand pollination
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 3079
Keywords: Bibliography; Artificial-pollination; Incompatibility
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2269
Year: 1957
Title: Proceedings of the cacao breeding conference held at the West African cocoa research institute, Tafo, Ghana, 1st to 3rd October 1956
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Volume: 49
Keywords: Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Proceedings of the cacao breeding conference; West African cocoa research institute (1st to 3rd October 1956; Tafo). - Rugtitel: West African cacao breeding conference


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2334
Year: 1957
Title: Silver jubilee celebrations: Pembroke, Roxborough and Delaford. The co-operative cocoa fermentaries of Tobago, 17th June, 1957
Journal: Port of Spain: [s.n.]
Volume: 31
Keywords: Fermentation; Drying; Equipment;
Trinidad; Tobago
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1050
Year: 1958
Title: Work programme of the IFCC research centre in Ivory Coast
Journal: Paris: [s.n.]
Volume: 32
Keywords: Research;
Ivory-Coast;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. [fr]. - Institut francais du cafe et du cacao et autres plantes stimulantes


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1629
Year: 1958
Title: Methods of sampling for foliar analysis in connection with fertilizer requirements
Volume: 7
Issue: 5
Pages: 273-302
Keywords: Leaf-analysis; Soils; Fertiliser-requirements;
Abstract: Covers types of problem, principles, general advice on sampling, choice of site, foliar sampling of Coffee, Oil Palm, Cacao, Citrus spp., Tea, Hevea and annuals, soil sampling, the interpretation of two cases from the foliar and soil data presented, standard forms for requesting information and the labelling of samples.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bull. Inform. Inst. nat. Etude agron. Congo Belge 1958


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2492
Year: 1958
Title: An annotated bibliography on shade for cacao and coffee in horticultural abstracts, vol. 1-28
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 3406
Keywords: Shade-trees;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
20 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2304
Year: 1959
Title: Report of the FAO technical cacao meeting, 1st, Accra, Ghana, 8 - 15 february 1959
Journal: Rome: [s.n.]
Volume: 32
Pages: 8-15
Keywords: Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Report of the FAO technical cacao meeting, 1st (february 1959; Accra). - (Meeting report, FAO 1959,1)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2309
Year: 1959
Title: List of principal post - war papers on cacao (Netherlands language)
Journal: Amsterdam: R.T.I., [1959?].
Volume: 6
Keywords: Bibliography;
Netherlands;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Documentation bureau. Tropical products' department. Royal tropical institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2491
Year: 1959
Title: An annotated bibliography on the drying of cacao beans
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 3452
Keywords: Drying;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2362
Year: 1960
Title: Cacao: its cultivation and curing
Journal: Colombo: [s.n.], [1960?]
Pages: 7
Keywords: Agronomy; Processing;
Sri-Lanka
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15 p. - (Cash crops bulletin. Department of agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2460
Year: 1960
Title: The chemistry of cocoa
Journal: Papers presented at a symposium, Bornville, September
Pages: 38
Keywords: Biochemistry; Composition;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Leatherhead: British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, 1961. - 56 p. Chemicstry of cocoa (September 1960; Bornville). Scientific and technical surveys. British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1745
Year: 1962
Title: Bibliography on nutrition of cacao (1962 - 1951)
Pages: 529
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11 p. - (Bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1746
Year: 1962
Title: Bibliography on cacao soils (1961 - 1956): (supplement to no. 39)
Pages: 525
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 p. - (Bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2255
Year: 1963
Title: The market of coffee, cacao and bananas in countries of the EC
Journal: Brussel: [s.n.]
Pages: 1
Keywords: Marketing; Import; Consumption;
Europe
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
226 p. - (Verzameling studies (EEG). Serie ontwikkeling van landen overzee


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2261
Year: 1963
Title: Cocoa
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Pages: 6
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Commonwealth institute commodity leaflet


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2349
Year: 1963
Title: Fluctuation in the insect populations of cacao in the Atlantic Zone
Journal: San Jose: [s.n.]
Pages: 45
Keywords: Epidemiology; Pests; Population-biology
Costa-Rica
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19 p. - (Boletin tecnico. Ministerio de agricultura y ganaderia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2445
Year: 1963
Title: Review of the world cocoa economy and the work of the FAO Cocoa Study Group
Journal: [Rome]: FAO
Volume: 78
Keywords: Trade; Production; Import; Export;
World
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 71
Year: 1964
Title: The Netherlands Cocoa and Cocoa Products' Association, 30th year of the association 1964; annual report and annual figures
Journal: Jaarversl. en Jaarcijfers Ned. Cacao en Cacaoprod. Ver.
Keywords: Trade; Grinding;
Netherlands
Abstract: More than 15%. of the world output of cocoa beans is handled by the Netherlands trade and supplied to consumers in Europe and elsewhere. The Netherlands cocoa industry is the third largest user of cocoa beans in the world. The Netherlands are the largest exporter of cocoa butter and powder and the second largest exporter of chocolate. This annual report provides detailed data on imports and exports as well as information on post-war developments including the year under review. The consequences of the establishment of the European Common Market for the the Netherlands cocoa industry are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
51p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1873
Year: 1964
Title: Fertilisation
Journal: 1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome
Keywords: Nutrition;
Africa; Cameroon
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-11 Sept. Paper CA 64/29b


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2271
Year: 1964
Title: Report of preparatory meeting on cocoa research 29th - 30th January, 1964: organised by The cocoa, chocolate and confectionary alliance, London
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Volume: 86
Keywords: England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Report of preparatory meeting on cocoa research; organised by The cocoa, chocolate and confectionary alliance (29th-30th January 1964; London)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2280
Year: 1964
Title: The inheritance of, and relationships among growth characters of young cacao seedlings
Journal: University of the West Indies St. Augustine Lisboa: [s.n.], [1964?]
Pages: 37
Keywords: Heritability; Growth; Genetics;
trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
72 p. - (Comunicacoes. Missao de estudos agronomicos do ultramar


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2457
Year: 1964
Title: Agricultural calendar of Ivorian coffee and cacao planters: Labour tasks performed each month in cacao and coffee
Journal: Paris: [s.n.]
Volume: 72
Keywords: Labour; Smallholders
Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. [fr]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 89
Year: 1965
Title: A review of the cocoa processing industry in producing countries
Journal: Foreign Agr. Circ., U.S. Dep. Agr., FCB
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: Storage; Grinding; Grinding-capacity;
Abstract: In their efforts to industrialise, a great many cocoa producing nations are opening or expanding cocoa processing and storage facilities. A review is given of the cocoa processing industry in Brazil, the Dominican Rep., Mexico, Ecuador, Venezuela and other Latin American countries as well as in the following African countries: Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Angola, Congo (LÈopoidville), and the Malagasy Rep. Lists of processing industries include (where known) number of factories, operating capacity, location and other relevant information pertaining to the industry
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2-65, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2390
Year: 1965
Title: Cocoa research in Jamaica
Journal: [s.l.]: [s.n.], [1965?]
Volume: 12
Keywords: Jamaica
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1775
Year: 1967
Title: Bibliography on cacao culture and nutrition, particularly in West - Africa, 1967 - 1951
Journal: Harpenden: [s.n.]
Issue: 1212
Keywords: Fertilizition; Minerals;
England; West-Africa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17 p. - (Bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2272
Year: 1968
Title: Expert commission: session of Stockholm 1968: session of the experts of the international cacao and chocolate office: 5 - 7 june 1968
Journal: Bruxelles: [s.n.]
Volume: 18
Pages: 18
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
30 p. [fr]. - (Numero special. Circulaire periodique. Office international du cacao et du chocolat


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2324
Year: 1969
Title: Classification norms of cacao
Journal: Itabuna: [s.n.]
Pages: 27
Keywords: Quality; Grading;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
9 p. - (Communicacao tecnica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2330
Year: 1969
Title: Summary of the comments of governments on the Draft Model Ordinance of 1963
Journal: Rome: [s.n.]
Volume: 10
Keywords: Quality; Grading;
Italy;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Working party on cocoa grading. Study group on cocoa. Committee on commodity problems. - FAO


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2329
Year: 1970
Title: Report of the meeting of the technical advisory committee FAO technical commission on cocoa production and protection, held at Accra, Ghana 24 November, 1969
Journal: Rome: [s.n.]
Volume: 5
Issue: 14
Pages: M-14
Keywords: Agronomy; Soils-and-Plant-nutrition; Crop-protection;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa; Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - (Meeting report.F.A.O. PL-1969


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2494
Year: 1970
Title: Annotated bibliography on responses of cacao to temperature, 1948 - 1969
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Issue: 5725
Keywords: Environmental-responses; Temperature;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 p. - (Query file. The commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops S))


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2359
Year: 1971
Title: Cacao cultivation
Journal: Kasaragod: [s.n.]
Volume: 7
Keywords: India;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Central plantation crops research institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2378
Year: 1971
Title: Progress in tree crop research in Nigeria: cocoa, kola and coffee
Journal: Ibadan: [s.n.]
Volume: 183
Keywords: Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2493
Year: 1971
Title: Annotated bibliography on theobromine in cacao, 1932 - 1969
Journal: Maidstone: [s.n.]
Issue: 5852
Keywords: Biochemistry; Composition; Quality; Methyl-xanthines;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Query file. The commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops S))


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1776
Year: 1972
Title: Annotated bibliography on cacao nutrition, major and minor elements, seedlings and young trees, 1959 - 1971
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 5971
Keywords: Physiology; Mineral-nutrition;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 p. - (Query file. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2387
Year: 1973
Title: Our new refractory
Journal: Koog Zaandijk
Pages: Koog-Zaandijk
Keywords: Cocoa-powder; Cocoa-butter; Refraction;
Netherlands;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2396
Year: 1973
Title: Thailand: agricultural development studies: a survey of rubber growing areas
Journal: Hat Yai: [s.n.]
Pages: 1
Keywords: Intercropping;
Thailand;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
63 p. - (Technical report. Rubber development project


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2397
Year: 1973
Title: Rubber development project Hat Yai, Thailand: phase 2
Journal: Hat Yai: [s.n.]
Volume: 4
Keywords: Intercropping;
Thailand;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1974. - vols. - FAO


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2502
Year: 1973
Title: Recommended method for aflatoxins in cocoa beans
Journal: Oxford: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Food Contaminants Commission
Pages: 8
Keywords: Contamination; Quality;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
12 p. - (Information bulletin. Technical reports. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 764
Year: 1974
Title: Growing of miscellaneous tree crops
Journal: Farmer (Jamaica)
Volume: 79
Issue: 3
Pages: 61-66; 68-75.
Keywords: Cultivation;
Jamaica
Abstract: Recommendations are made on how to grow tree crops, such as citrus, pimento (P. officinale), cacao, coffee, avocado (P. americana), guava (P. guajava), ackee or akee (B. sapida), breadfruit tree (A. altilis) and annona (Annona spp.) in Jamaica.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 777
Year: 1974
Title: Second American regional meeting of Phytophthora palmivora group Guayaquil-Equador, June 8-23-1973
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 44-52.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases
Americas
Abstract: The papers delivered at the above-mentioned deal with canker and black pod of cacao and more specifically with a new species of Phytophthora (Phytophthora megasperma),:species isolated from pods, infection from trunk canker, inoculation tests and black pod epidemiology and control in Bahia, Brazil. Further studies on cacao diseases including Monilia black pod and witches broom caused by Marasmius perniciosus are needed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1051
Year: 1974
Title: A contribution to the study of cocoa and coffee cultivations in Uganda
Journal: Bulletin. Institut francais du cafe et du cacao. no.
Volume: 12
Issue: 68
Keywords: Potential;
Uganda
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1763
Year: 1974
Title: Cacao (Theobroma cacao): its pests, diseases and manuring
Journal: Ludwigshafen: [s.n.], [1974?]
Volume: 33
Keywords: Germany
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1777
Year: 1974
Title: Cacao: soil relationships, nutrition and fertilizing, 1972 - 1965
Journal: Harpenden: [s.n.]
Issue: 1631
Keywords: Fertilisers; Fertiliser-recommendation;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19 p. - (Annotaded bibliography. Commonwealth bureau of soils


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1879
Year: 1974
Title: The studies of the inorganic nutrition of coffee and cacao, carried out by the IFCC in the Ivory Coast
Journal: Potash Review
Volume: 27
Issue: 63/2
Keywords: Fertiliser-and-Manure-Responses;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: Results are presented of experiments with inorganic fertilizing of cacao and coffee growing on different soils.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pt. 4 p., table


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2383
Year: 1974
Title: Manufacturing programme for cocoa powder
Journal: Koog aan de Zaan: [s.n.]
Volume: 27
Keywords: Production;
Netherlands;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. [nl,fr]. - Cacaofabriek de Zaanb


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2459
Year: 1974
Title: International conference on cocoa and chocolate research, 1., 8 - 10 May 1974, M¸nchen
Journal: M¸nchen: Frank
Volume: 1
Issue: 8.-10. Mai, 1974; Muenchen
Keywords: Manufacturing
Germany
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
349 p. [de, en, fr] Kakao- und Schokoladeforschung: internationaler Kongress


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2495
Year: 1974
Title: Annotated bibliography on Monilia pod rot of cacao, 1952 - 1970
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 30-74
Keywords: Diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; Monillia-pod-rot;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 p. - (Query file. Commonwealth of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2496
Year: 1974
Title: Annotated bibliography on storage of seed of tropical tree fruits and plantation crops, 1932 - 1971
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 33-74
Keywords: Seed-storage;
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
16 p. - (Query file. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5538
Year: 1974
Title: Larger world cocoa bean crop in 1974-75, consumption to fall
Journal: Statistical Report World Agricultural Production and Trade
Keywords: Stimulant-Products
World
Abstract: A short note on production of cacao bean in Brazil and Ghana and on prices of cacao bean is followed by a table showing cacao bean production in specified countries in the years 1969-70 to 1973-74 and a forecast for 1974-75.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
27-28; Dec


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 741
Year: 1975
Title: Root activity patterns of some tree crops
Journal: Vienna
Keywords: Fertiliser-application; Roots; Nutrient-uptake; Phosphorus; Labelled; Radio-activity;
Ghana;
Abstract: This book contains a comprehensive technical report and deals with results of a coordinated research programme over 1967-1972 on factors contributing to efficiency of fertilizer utilization in tree crops. Section 1 and 2 contain general information. In section 3 the development of experimental techniques is presented. Root activity patterns of banana (Uganda), cacao (Ghana), coffee (Colombia and Kenya), coconuts (Philippines and Sri Lanka) and oil palms (Malaysia and Ivory Coast), are presented in Section 4. Section 5 presents a general discussion of results viz. experimental techniques, patterns of root activity in relation to season, soil type, tree age and variety, and fertilizer placement.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5576
Year: 1975
Title: Marketing and distribution system for cocoa; report by the UNCTAD secretariat
Journal: Geneva
Volume: 1
Issue: 164
Keywords: Stimulant-Products; Trade-
World
Abstract: This study deals with the structure of the world cocoa market, the main market trends, the organization of production and marketing in exporting countries, the maritime transport, the terminal markets, and the manufacture, marketing and distribution of cocoa products.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
rev. ed., 105 p.; 9 Jan, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5578
Year: 1975
Title: Cocoa products. Facts and figures on the world's major markets
Journal: Geneva
Volume: 396
Keywords: Stimulant-Products; Industrial-Production; Reference-Documents
World
Abstract: Market study on intermediate cocoa products (cocoa liquor, butter, cake, powder) in Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany FR, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA, USSR, Poland, with selected data on other Eastern European countries - defines products, gives overall data on world production and trade; reviews user purchasing practices, role of dealers, agents, brokers; pricing, cost factors, trade practices, quality standards, packaging; for each country also gives data on production, foreign trade, consumption; major enterprises, industry structure, distribution network, import barriers; lists enterprises with addresses, activity, company links, consumption of products; appendices give definitions, data sources, FAO/WHO standards, tariffs, taxes, freight rates, enterprise data; and bibliography. Author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p.; Nov


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1131
Year: 1976
Title: (Annual Report 1975)
Journal: Rapport d'Activite Institut Francais du Cafe et du Cacao
Volume: 114
Keywords: Africa
Abstract: This report contains firstly information on chemical and technological research conducted in France regarding processing of cocoa and coffee. Furthermore, results are given of research carried out mainly with respect to selection and breeding in (1) the Ivory Coast, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee, cacao and kola, (2) Togo, on Robusta and Arabica coffee, cacao and tea, (3) the Cameroon Rep., on Robusta, Arabica and Arabusta coffee, cacao, and tea, (4) Madagascar, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee, and tea, and (5) New Caledonia, on Robusta and Arabusta coffee.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1147
Year: 1976
Title: Annual report 1976
Journal: Rapport d'Activite Institut Francais du Cafe et du Cacao
Volume: 94
Keywords: Africa
Abstract: This report on activities in 1976 deals with coffee, cacao, tea, and other stimulant crop research conducted in France, Ivory Coast, Togo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Madagascar, and New Caledonia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2266
Year: 1976
Title: Recommended international standard for chocolate
Journal: Rome [etc.]: FAO [etc.]
Volume: 14
Pages: RS87-1976
Keywords: Quality; Chocolate; Manufacturing;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - (Codex Alimentarius Commission CAC/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2267
Year: 1976
Title: Recommended international standard for cocoa butters
Journal: Rome [etc.]: FAO [etc.]
Volume: 12
Pages: RS86-1976
Keywords: Quality; Cocoa-butter; Manufacturing;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - (Codex Alimentarius Commission CAC/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1766
Year: 1977
Title: Fertilizing cacao, 1971 - 1976
Journal: Muscle Shoals: T
Keywords: Bibliography
usa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
A., - 2 p. - (T.V.A. bibliography. Tennessee Valley Authority no. 1561)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2413
Year: 1977
Title: Technical consultation on agricultural extension methods and techniques for cocoa: Itabuna/Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil, May 1977
Journal: [s.l.]: C.P.A. [etc.]
Volume: 49
Keywords: Extension;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Cocoa producers alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2464
Year: 1977
Title: Cacao bibliography
Journal: Brasilia: Ministerio da Agricultura
Volume: 2
Pages: 2
Keywords: Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1980. - 2 vol. - (Bibliografias agricolas. Serie nacional


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1159
Year: 1978
Title: Annual report 1977
Journal: Rapport d'Activite Institut Francais du Cafe et du Cacao
Volume: 100
Keywords: Africa
Abstract: Research on coffee (Coffea arabica, C. canephora and their interspecific hybrid Arabusta), cacao, tea and kola (Cola nitida) is recorded. Genetic improvement, cultural practices, plant protection measures and improvement of the quality of commercial produce in various countries, including Ivory Coast, Togo and Cameroon, are reviewed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2411
Year: 1978
Title: Cocoa production survey Hilir Perak and Sabak Bernam
Journal: Kuala Lumpur: [s.n.]
Pages: 7
Keywords: Production;
Malaysia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11 p. - (Fama; lembaga pemasaran pertanian persekutuan 1978


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2414
Year: 1978
Title: World cacao production
Journal: Wageningen: Pudoc
Pages: 4198
Keywords: Bibliography
Netherlands
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
10 p. - (Literatuurlijst. Centrum voor landbouwpublikaties en landbouwdocumentatie


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2497
Year: 1978
Title: Control of nematodes on tea, coffee, cocoa
Journal: Farnham Royal: C.A.B.
Issue: H56
Keywords: Pests; Nematodes; Bibliography
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
13 p. - (Annotated bibliography / Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, ISSN 0141-5921


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5584
Year: 1978
Title: Report of the Council and statement of accounts for the year ended 31 December 1977
Journal: Report of the Council Rubber Growers' Association Ltd.
Volume: 25
Keywords: Reference-Documents; Trade-
World
Abstract: This booklet contains the 69th report of the Council of the Rubber Growers' Association in London and statement of accounts for the year 1977. It also contains information on members of the committee, committees and panels 1977-'78, RGA representatives on outside boards, local bodies, honorary gold medallists, past chairmen, company members owning and not directly owning plantations. The report itself deals with the activities of the council, including the director, in the report year, Malaysian affairs, affairs of regions other than Malaysia, rubber, oil palm and cacao, and general matters.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5594
Year: 1978
Title: Coconut smallholders in Peninsular Malaysia
Journal: Proceedings of the Int. Conf. on Cocoa and Coconuts. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June
Pages: 721-730
Keywords: smallholders-; production-economics; development-programmes
Malaysia
Abstract: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) cultivation in Peninsular Malaysia is mainly undertaken in small farms averaging 1.5 to 3 ha. Coconut estates used to be important but now account for only 7% of the total coconut area. The estates, besides providing high-yielding seedlings, are demonstrating the techniques of intercropping coconuts with cacao and these are being utilized by smallholders. Various programmes are being implemented to raise the productivity of coconut smallholders as part of the National Policy of eradicating poverty and raising the standards of low income groups. Author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21-24, .1980, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2486
Year: 1979
Title: The cocoa swollen-shoot research project at the cocoa research institute, Tafo, Ghana 1969-1978: a general report
Journal: London [etc.]: B.O.D.A.
Volume: 54
Keywords: Diseases; Viruses; Cocoa-Swollen-shoot-virus
Ghana; Tafo
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4971
Year: 1979
Title: Annual report 1979
Journal: unda
Volume: 159
Keywords: Cashews-; Guavas-; Bananas-; Citrus-; Mangoes-; Rambutans-; Durians-; Sorghum-; Cotton-;
Malaysia; Sabah
Abstract: Research on cocoa, coffee, coconuts, cashews, guavas, potatoes, fruit trees (including bananas, citrus species, mangoes, rambutans and durians), soyabean, sorghum, cotton, rice, and oil palms is reported under the following headings: agronomy, plant breeding, chemistry, entomology, plant pathology and plant physiology. A brief report from the soil survey division is also included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Sabah, Malaysia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5017
Year: 1979
Title: Entomology
Journal: Cocoa Research Institute annual report
Keywords: Pests-; Pests; Lepidoptera; Natural-enemies; Pest-resistance; Hymenoptera Pest-control; Epicampoptera-strandi-glauca; Epicampoptera-ivoirensis; Anomis-leona; Parasites-; Euplectrus-leonae; Hosts-; Insecticides-; Nontarget-effects
Ghana
Abstract: The results are presented of numerous projects on the biology and control of insect pests of cocoa, coffee and Cola in Ghana, together with some studies on soil entomology (with special attention to nontarget effects of insecticides). Among the many projects, special mention may be made of tests for varietal resistance to insect pests in cocoa, some trials with insecticides against cocoa pests, the identification (and biology) of the eulophid Euplectrus leonae as a major larval parasite of the noctuid Anomis leona, the long-term effects of insecticides on the cocoa ecosystem, and an outbreak of the drepanids Epicampoptera strandi glauca and E. ivoirensis (mainly the former species) on coffee.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/80-1980/82. 1985, 23-58; 7 fig. Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5025
Year: 1979
Title: Plant pathology
Journal: Annual Report
Keywords: Diseases-; Cacao-swollen-shoot-virus; Cacao-necrosis-virus; Phytophthora-palmivora; Calonectria-rigidiuscula; Cladosporium-cladosporioides; Mineral-deficiencies; Ridomil-; Control-; Metalaxyl-; Cao-Cobre; Techniques-; Application-; Fungicides-
Ghana;
Abstract: Studies reported on cocoa swollen shoot disease include inspection and removal of diseased trees; resistance assessment trials; tolerance assessment trials; assessing the rate of virus spread; trials to assess the performance of potential seed garden progeny; coppicing trials to assess latent CSSV infection; effect of light and nutrition on CSSV resistance; study of outbreaks; and purification of the virus and storage of the preparations. Work on cocoa necrosis virus dealt with characterization of the virus in the Sesima outbreak; infection of seedlings following mechanical inoculation; association of CNV with mineral deficiency symptoms; the effect of CNV infection on field cocoa; and purification of the virus. Research on black pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) covered a nationwide black pod survey; canker caused by the pathogen; chemical control of black pod; method of application of Ridomil [metalaxyl]; comparability of Ridomil with Cao-Cobre; and the results of small and large scale tests. Reference is also made to dieback disease (Calonectria rigidiuscula) and the incidence and control of nursery diseases including leaf blight [Cladosporium cladosporioides] and seedling wilt.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/80-1980/82, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana. 1985, 125-175; 29 tab. See RPP 64, 4832. Tafo, Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5586
Year: 1979
Title: World cocoa bean production down in 1978/79
Journal: Foreign Agriculture Circular. Cocoa
Keywords: Agricultural-Production; Trade-
World
Abstract: World cocoa bean production for 1978/79 is estimated to be 1 441 500 tons, 4% below the 1977/78 harvest. Bean grindings are expected to be no more than 1.37 million tons because of high prices. Cocoa price levels are likely to continue their downward trend but prices of cocoa and chocolate products are expected to remain high. The International Cocoa Agreement is being re-negotiated.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
USDA-FCB 1-79, 19 p; Mar


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1191
Year: 1980
Title: Malaysian cocoa: some observations on its quality and value
Journal: Planter
Volume: 56
Issue: 650
Pages: 189-192
Keywords: Product-Properties; Quality; Bean-size; Flavour; Dry-nib-yield; Fat-yield; Grading;
Malaysia
Abstract: This article provides information on the quality and value of Malaysian cacao as compared with Ghana cacao. The Malaysian cacao is considered inferior in respect of dry nib yield, fat yield, bean size and quality/flavour. Much Malaysian estate cacao is well prepared and as good as cacao produced anywhere else in the world. Some estate and most smallholder cacao, however, is not well prepared and steps should be taken to introduce grading standards so that buyers of Malaysian cacao know what they are getting. The grades should conform to the FAO grade model ordinance. It is also proposed that parcels should be classified according to bean size, for instance as no more than 110 beans per 100 g and over 110 beans per 100 g.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2477
Year: 1980
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Farnham Royal: C.A.B.
Pages: 117
Keywords: Bibliography
England
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
[8 p.] - Annotated bibliographies. C.A.B. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5179
Year: 1980
Title: Agro-forestry. A pilot project by the Forest Department, Sabah
Volume: 12
Keywords: Agroforestry-; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Projects-;
Malaysia-; Sabah-;
Abstract: A brief account of a project to reafforest 54 000 acres of logged over forests with dipterocarps and other fast growing exotic broadleaves, underplanted over 300 acres with cocoa. The project includes the construction of a forest nursery designed to handle 100 000 to 150 000 seedlings at any one time. Wildings are also used as planting stock. The cocoa production is to provide the necessary funding for the establishment of the forest plantation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
iv + pp. Sandakan, Sabah; Forest Department


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1205
Year: 1981
Title: The financing of palm oil and cocoa industries with special reference to the Agricultural Bank of Malaysia
Journal: Planter
Volume: 57
Issue: 664
Pages: 401-418
Keywords: financing-; oil-palm; industry-; cacao-; industry-; development-banks
Malaysia
Abstract: The financing of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) industries are discussed, with special reference to the Agricultural Bank of Malaysia, its loan terms and conditions, some aspects of its loan appraisal and supervision, and the prospects, problems and constraints of the industries. The background of both industries in the country is also described. In 1979 the production of palm oil was 2 188 000 tons (54.2% of the world's production) and of kernels 423 000 tons. Its share in the world's export of palm oil was 70%. For cocoa bean the production in 1978 was 21 900 tons (1.52% of the world's production). For both products production figures are expected to increase.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Jul


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2472
Year: 1981
Journal: Ilheus: CEPLAC
Volume: 52
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5597
Year: 1981
Title: The cocoa of discord: the Indian dilemma
Journal: Planters'-Chronicle (India)
Volume: 76
Issue: 8
Pages: 360-369, 384; Aug,
Keywords: cacao-; production-survey; agricultural-operations; trade-; prices-
India, World
Abstract: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) ranks second to coffee in world trade. Most of the annual world production of some 1.5 million tons is export. India started growing it in the early 1970s, mostly by small fafarmers interplanted in arecanut or coconut. At present production is around 3000 tons, but this is expected to rise to 10 000 tons by 1982/83 from plants not yet bearing fruit. However this implies oversupply for export, and the prices are low. In this connection the cocoa situation was reviewed at a seminar to initiate the organization of the cocoa growers in the country. Subjects discussed included cultivation techniques, varieties, quality improvement, research, marketing and the International Cocoa Agreement.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5598
Year: 1981
Title: Record world cocoa bean crop forecast for 1981/82
Journal: Foreign Agriculture Circular. Cocoa
Keywords: cacao-; production-trend; supply-and-demand; trade-
World
Abstract: Cocoa production, consumption and trade are reviewed against the background of the expected bumper crop of 1.73 m tons for the 1981/82 crop year.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
USDA-FCB 3-81, 15 p.; Oct


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5599
Year: 1981
Title: The future of cocoa in Indonesia
Journal: Economic Review Bank Negara Indonesia
Issue: 94
Pages: 35-38
Keywords: cacao-; production-development; market-outlook
Indonesia
Abstract: The growing of cacao (Theobroma cacao) has received the Government's special attention for export promotion. Its cultivation will be extended to cover 190 000 ha with an expected production of 170 423 t in 1988. The development of cacao growing, and the cacao development programme are reviewed. It is concluded that cacao is at this time in an unstable condition, especially with regard to world market prices and that Indonesia herself seems to have had no firm strategy for her cacao so as not to be entirely dependent on the international market.3
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1935
Year: 1982
Title: Coconuts: nutrition
Journal: In: Annual report
Pages: 75-78
Keywords: coconut-; Fertiliser-response; nutrient-source
Malaysia
Abstract: This section reports the progress of the following coconut nutritional trials: (1) 4 x 3 NK trial on Mawa hybrid coconut; (2) effect of cacao manuring on intercropped Dwarf coconut; (3) 4 x 3 x 2 NPK trial on Mawa hybrid coconuts; and (4) effect of dried POME application on the growth and yield on Mawa hybrid coconuts. So far the only significant aspect of the nutritional trials is the lack of response particularly to urea applications and to a lesser extent, to muriate of potash. The lack of any consistent effect on the leaf nitrogen levels raises the question of the efficiency of urea as a source of N for coconuts.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1982, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1936
Year: 1982
Title: Cocoa: nutrition
Journal: In: Annual report
Pages: 84-87
Keywords: cacao-; Fertiliser-response; nitrogen-source; NPK-
Malaysia
Abstract: The results of the following cacao nutritional trials are presented in this section: (1) 32x2 NPK trial on mature cacao under old dwarf coconuts; and (2) source of nitrogen for cacao trial. The importance of applying rock phosphate is now supported by the results from the NPK trial, in which a significant yield response to phosphate was recorded. The 2nd trial confirms the suitability of urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer for cacao on coastal soils. The significantly lower leaf nitrogen content 5 months after application, when compared to ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, emphasizes the importance of applying urea under favourable weather conditions and on time.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1982, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1961
Year: 1982
Title: Project on methods of establishment, recovery, management and supplementation of pastures
Journal: Informe tecnico, CEPEC
Keywords: Grasslands-; Establishment-;Fertilizers-; NPK-fertilizers; Stocking-rate; Phosphorus-;
America; Brazil
Abstract: Research projects include adaptation of forage legumes and grasses to oxisols; agronomic evaluation of forage spp. in tropical copses; productivity of Andropogon gayanus and Panicum maximum; methods of establishing mixed pastures; physical/mechanical treatment and fertilizer application for recovery of Brachiaria decumbens pasture; effect of fertilizer on establishment of forage grasses; efficiency of NPK on B. decumbens pasture recovery; effect of stocking rate on B. decumbens, B. humidicola, A. gayanus and Stylosanthes guianensis pasture productivity; effect of P fertilizer and stocking rate on P. maximum productivity; and comparison of ensiled cocoa husks with other forage crops.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1983, 249-269. Itabuna, Brazil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5487
Year: 1982
Title: Entomology
Journal: Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana. Report for the period
Keywords: Pollinators-; Insecticides-; Nontarget-effects; Natural-enemies; Pest-resistance; Control-; Insect-pests; Soils-; Pest-control; Coffee-; Cola; Weeds-; Soil-fauna
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The results are presented of about 30 research studies on the biology, incidence and control of insect and other pests of cocoa, coffee and cola in Ghana. The topics dealt with include varietal susceptibility to cocoa insect pests; laboratory and field studies on insecticides; natural enemies of pests (including nontarget effects of pesticides on them); soil entomology; the effects of weed control on the soil fauna; and natural pollination of cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/83-1984/85. 1986, 53-109. Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5626
Year: 1982
Title: Project biology and control of weeds
Journal: Informe tecnico, CEPEC
Keywords: Weeds-; Flora; Seeds-; Germination-; Setaria-plant-poiretiana; Pueraria-phaseoloides; Soyabeans-; Weed-control; Chemical-control; Simazine-; Diuron-; Cucumbers-; Soils-; Paraquat-; Setaria-poretiana; Seed-germination
Brazil;
Abstract: Grass weed spp. in cocoa plantations are identified and listed with their subfamily and tribe. The effect of time, temp. and RH on germination of Setaria poretiana seeds is outlined mathematically and the morphology and anatomy and absorption and translocation of glyphosate within S. poiretiana is described. The effect of simazine and diuron on soyabeans and cucumbers in greenhouses, the persistence of simazine in soil under controlled conditions, the effect of simazine, paraquat and diuron on soil microflora in cocoa plantations, reinfestation of plantations with weeds after herbicide use and control of Pueraria phaseoloides with 2,4-D and MCPA are briefly described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1983, 73-77. Itabuna, Brazil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1251
Year: 1983
Title: 25e anniversaire 1958-1982
Journal: Paris
Volume: 120
Keywords: agricultural-research; Research-institute; IRCC;
France, Africa
Abstract: Forty short papers, mostly on coffee and cacao, describe the most important activities and findings of the IFCC, now IRCC, which celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1983.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1937
Year: 1983
Title: Cacao Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Revista Cafetalera ANACAFE
Issue: 237
Pages: 29-32
Keywords: cacao-; Fertiliser-management; shading-; review-
Tropical Regions
Abstract: The ecological growing conditions of cacao are similar to those existing in the humid rainforests, i.e. conditions with partial shade, high humidity and the presence of mild humus layers. Climate, soil and fertilizer requirements, the occurrence of deficiencies, the application of leaf fertilizers, the cultivation under shade and pruning systems are reviewed. A highly efficient system of fertilizing is to apply a mulching consisting of cuttings of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) or Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), which received the normal dosage of fertilizers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Dec, fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2444
Year: 1983
Title: True to nature description of coffee, chocolate,tea, tabacco: in four separate parts
Journal: London: British Library Reference Division, [1983]
Volume: 4
Issue: 71
Keywords: History; Morpholgy; Anatomy; Uses;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
microfiches - Microfilmuitgave van de oorspr. uitg.: Hamburg: Gottfried Schultzen, 1684. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4891
Year: 1983
Title: Research at Dami Oil Palm Research Station, the first 15 years 1968-1982
Volume: 73
Keywords: Papua-New-Guinea; West-New-Britain; Dami
Abstract: The main areas of interest during the first 15 years were oil palm genetics, breeding, selection and pollination. Results of trials on these aspects, and on spacing, nutrition and physiological responses are reported. Brief reports on cocoa, coconut, coffee and rubber research are also included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Lae, Papua New Guinea


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4919
Year: 1983
Title: Annual report, CEPEC 1982
Keywords: Annual-reports; Weed-control; Countries-of-cultivation
Brazil;
Abstract: Research projects are collected under 18 headings on topics of cocoa agronomy and regional developments and also on production of rubber, palms, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, sweet potato, soyabean and pasture establishment and management. There are also reports from the Amazon region. Relevant projects are abstracted separately.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
356pp. Itabuna, Brazil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4937
Year: 1983
Title: Annual report 1981
Volume: 279
Keywords: Areca; Cashews-; Spice-plants;
India
Abstract: Research is reported on coconuts, arecanuts, cashews, spices, cocoa and oil palms.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; several pl. Kasaragod, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5620
Year: 1983
Title: Case studies on industrial processing of primary products. Vol. I. bauxite, rubber, tropical hardwood; Vol. II cocoa, coconut, oil, tea
Keywords: Primary-products; Processing-; Case-studies; Rubber-; Coconuts-; Tea; Economics-
Abstract: Vol. I analyzes primary products of interest to developing countries to provide a basis for some general principles regarding industrial processing in those countries. It is the first of two volumes of case studies based on a joint research project begun in April 1979 between the World Bank and the Commonwealth Secretariat. In Vol. II an in-depth study assesses the problems and potential benefits of processing these primary products and gives policy recommendations. It considers the most important factors in determining the particular location of the processing chains, gains and losses that might result from the initiation or expansion of local processing, and selected policy measures to relocate the processing activities so that a greater share of the value added accrues to developing country suppliers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
364pp.; 290pp. Washington, D.C., USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2443
Year: 1984
Title: Cocoa beans: chocolate manufacturers' quality requirements
Journal: 3rd ed., London: Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance
Volume: 20
Keywords: Quality;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4876
Year: 1984
Title: Cocoa beans
Volume: 3
Issue: 19
Keywords: Quality-; Requirements-
Abstract: The subtitle of this pamphlet is "Chocolate manufacturers' quality requirements". The different aspects of quality are discussed under: (1) flavour, (2) purity or wholesomeness, (3) consistency, (4) yield of edible material, and (5) cocoa butter characteristics. There are 3 appendices: A. International cocoa standards, B. Limits of pesticide residues, and C. Approved pesticides.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Ed. pp. London, UK; Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4907
Year: 1984
Title: Annual Report of the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute 1980
Volume: 215
Issue: 78
Keywords: Diseases-; Spice-plants;
India
Abstract: Included in this report are details of work on the pathology of coconut, arecanut, spices and cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; manyref., tab., 10 append. See RPP 63, 1544. Kasaragod, Kerala, India; CPRI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4922
Year: 1984
Title: Management report 1983. Informe de gerencia 1983
Volume: 199
Keywords: Colombia,-Instituto-Colombiano-Agropecuario; Maps-; Annual-reports; Colombia; Instituto-Colombiano-Agropecuario; Sugarcane-; Tropical-fruits; Vegetables-; Oilseeds-
Abstract: This comprehensive report includes summaries of research and trials on many horticultural and agricultural crops including annual and perennial oilseed crops, cereals, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, tropical fruits, tuberous crops and vegetables.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; many col. pl., maps. Bogota, Colombia; Ministerio de Agricultura


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4929
Year: 1984
Title: Annual Report of the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute 1982
Volume: 143
Issue: 63
Keywords: Reports-; Diseases-;
Inidia
Abstract: In the plant protection section of this report details are given of work on the pathology of coconut, arecanut, cocoa, cashew and spices.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; See RPP 1544. Kasaragod, Kerala, India; CPCRI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4935
Year: 1984
Title: Annual report 1980
Volume: 215
Keywords: Areca; Cashews-; Pineapples-; Pawpaws-; Eugenia-caryophyllus; Myristica-fragrans; Trigonella-foenum-graecum; Fennel-; Aubergines-
India
Abstract: Research is reported on the following crops: coconuts, arecanuts, cashews, pineapples, pawpaws, oil palms, cocoa, black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, coriander, cumin, fenugreek, fennel and aubergines.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kasaragod, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4936
Year: 1984
Title: Annual report 1982
Volume: 143
Keywords: Areca; Cashews-; Piper-nigrum; Amomum-; Zingiber-officinale; Curcuma-longa; Myristica-fragrans; Cinnamomum-
India
Abstract: Research is reported on coconuts, arecanuts, oil palms, cocoa, cashews, black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, nutmeg and cinnamon.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kasaragod, india


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4956
Year: 1984
Title: Annual report 1976/77-1978/79
Journal: Report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Volume: 353
Issue: 50
Keywords: Insect-pests; Cola; Coffee-; Butyrospermum-parki
Ghana
Abstract: This annual report on cocoa (and to a lesser extent also cola and coffee) research in Ghana contains contributions on plantation management, agronomy, entomology, plant breeding, plant pathology, plant physiology, soil science and meteorology. Relevant items are abstracted separately and can be traced via the subject index under Annual reports, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4989
Year: 1984
Title: Nematology
Journal: Annual Report
Volume: 5
Pages: 14-16
Keywords: Nematicides-; Fungi-; Spice-plants; Essential-oil-plants; Nuts-; Tropical-fruits; Beverage-plants; Root-crops; Reports-; Plant-parasitic-nematodes; Bananas-; Pawpaws-; Dioscorea; Zingiber-; Cardamoms-; Pests-; Radopholus-similis; Disorders-; Root-wilt-disease
India
Abstract: Work reported on includes: the role of Radopholus similis in coconut root wilt disease; the role of nematodes (mostly R. similis, Meloidogyne and Trophotylenchulus piperis) in the incidence of slow wilt of pepper; pathogenicity and nematicidal control of M. incognita and R. similis on black pepper; the role of plant parasitic nematodes in Thanjavur wilt of coconut; population levels of plant parasitic nematodes in multispecies cropping systems (R. similis an arecanut, pepper and banana, M. incognita on papaya, cocoa, elephant-foot-yam and ginger, Pratylenchus on napier grass) and control with furadan; pathogenicity and control of R. similis in association with Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum on arecanut and of M. incognita on cardamom (in association with Rhizoctonia solani); role of nematodes in the transmission of coconut root wilt disease.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1985, 23, 39-40, 86-88, 132-133. Kerala, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5069
Year: 1984
Title: Annual report 1984
Volume: 136
Keywords: Reports-; Malaysia,-MARDI; Coconut; Tropical-fruits; Vegetables-; Spice-plants; Sugarcane-; Ornamental-plants; Groundnuts-; Agricultural-research; Rice-; Pest-control; Fruits-; Tobacco-; Spices-; Maize-; Soyabeans-; Cassava; Sweet-potatoes; Root-crops
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Research work conducted at the MARDI in 1984 is described. Among the crops covered were rice, cocoa, coconuts, fruit and tobacco. Vegetables, spices and beverages, ornamentals, sugarcane, maize, groundnuts, soyabeans, cassava, sweet potatoes and other root crops are dealt with in a chapter on miscellaneous crop research. Aspects of breeding and selection, agronomy, pest, disease and weed control and crop technology are covered. Other fields of research surveyed include livestock, food technology and biotechnology.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; MARDI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5187
Year: 1984
Title: Annals of the VI Seminar on forest conditions and perspectives. Situation of forest entomology and pathology in Brazil. Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, 16-17 Feb. 1982
Journal: Documentos, Unidade Regional de Pesquisa Florestal Centro Sul, EMBRAPA, Brazil
Issue: 14
Keywords: Oncideres-impluviata; Mimosa-scabrella; Insect-pests; Damage-; Oncideres-; Eucalyptus-; Diseases-; Pinus-;
Brazil
Abstract: Fourteen papers are presented, with particular reference to Eucalyptus, Pinus, Hevea brasiliensis, and cocoa, tree seed pests and/or diseases, and Oncideres impluviata (Cerambycidae) damage to Mimosa scabrella.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
81 pp.; manyref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5416
Year: 1984
Title: Miscellaneous pests
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Pages: 75-81
Keywords: Bathycoelia-thalassina; Biology-; Anomis-leona; Earias-biplaga; Characoma-stictigrapta; Natural-enemies; Arthropods-; Distribution-; Parasites-; Food-plants; Trissolcus-; Hosts-; Predators-; Formicidae-; Araneae-; Prey-; Nematoda-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Short accounts, with some results, are presented on 4 research projects on pests of cocoa in Ghana. The species (and topics) dealt with are Bathycoelia thalassina (including its seasonal population cycle, insect population and tree density, egg parasitism (by Trissolcus spp.) and predation (by ants and spiders)), Anomis leona, Earias biplaga and Characoma stictigrapta (especially their biology and a range of arthropod and nematode parasites).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5417
Year: 1984
Title: Mealybug studies
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Pages: 62-75
Keywords: Pest-resistance; Planococcoides-njalensis; Cacao-swollen-shoot-virus; Transmission-; Planococcus-citri; Phenacoccus-hargreavesi; Vectors-; Oecophylla-longinoda; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations; Interactions-; Pseudococcidae-; Tetramorium-aculeatum; Tetramorium-; Pheidole-; Crematogaster-; Food-plants; Resistance-; Toxoptera-aurantii; Mesohomotoma-tessmanni; Miridae; Distantiella-theobroma; Helopeltis-; Bathycoelia-thalassina; Insect-pests; Formicidae-; Distribution-;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Short accounts, with some results, are presented on 7 research projects, mainly on mealybugs, on cocoa in Ghana. The topics dealt with include the rate of spread of cacao swollen shoot virus (with Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri and Phenacoccus hargreavesi as vectors), varietal resistance to mealybugs, ant-mealybug interactions (with reference to Oecophylla longinoda, Tetramorium, Macromischoides aculeatus [T. aculeatum], Pheidole spp. and 16 species of Crematogaster), varietal resistance in cocoa to insect pests (especially Planococcus citri, Planococcoides njalensis, Toxoptera aurantii, Tyora tessmanni [Mesohomotoma tessmanni], Distantiella theobroma, Helopeltis spp. and Bathycoelia thalassina), within-tree mealybug distribution, screening insecticides for mealybug control and the biology of mealybugs
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5418
Year: 1984
Title: Capsid studies
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Distantiella-theobroma; Distribution-; Sahlbergella-singularis; Anomis-leona; Earias-biplaga; Mesohomotoma-tessmanni; Xylosandrus-compactus; Leiophron-sahlbergellae; Biology-; Natural-enemies; Arthropods-; Food-plants; Pseudococcus-; Acrididae-; Aphididae-; Crematogaster-; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations; Parasites-; Hosts-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Short accounts, with some results, are presented on 7 research projects on cocoa pests (mainly mirid bugs, especially Distantiella theobroma and Sahlbergella singularis) and their natural enemies in Ghana. The topics dealt with include bug population cycles, seasonal movement of mirids in an infested area, the rehabilitation of areas damaged by mirids, parasitism of S. singularis (especially by Euphorus sahlbergellae [Leiophron sahlbergellae]) mirid movement and oviposition as related to light intensity, and insect succession on cocoa (with notes on several species including Crematogaster sp., Acrididae, Tettigoniidae, Anomis leona, Earias biplaga, Tyora tessmanni [Mesohomotoma tessmanni], Pseudococcus sp., D. theobroma, S. singularis, aphids and Xyleborus morstatti [Xylosandrus compactus]).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
57-62; 3 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 418
Year: 1985
Title: Proceedings 9th international coca research conference
Journal: Lagos
Volume: 760
Keywords: Agronomy; crop-protection; plant-breeding; utilization; socio-economics; soils-and-plant-nutrition
Tropical Regions
Abstract: This volume presents the proceedings of the 9th International Cocoa Research Conference held at Lome, Togo, from, 12 to 18 February, 1984. Papers submitted to the conference were grouped under the following headings: (1) priorities of cacao research in the next decade; (2) agronomy, physiology, soils and nutrition; (3) genetics and breeding; (4) diseases; (5) by-products and bean utilization; (6) pests; (7) extension, fermentation, storage, marketing and quality.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., figs, bibliography (vp.); summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2433
Year: 1985
Title: De Zaan Far East
Journal: Singapore: Zaan Far East, [1985]
Volume: 11
Keywords: Cocoa-powder;
Singapore
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4951
Year: 1985
Title: The Dutch cocoa processing industry
Journal: Agri Holland
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: Cocoa-industry; Netherlands-
Abstract: Cocoa manufacturing in the Netherlands goes back to the 17th century. Of the total volume of cocoa beans imported into the Netherlands, over 80% is re-exported in the form of semi-manufactures (cocoa powder and cocoa butter). The Netherlands is the main exporter of both these (total value over f 1495 million), and of chocolate products (f 640 million). Production of cocoa butter has risen to 75 000 t/year, with imports of 25 000 t, and export value of f 1057 million. Cocoa powder production rose to 80 000 t in 1984, with exports of 72 000 t, worth f 439 million. Chocolate products are sold mainly within the EC.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pl., tab., OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4954
Year: 1985
Title: CIBC Annual report 1984-85
Journal: Report, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control
Volume: 58
Issue: 11
Keywords: Gracillariidae; Lepidoptera; IPM-; Mollusca; Sarasinula-plebeias; Reports-; Biological-control; Arthropods-; Plants-; Lucerne-; Pest-control; Apples-; Pastures-; Cassava Sugarcane-; Coffee-; Coconuts-; Mangoes-; Forest-pests; Control-; Conopomorpha-cramerella; Carduus-; Centaurea Euphorbia Ulex-europaeus; Cytisus-scoparius; Pteridium-aquilinum; Acacia-arabica; Parthenium-hysterophorus; Abutilon-theophrasti; Hydrilla-verticillata; Eichhornia-crassipes; Molluscs-; Glossina-aa Annual-reports
Canada-; India-; Pakistan-; United-Kingdom; Trinidad-and-Tobago;
Abstract: Information is provided on numerous projects in Commonwealth and other countries on the biological control (using arthropods and pathogens as control agents) of invertebrate pests (mainly arthropods) and weeds. The programmes on agricultural pests discussed include those for Canada (on pests of lucerne, apple and pastures) and those on cassava pests, Conopomorpha cramerella (on cocoa), sugarcane borers, coffee pests, coconut pests, mango pests, and the slug Sarasinula plebeias. Programmes on forest pests and Glossina spp. are also described. The target weeds discussed include knapweeds (Centaurea spp.), Carduus spp., Euphorbia spp., gorse (Ulex europaeus), broom (Cytisus scoparius), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), Acacia nilotica [A. arabica], Parthenium hysterophorus, velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti), Hydrilla verticillata and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Summaries are included of 11 projects in Europe, 5 in India, 7 in Kenya, 6 in Pakistan, 9 in the United Kingdom and 5 in the West Indies (mainly Trinidad). Numerous services and shipments of natural enemies are also summarized.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; fig., published by Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, United Kingdom


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4958
Year: 1985
Title: Dutch trade with Africa in 1984. Rapid advance in cocoa and coffee imports and stagnation of exports. For Africa: import share 5.9%; export share 3.2%
Journal: Marches Tropicaux et Mediterraneens
Issue: 2085
Pages: 2623-2625
Keywords: International-trade;
Africa-; Netherlands-
Abstract: Imports into the Netherlands from Africa in 1984 increased by only 4.2%. This near stagnation is explained by a slight set-back of crude oil deliveries (-5%), as well as purchases of oil products (-16%) and tobacco leaves (-32%). On the other hand, African deliveries of cocoa (+37%) and coffee (+40%) significantly increased. The article analyzes underlying trends in exports and imports between African countries and the Netherlands in 1984.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 tab., BIDS


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4973
Year: 1985
Title: Management report 1984
Volume: 155
Keywords: Maps-; Phaseolus-vulgaris; Vegetables-; Bananas-; Sugarcane-; Sorghum-; Cotton-; Agricultural-research
Colombia
Abstract: This report includes summaries of research on industrial crops (including cotton, cocoa, coconuts and oil palms), annual crops (including Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna mungo, maize, sorghum and rice), miscellaneous crops (including vegetables, bananas, sugarcane and tobacco) and on animal husbandry (cattle, poultry, rabbits and pigs).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; many col. pl., maps. Bogota, Colombia; Ministerio de Agricultura


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4979
Year: 1985
Title: Annual report for the year 1984
Keywords: Sugarcane-; Vegetables-; Citrus-; Agricultural-research
Fiji
Abstract: The state of the main agricultural sectors in Fiji in 1984, including sugarcane, rice, coconuts, cocoa, root crops, vegetables, fish, beef and dairy cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep, goats and bees are reported. The work of various divisions of the ministry is outlined. Results of research on rice, root crops, vegetables, cocoa, coconuts, citrus, other fruits, pulses and maize carried out by the research division are summarized.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
109pp. Suva, Fiji


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4986
Year: 1985
Title: The world cocoa market. Le marche mondial du cacao
Keywords: International-agreements; World-markets
Abstract: World production, consumption, export and stock levels of cocoa, between 1978-85, are presented. High prices in the mid 1970s encouraged farmers to improve yields and expand area under cocoa production. The extent of overproduction is estimated at 98 000 t in 1984/85. The leading producers are Ivory Coast, Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, with GFR, USA, Netherlands, USSR and UK as the main importing nations. Cocoa marketing is analysed focusing on the roles of the New York and Paris stock exchange markets, international cocoa agreements and Nestle. It is argued that Nestle supports international product agreements which allow an equitable earning among producer nations and long term market stability.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11pp.; OAE. Lausanne, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4987
Year: 1985
Title: Cultivars released in 1983 and 1984. Cocoa
Journal: Agronomico
Volume: 37
Issue: 2
Pages: 93
Keywords: Varieties-; Cultivars-; Characteristics-
Brazil-; Cruzeiro-do-Sul;
Abstract: The clonal cultivar IAC1-Cruzeiro do Sul was derived from UF677 by open pollination and individual selection. It belongs to the Segregante Trinitario varietal type and has fruits of 420-940 g with 20-50 seeds/fruit. It forms an erect, vigorous plant and is noted for its tolerance of Phytophthora palmivora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4994
Year: 1985
Title: Annual report for 1983
Volume: 196
Keywords: Piper-nigrum; Vegetables-; Cashews-; Syzygium-aromaticum; Myristica-fragrans; Shorea; Watermelons-; Passion-fruits; Cauliflowers-; Cabbages-; Chinese-cabbages; Aubergines-; Tomatoes-; Capsicum-; Groundnuts-;
Malaysia; Sarawak
Abstract: Results of research on the following crops and subjects are reported: rice, pepper (Piper nigrum), tree crops (cocoa, coconuts, coffee, illipe nut (Shorea sp.), cashews, cloves, nutmeg, tea and oil palms), sago, field crops (soyabeans, maize, groundnuts, mung beans, cowpeas and tapioca), fruit crops (including watermelons and passion fruits), vegetables (cauliflowers, cabbages, Chinese cabbages, aubergines, tomatoes and Capsicum peppers), peat utilization for annual and perennial crops, soil surveys, animal husbandry (including duck rearing), inland fisheries and aquaculture, and sericulture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; maps. Kuching, Sarawak; Ministry of Agriculture and Community Development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5007
Year: 1985
Title: CEPLAC. Report of researches in 1983. CEPLAC
Volume: 1
Keywords: Lepidoptera; Stenomidae-; Hemiptera Miridae-; Hymenoptera Formicidae-; Acari-; Eriophyidae-; Pyralidae-; Coleoptera Curculionidae-; Cerambycidae-; Natural-enemies; Arthropod-pests; Conotrachelus-; Steirastoma-breve; Stenoma-decora; Monalonion-; Atta-cephalotes; Eriophyes-reyesi; Clastoptera-aa Terastia-meticulosalis; Ephestia-cautella; Control-; Mating-disruption; Sex-pheromones; Cercopidae-; Microbial-pesticides; Metarhizium-anisopliae; Biology-; Beneficial-arthropods; Insecticides-; Nontarget-effects; Equipment-; Insecticide-application; Araneae-; Prey-; pests
Brazil-;
Abstract: This report contains details of the work carried out under the auspices of the Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Brazil, in 1983; the work was mainly concerned with cocoa cultivation and production. The sections that contain information of entomological interest include one (pp. 61-69) on equipment for the application of insecticides and other phytosanitary treatments; one (pp. 77-98) in which the topics include the control of arthropod pests of cocoa (including Stenoma decora, Monalonion spp., Atta cephalotes, Eriophyes reyesi, Clastoptera sp. and Terastia meticulosalis), beneficial species in cocoa plantations (pollinators, parasites and predators), residues of plant protection chemicals in produce and water, and the control of Ephestia cautella in stored cocoa using synthetic sex pheromones; one (pp. 297-300) on the use of Metarhizium anisopliae to control pasture froghoppers [Cercopidae]; and one (pp. 453-456) on the bioecology and control of the cocoa pests Conotrachelus sp. and Steirastoma breve, the effect of insecticides on cocoa pests and the spiders preying on them in Amazonia, and the insect fauna in cocoa plantations in Altamira, Para.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xiii+485pp.; many fig. (col.). Ilheus, Brazil; Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5026
Year: 1985
Title: Annual Report for 1983 and 1984
Keywords: Reports-; Rubber-; Paspalum-conjugatum; Ottochloa-nodosa; Calopogonium-caeruleum; 2,4-D; Residues-; Soils-; 2,4,5-T; Paraquat-; Analytical-methods; Malaysia,-Guthrie-Research-Chemara; Guthrie-Research-Chemara; Oil-palms; Cocoa-
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Research work conducted at the Guthrie Research Chemara, Malaysia is described, including oil palm agronomy, nutrition and breeding, rubber exploitation and agronomy, control of [Paspalum] conjugatum, [Ottochloa] nodosa and [Calopogonium] caeruleum in the inter-rows of rubber plantations, rubber factory effluent, rehabilitation of low-yielding cocoa trees, sheep upgrading and production, pasture undergrowth and crop management studies, utilization of agroindustrial byproducts in animal farming, plant protection against insects, vertebrata and diseases, chemistry and technology in relation to the analysis of oil palm and rubber samples, pesticides/herbicides (including 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and paraquat) in soil, and other samples such as ethylene release from ethephon samples or the determination of polysaccharide contents in root crops, and statistical techniques including data processing, statistical analyses and computer facilities.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
59pp. Seremban, Malaysia; Guthrie Research Chemara


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5047
Year: 1985
Title: Western Samoa agriculture sector study, Volume I: recommended strategies and programs; Volume II: background and sector review
Journal: Manila, Philippines
Keywords: Regional; Agricultural-policy; Agricultural-situation;
Western-Samoa
Abstract: This report identifies constraints that have inhibited agricultural growth in Western Samoa in the past and recommends strategies that will make sustained and rapid growth possible in the future. Policies and developments in different subsectors were examined. Problems identified include: age of coconut and cocoa trees, of which a high proportion have reached senescence; poor disease and pest control; inefficient husbandry practices; and inadequate support services and marketing systems. An evident need exists to raise the productivity of smallholder agriculture through better marketing arrangements, higher producer incentives and the introduction of improved crop varieties and farming practices. Export performance has also posed a major problem. The principal export crops have been copra, cocoa, banana and taro. The production of copra has been virtually stagnant for a number of years, and its export has fluctuated widely from year to year. Cocoa production is now half to one-third of what was recorded in the early 1970s. Banana production is now principally for the domestic market, as the export performance deteriorated after the mid-1960s following extensive cyclone damage and agronomic and marketing problems. To a certain extent banana has been replaced as an export crop by taro, which remains the principal staple for domestic food consumption. Parts 1, 2 and 3 along with their appendices (including project profiles) constitute Volume I and are of special value to planners and those interested chiefly in the proposed directions of Western Samoan agriculture. Parts 4 and 5 and their appendices constitute Volume II, where the supporting data and analyses that back up the strategy and recommended programmes and projects in Volume I are contained. A bibliography is included at the end of Volume II.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
296p. 269p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5073
Year: 1985
Title: Research Division.Fiji, Ministry of Primary Industries\ Ministry of Primary Industries, Fiji
Journal: Annual report for the year
Issue: 79
Keywords: Pests; Diseases; Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae-; Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae-; Natural-enemies; Agricultural-research; Pest-control; Plutella-xylostella; Cabbages-; Othreis-fullonia; Citrus-; Oryctes-; Coconut; Control-; Microbial-pesticides; Baculovirus-oryctes; Against-; Biological-control; Arthropods-; Crops-; Rice-; Vegetables-; Maize-mosaic-virus; Cereals-; Root-crops; Maize-; Fodder-crops; Nuts-; Fibre-plants; Beverage-plants; Plant-viruses; Weeds-; Plant-parasitic-nematodes; Fruits-
Fiji-;
Abstract: This report on agricultural research in Fiji includes information on rice (including varietal trials, fertilizers, and the biology and control of weeds, diseases and insect pests), root crops (including varietal trials and the control of diseases and nematode pests), vegetables (including varietal trials, control of diseases and the biological control of diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella] on cabbage), tropical fruits (including varietal trials, fertilizers and the biological control of the noctuid Othreis fullonia on Citrus), maize (including varietal trials for resistance to maize mosaic virus), cocoa (including varietal trials and the control of pests and diseases) and coconut (including intercropping with annual crops and microbial control of rhinoceros beetles [Oryctes] with the virus Baculovirus oryctes).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Ministry of Primary Industries, Fiji. 1986, 35-41; Parliamentary Paper Fiji; Parliament of Fiji


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5434
Year: 1985
Title: Research Reports 1983
Volume: 485
Keywords: Reports;
Brazil
Abstract: Research on agroclimatology, soils, pasture management, rubber production and mixed farming systems in the cocoa-producing regions of Bahia and Espirito Santo is reported, in addition to recent trials on genetic improvement, physiology, nutrition and fertilizer regimes, cultural techniques, and control of weeds, pests and diseases in cocoa crops. Relevant reports are abstracted separately.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Ilheus, Brazil


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5493
Year: 1985
Title: Insecticides
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Volume: 86
Pages: 31-38
Keywords: Hemiptera; Insect-pests; Natural-enemies; Distantiella-theobroma; Sahlbergella-singularis; Pesticides-; Nontarget-effects; Insecticides-; Fungicides-; Resistance-; Insecticide-resistance; Miridae-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The results are presented of 6 laboratory and field investigations on pesticides against insect pests of cocoa in Ghana. These were on laboratory testing for insecticide resistance in the mirids Distantiella theobroma and Sahlbergella singularis; field trials with insecticides against these mirids; field trials with mixtures of insecticides and fungicides against these mirids and black pod; side effects of the pesticide used against other arthropods, including natural enemies of pests; taint and residue tests; and long-term effects of insecticides (on pests and natural enemies).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/ 1987, Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5494
Year: 1985
Title: Miscellaneous insects
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Volume: 86
Pages: 30-32
Keywords: Orthoptera; Coleoptera Lepidoptera Noctuidae-; Insects-; Hymenoptera Eulophidae-; Insect-pests; Natural-enemies; Tettigoniidae-; Rutelidae-; Anomis-leona; Parasitoids-; Euplectrus-leonae; Hosts-; Plantations-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: In 1985-86, populations of the noctuid Anomis leona on cocoa in Ghana were high throughout the year, with a peak in January. Parasitism of larvae by Euplectrus leonae began to build up in April and reached a peak in August; parasitism averaged 4.1%, as compared with 7.9% in 1984-85. In an assessment of populations of minor insect pests on mature cocoa, the population of a tettigoniid was consistently the highest, followed by that of a leaf-eating rutelid.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/ 1987, Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5495
Year: 1985
Title: Mealybug studies
Journal: Annual report, Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana
Volume: 86
Pages: 24-30
Keywords: Pest-resistance; Hemiptera; Insect-pests; Pseudococcidae-; Natural-enemies; Planococcoides-njalensis; Planococcus-citri; Phenacoccus-hargreavesi; Pseudococcus-concavocerarii; Ferrisia-virgata; Sampling-; Varietal-susceptibility
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The results are presented of 3 projects on the biology, incidence and control of mealybugs (especially Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri, Phenacoccus hargreavesi, Pseudococcus concavocerarii and Ferrisia virgata) and other pests on cocoa in Ghana. These were on the field evaluaton of varietal susceptiblity to cocoa insect pests, evaluation of sampling methods for estimating population densities of mealybugs, and natural enemies of mealybugs.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/ 1987, Tafo, Ghana; Cocoa Research Institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4962
Year: 1986
Title: Emptying the cup
Journal: Economist, UK
Volume: 298
Issue: 7432
Keywords: International-agreements
Abstract: The present international cocoa agreement has been in effective suspension since 1982, and expires in September 1986. No decisions have yet been made by representatives of 42 cocoa producing and consuming countries on a new agreement. The international cocoa agreement has a dismal history and the troubles of the International Cocoa Organization have been magnified by the absence of the world's biggest producer, the Ivory Coast, and its biggest consumer the USA. From the new agreement producers want a tougher line, with buffer-stock arrangements and export quotas to defend a floor price of 100 cents per lb. Consumers want no price floor but loose intervention limites on either side of a target price of around 105 cents per lb, and provision for frequent reviews. Export quotas are not favoured by the main consumers; the EC proposes the withholding of limited supplies from the market if the buffer stock manager is near the exhaustion of his resources. If the consumers get their way, the new agreement would simply iron out short term fluctuations around a market-dictated trend.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p.56, 58; OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4985
Year: 1986
Title: Chocolate fruit and nut
Journal: Economist, UK
Volume: 300
Issue: 7456
Keywords: International-agreements; Evaluation-
Abstract: The International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) uses the cocoa agreement to reduce price instability, buying cocoa when prices fall below an agreed lower limit and selling from a buffer stock when prices rise above an agreed upper limit. However, cocoa's largest consumer (the USA) and its fastest growing producer (Malaysia) have kept outside the agreement, believing that it increases supply and restrains demand, thus intensifying rather than reducing price instability. The latest cocoa agreement has, however, been improved. The ICCO now uses a crawling-peg mechanism to adjust the price levels it defends. It must also be remembered that if the ICCO disappeared the current cocoa buffer stock of over 100 000 t would suddenly be sold, intensifying the debt-cases of countries such as Brazil and Nigeria. In contrast to the optional choice surrounding the use of hedging and futures contracts, commodity agreements need consensus among competing producers and consumers. This can usually be reached only on terms acceptable to the highest cost producer in the group, which is why the agreements do not generally work.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p.16; OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5027
Year: 1986
Title: CIBC annual report 1985-86
Journal: Slough, UK
Keywords: IPM-; Biological-control; Weeds-; Reports-; Arthropods-; Forests-; Arthropod-pests; Control-; Sugarcane-; Cassava; Ulex-; Cytisus-; Pteridium-; Acacia Striga-aa Salvinia-;
Canada-; USA-; Pakistan-; Europe-; India-; Kenya-; UK-; Caribbean-;
Abstract: The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control has been renamed the CAB International Institute of Biological Control and retains the acronym CIBC. This annual report includes a section on highlights (with notes on important projects on the control of arthropod pests and weeds in many parts of the world). There follow sections on agricultural pests, forestry pests and weeds, in which notes are presented on numerous projects, under the headings: investigations for Canada Agriculture; sugarcane pests, coffee pests, coconut pests, cocoa pod borer, cassava pests, PARC-CIBC pest management investigations [in Pakistan], coccid pests, investigations for Canada Forestry Department, mahogany shoot borers, investigations [on weeds] for Canada and USA; gorse [Ulex] and broom [Cytisus]; bracken [Pteridium]; prickly acacia [Acacia sp.]; witchweeds [Striga] and Salvinia. Summaries of these and other projects (totalling about 45 projects), together with notes on numerous biological control services, are provided in appendixes. The projects and services are described under the headings Europe, India, Kenya, Pakistan, UK and West Indies, indicating the CIBC stations responsible for these studies.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5040
Year: 1986
Title: Annual Report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, for the year 1984
Volume: 194
Keywords: Reports-; Malaysia; Dep.-Agric.
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Studies (noticed separately) are reported on some aspects of the pathology of rice, black pepper, cocoa and tomato.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xi + pp. Kuching, Sarawak; Minist. Agric. Community Development


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5053
Year: 1986
Title: Annual report 1985. Informe anual 1985
Journal: Turrialba, Costa Rica
Issue: 7
Keywords: Reports-; Costa-Rica; Costa-Rica,-Centro-Agronomico-Tropical-de-Investigacion-y-Ensenanza; Centro-Agronomico-Tropical-de-Investigacion-y-Ensenanza; Bananas-; Coffee-; Cocoa-
Abstract: This report includes progress on research, education and external cooperation. Animal production research includes: pastures and forages; tropical cattle, pig, sheep and goat production programmes; agroforestry systems; and mixed farming systems in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama and Costa Rica. Research on annual crops includes: production systems on small farms; extension work in technology transfer; development of agricultural technology in specific geographical areas; drought resistant crops; and integrated pest management. Perennial crops covered include bananas, coffee and cocoa. Research on natural renewable resources includes forestry, agroforestry systems, forested areas and water.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
127 pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5054
Year: 1986
Title: Annual report for the year 1985
Volume: 77
Keywords: Reports-; Fiji-; Cows-; Ministry-of-Primary-Industries; Fiji,-Ministry-of-Primary-Industries; Sugarcane-; Coconuts-; Zingiber-officinale; Coffee-; Passion-fruits; Citrus-; Pineapples-; Tropical-fruits; Vegetables-; Groundnuts-; Sorghum-
Abstract: The area, production, yield and value of sugarcane, coconuts, rice, ginger, cocoa, coffee, passion fruit, citrus fruits, pineapples, other tropical fruits, root crops, vegetables, sorghum, maize, groundnuts, pulses, tobacco, fish, beef and dairy cattle, poultry, goats, pigs, sheep and bees are summarized. Other aspects of work of the ministry such as education, training, research, extension, information, economic planning and statistics, animal health and production, quarantine, drainage and irrigation, fisheries and an agricultural tribunal are outlined.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Fiji; Parliament of Fiji


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5077
Year: 1986
Title: Management report 1985
Journal: Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario
Keywords: Sugarcane-; Vegetables-; Furcraea; Fruit-crops; Oil-palms; Sorghum-; Cotton-; Sesame-; Groundnuts-; Triticum-; Agricultural-research; Hordeum-
Colombia-;
Abstract: Research is reported on cotton, rice, cocoa, wheat, barley, oats, coconuts, miscellaneous crops (including sugarcane, vegetables, fique [Furcraea sp.] and tobacco), fruit crops, legumes and annual oilseeds (including soyabeans, sesame, groundnuts and lentils), maize, oil palms and sorghum, and on fisheries and animal husbandry (beekeeping, cattle, poultry, pigs, rabbits, sheep and goats).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
197pp.; maps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5090
Year: 1986
Title: Annual report 1985
Journal: India, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute
Keywords: Research
India-;
Abstract: Research is reported on crops which include cocoa, coconut, black pepper, cashew, cardamom, cumin, fennel, arecanut, turmeric, oil palm, coriander, fenugreek, rice, ginger, clove, nutmeg and sugarcane.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
213pp. Kasaragod, India; CPCRI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5105
Year: 1986
Title: Annual Report, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), 1984
Keywords: Reports-; MARDI-; Plant-diseases; Diseases-
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Reports of studies on plant pathology are included in the sections on various crops including rice, cocoa and coconut, fruits and tobacco.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
vii + 136pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; MARDI


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5484
Year: 1986
Title: Report for the period 1982/83 - 1984/85
Volume: 242
Keywords: Entomology-; Arthropod-pests
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Research is reported in the following sections: agronomy; entomology; plant breeding; plant pathology; plant physiology and biochemistry; and soil science. Meteorological data for the years 1982-1984, with a 47-year mean, are tabulated.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Tafo, Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5080
Year: 1987
Title: Household food consumption and expenditure: 1985
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Keywords: Man-; Reports-; UK-; National-Food-Survey-Committee; Food-consumption
Abstract: Expenditure in the UK on food for consumption in the home was £9.37 per person per week in 1985 (3.8% higher than in 1984). Household consumption of liquid whole milk was 3.24 pints per person per week, 8% lower than in the previous year. This was partly offset by the increase in consumption of low-fat milks which has more than trebled since 1983 and accounted for more than 11% of liquid milk purchases in 1985. Average intake of natural and processed cheese increased between 1984 and 1985 resulting in an intake of 3.91 oz per person per week in 1985. Total expenditure on meat and meat products was just under 30% of total household expenditure on all foods. There was increased consumption of beef, pork, bacon, ham and of other meat and meat products except for lamb and uncooked poultry. Consumption of fresh and prepared fish decreased in 1985 reflecting prices more than 10% higher than in 1984. That decrease was offset by increased purchases of processed and frozen fish where the increase in average prices paid was lower. Consumption of eggs decreased to 3.15 per person per week continuing the long-term decline. Household consumption of butter and margarine decreased slightly from the 1984 amount to 6.59 oz per person per week. Average consumption of lard also decreased but intake of other fat and oils, including low-fat and dairy spreads increased in 1985. Household purchases of sugar decreased continuing a downward trend over recent years. The average consumption of fresh potatoes increased to 40.96 oz per person per week reflecting lower average prices. Although household consumption of fresh green vegetables decreased in total to 9.78 oz per person per week this was offset by increased consumption of other fresh vegetables and processed alternatives, especially frozen products. Average consumption of fresh and processed fruit (including fruit juices) decreased overall in 1985 compared with the previous year. Expenditure on cereals and cereal products increased by over 5% in 1985 ! and the share of total household expenditure on all food was almost 16%. The reduction in consumption of white bread continued but there was a sharp increase in purchases of other bread, notably wholemeal. Purchases of breakfast cereals fell for the first time in many years and consumption of other cereal products, except oatmeal products, was also lower. Household consumption of tea decreased but average purchases of coffee, cocoa and branded drinks were virtually unchanged.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xi + 88pp.; tab., app. London, UK; HMSO


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5082
Year: 1987
Title: Annual report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture for the year 1985
Volume: 226
Keywords: Phytophthora-palmivora; Cryptophlebia-encarpa; NAA-; Capsicum-annuum; Rice-; Sago-; Soyabeans-; Vigna-radiata; Lepidoptera; Tortricidae-; Control-; Insecticides-; Deltamethrin-;
Malaysia; Sarawak
Abstract: Experimental work conducted by the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak in 1985 is reported. The objective of 1985 research was to generate, adopt and promote appropriate technology for crop production, with emphasis on pepper (Piper nigrum), rice, sago, tree crops including cocoa, and agricultural utilization of peat and acid sulphate soils. In the rice programme, 6 cv. showed good performances under experimental conditions. Pepper research work included trials on the use of NAA, fertilizers, and resistance to and control of foot-rot (Phytophthora palmivora). Further research covered sago processing equipment and control of the cocoa husk borer (Cryptophlebia encarpa) using deltamethrin. High-yielding soyabean cv. (up to 2.42 t seed/ha) and Vigna radiata cv. (>1.2 t/ha) were also studied.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kuching, Sarawak


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5085
Year: 1987
Title: CIBC report April-December 1986
Journal: CAB International Institute of Biological Control
Volume: 8
Keywords: Reports-; Pests; Diseases; Biological-control; Lucerne-; Pest-control; Sugarcane-; Coffee-; Fruits-; Vegetables-; Forests-; Arthropods-; Control-; Weeds-; IPM;
uk-;
Abstract: Investigations on the biological control of weeds and arthropods (using arthropods and pathogens as control agents) in many parts of the world are reviewed. The pests dealt with include those on lucerne, sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, fruits, vegetables and forests. Short reports on about 50 projects and various services are included. An index to the many target organisms and natural enemies discussed is provided.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
51pp.; fig. Wallingford, UK; CAB International


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5123
Year: 1987
Title: Czechoslovakia: a market for products from developing countries
Volume: 1
Issue: 51
Keywords: Imports-; Developing-Countries; Exports-; Markets-
Czechoslovakia-;
Abstract: This study of Czechoslovakia as a market for products from developing countries discusses the basic characteristics and role of foreign trade in Czechoslovakia's economic development; Czechoslovakia's trade with developing countries; its foreign trade system; and practical aspects of operating on the Czechoslovak market. It gives summary data on the Czechoslovak market for a range of products and the appendix lists trade-related organizations with addresses. Products covered include: fish; vegetables; fruit; coffee, tea, cocoa beans and spices; animal and vegetable fats and oils; wine; animal feed; tobacco; minerals; chemical products; plastics and rubber; leather; logs; textiles and clothing and non-ferrous metals.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xiii + 149pp.; app., tab., Geneva, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5133
Year: 1987
Title: Management report 1986
Journal: Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario
Keywords: Reports-; Sugarcane-; Vegetables-; Tomatoes-; Onions-; Peas-; Vicia-faba; Cabbages-; Carrots-; Capsicum-; Bananas-; Guavas-; Oranges-; Grapes-; Pineapples-; Melons-; Watermelons-; Oil-palms; Sesame-; Sorghum-; Cotton-; Triticum-; Agricultural-research;
Colombia-;
Abstract: Research is reported on agricultural crops (cotton, rice and cocoa), cereals (wheat and barley), miscellaneous crops (sugarcane, vegetables including tomatoes, onions, peas, Vicia faba, cabbages, carrots and Capsicum, bananas, tobacco and cassava), fruit crops including guavas, oranges, grapes, pineapples, melons and watermelons, pulses and annual oilseeds (Phaseolus vulgaris, soyabeans and sesame), maize, oil palms and Sorghum, and on animal husbandry (cattle, poultry, pigs, rabbits, sheep and goats) and beekeeping.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
100pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5380
Year: 1987
Title: States, development structures, farmers. General report and summary of communications delivered at the seminar held in Montpellier 16-20 September 1985
Keywords: Agricultural-policy; Rice-; Producer-prices; Price-policy; Plantations-; Food-grains; Marketing-policy;Agroforestry-; Conservation-;Economics-; Prices-;
Ivory-Coast; Cameroon-; Togo-; Brazil-; Indonesia-; Mali-; Senegal-;
Abstract: The report contains summaries of seminar papers dealing with various agricultural policy issues in West Africa, Congo, Brazil and Indonesia. The papers focus on: (1) administration of agricultural policy in Ivory Coast; (2) rice producer pricing policy in Ivory Coast; (3) state intervention in cocoa farming in the Congo; (4) colonial agricultural policy in Ivory Coast; (5) state intervention in plantation crop farming (coffee, cocoa and rubber) in Cameroon, Togo, Ivory Coast and Brazil; (6) food grain marketing policy in Senegal; and (7) agroforestry and other land conservation strategies implemented in Indonesia and Mali.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
51pp.; Montpellier, France


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5485
Year: 1987
Title: Annual report 1985/86
Volume: 121
Keywords: Entomology-; Arthropod-pests
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Research is reported in the following sections: agronomy; entomology; plant breeding; plant pathology; plant physiology and biochemistry; and soil science. Meteorological data for 1985 with a 48-year mean are tabulated.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Tafo, Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5645
Year: 1987
Title: The sixth 5-year economic, social and cultural plan of Cameroon (1986-90): agricultural development (part 1)
Journal: Bulletin de l'Afrique Noire
Issue: 1350
Pages: 4-10
Keywords: Development-plans;
Cameroon-
Abstract: The plan objectives include: increasing food production, expansion of the agro-industrial sector, and assisting young farmers in rural areas. The level of food self sufficiency is expected to increase from 92.8% in 1984/85 to 115% in 1990/91. The expected average annual growth rate is 6.9% for cereals (5.5% for sorghum and 7.4% for maize). Other production targets by 1990/91 are: starchy foods, 3.383 Mt; cocoa, 145 000 t; arabica coffee, 25 000 t; robusta coffee, 125 000 t; and tea, 3600 t.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5650
Year: 1987
Title: Cocoa: a trader's guide
Volume: 8
Issue: 17
Keywords: International-trade; World-markets
Abstract: The guide is primarily concerned with cocoa and four intermediate cocoa products: cocoa liquor, butter, cake and powder. It provides information designed to guide developing countries through the complexities of the world cocoa trading system. Seven sections cover: (1) the structure of the world cocoa economy, identifying major cocoa-producing nations and assessing their potential. It also identifies world markets for cocoa beans and products; provide information on the tariff and non-tariff barriers to the cocoa trade and describes the regulations and operations of the International Cocoa Agreement; (2) the trade structure of producing countries, describing their internal marketing systems and assessing how these systems have affected the performance of cocoa industries. Information on the seasonal pattern of the cocoa trade is summarized; (3) the mechanics of exporting cocoa to consuming nations, acting as a guide to the marketing channels for cocoa, listing the advantages and disadvantages of each channel for producing countries, the various contracts of the principal cocoa associations; and major aspects of the freight of cocoa beans by ocean transport, including insurance; (4) futures trading procedures, and the practices and terminology of commodity markets, including physical and futures trading with a review of the operation and membership of the cocoa exchanges in London, Paris and New York, and a guide to producers on the use of futures markets to maximize incomes and minimize risks from trade in cocoa; (5) information sources on the cocoa trade, and the forms in which cocoa information is stored, and the way in which it is transmitted to interested parties. Available methods for forecasting movements in world cocoa markets are described; (6) financial arrangements for exporting cocoa: forms of payment most frequently used in international cocoa transactions; forms and sources of credit; and methods used to minimize the currency risk of exporting cocoa. (7) different purchasing! strateg ies used by firms which buy cocoa for processing, types of firms in the cocoa-processing industry, and how the structure of the industry these buying policies and affects the use of both future and physical markets.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
269pp.; fig., tab., 2 app., Geneva, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5655
Year: 1987
Title: Commodity review and outlook 1986-87
Journal: FAO Economic and Social Development Series
Issue: 43
Keywords: Agricultural-trade; Trends-; Triticum-; Cereals-
Abstract: World agricultural commodity trade remains in a state of crisis. The partial recovery in global export earnings from this trade achieved in 1984 was wiped out in 1985 and, on present indications, 1986 brought little improvement. As a consequence, total earnings from trade in agricultural, fishery and forestry products in 1986 were 10% less, in current US dollars, than in 1980, affecting both developed and developing countries in 1980. Large declines in commodity export prices, coupled with stagnation in the overall volume of agricultural trade, have been the major factors contributing to this highly unsatisfactory situation, which Parts I and II examine in detail. In 1986, for instance, the export prices of food commodities averaged almost 12% below the already depressed level of the previous year. Even larger declines occurred for cereals, vegetable oils and protein meals and, among raw materials, cotton. The export prices of only a few agricultural commodities showed some recovery, notably coffee, as a consequence of a temporary shortfall in supply, and sugar, following a period of extremely low free market prices. In general prices of temperate zone agricultural products (principally cereals and oilmeals) are under greater pressure than those of the beverage crops and agricultural raw materials. Part I comprises the general review; part II provides review and outlook by commodity: sugar, beverages (coffee, cocoa, tea) and tropical crops (bananas and pepper); oilseeds, fats and oils, oilcakes and meals; cereals, cassava and livestock products (rice, wheat, coarse grains, cassava, meat, milk and milk products); agricultural raw materials (cotton, jute, kenaf and allied fibres, hard fibres, natural rubber, hides and skins); other agricultural commodities (citrus fruit, wine, tobacco); fishery products; forestry products. The special feature in Part III, on the world pulse economy, is abstracted separately. The stagnation of the volume of agricultural trade, which has reflected the slowin! g down o f world economic expansion, is considered mainly attributable to two fundamental weaknesses in the global economic system, the intolerable burden of foreign indebtedness of the developing countries, and the persisting and ever increasing tendency toward protectionism in agriculture, particularly among the industrialized countries.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
125pp.;ref., fig., tab., OQEH


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5681
Year: 1987
Title: Agricultural resources
Journal: Jamaica :country environmental profile
Keywords: Agricultural-development; Constraints-;
Jamaica-
Abstract: During the past two decades, agriculture has continued to be a mainstay of the Jamaican economy, employing between 20%-35% of the labour force. The agricultural sector (including fisheries, forestry and pasture) also dominates the Jamaican landscape, occuping 1 489 188 acres of the island's 2 720 000 acres. Jamaica's agricultural sector can be divided into sub-sectors as follows: export crops such as sugarcane, bananas, coffee, cocoa, citrus, and tobacco; crops for local ocnsumption, such as root crops, vegetables, fruits, and pulses; livestock products; fish and sea food; and commercial forestry. During 1977-86, agricultural performance was adversely affected by high import costs, marketing problems, water supply shortages affecting irrigation, rural emigration, inadequate technological inputs including agro-chemicals, machinery and equipment (due to foreign exchange scarcity), as well as by a decline in the number and size of farms. The deterioration in the balance of trade in agricultural products from the mid-1970s well into the 1980s, and the resulting dependence on imported supplies of dairy products, fish, and especially cereals such as maize and rice, were direct consequences of these problems. Despite these conditions, Jamaican agriculture has continued to respond to overseas demands, with small farms supplying export markets with tubers and plantains, and large farms exporting vegetables, condiments and fruits.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
259-289; fig., tab., published on behalf of the International Institute for Environment and Development, Kingston, Jamaica; Westport, Connecticut


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 423
Year: 1988
Title: 10th international cocoa research conference: proceedings, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 17-23 May 1987
Journal: Lagos
Volume: 968
Keywords: agricultural-research;
World
Abstract: In Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, a conference was held on research dealing with cacao. Papers presented during this conference dealt with: growth and performance of cacao and arecanut; replacing coffee plantations with cacao in the lower coffee-growing region of Colombia; peach palm, a potential multipurpose shade species for cacao in Brazil; cacao planting on the site of mature rubber groves in the south of Bahia, Brazil; "avenue" planting with food crops; models for rehabilitating small-scale cacao farms in Ghana; physiological aspects of growing cacao; soils and nutrition aspects; effects of insect pollinators on fruit set of cacoa flowers; pests and diseases; studies on field resistance of cacao varieties to Phytophthora palmivora, and on other aspects of genetics and breeding; and on production and utilization of cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., figs, bibliography (vp.); summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 687
Year: 1988
Title: List of pests and diseases present but of limited distribution in Asia and the Pacific Region
Journal: Quarterly Newsletter Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission
Volume: 31
Issue: 3
Pages: 9-13
Keywords: IPM-; Insect-pests; Distribution; Arthropod-pests; Weeds Diseases Hosts; Nematods; Plant-pests; Plant-diseases; Control; Biological-control; Insects Pathogens; Plant-parasitic-nematodes; Pests Nematodes; Pest-disease-management
Asia; Oceania
Abstract: A list of pests (arthropods and nematodes) and diseases which attack banana, cocoa, cassava [Manihot esculenta], citrus, coconut, coffee, cotton, groundnut [Arachis hypogaea], rubber [Hevea brasiliensis], maize, oil palm, papaya [pawpaw], potato, rice, sugarcane, sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas], tea, tobacco and weeds in the Asia and Pacific Region is given, with details of the known worldwide distribution of each.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 692
Year: 1988
Title: Annual report 1987
Volume: 174
Keywords: Research; Diseases Tissue-culture; Cell-culture; Cropping-systems; Breeding-; Selection-; Water-relations; Stress-; Nematoda; Harvesting-; Economics Postharvest-treatment; Pest-control
India;
Abstract: Brief reports are presented on 27 ongoing projects with tropical crops. Topics included were: diseases of coconuts and arecanuts; tissue, anther and cell culture (in coconuts, oil palms, and cardamoms [Elettaria cardamomum]); perennial crop-based farming systems (coconuts, cocoa, arecanuts etc.); breeding and selection; water management and stress physiology; nutritional requirement and crop management; pest management; integrated nematode management; harvest and post-harvest technology; economics of plantation crops; and agriculture, animal sciences and fishery research. Reports on 5 completed projects are also included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kasaragod, Kerala, India


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1295
Year: 1988
Title: Papua New Guinea: the potential for expansion
Journal: Planter
Volume: 64
Issue: 746
Pages: 211-215
Keywords: Prospects; Regional; crop-production; yield-potential; agricultural-situation; crop-area
Papua-New-Guinea
Abstract: The present situation of cacao production in Papua New Guinea is highlighted. At present the cacao production has stabilized at 30 000 t/year. Smallholders account for approximately 70% of the total production as compared with 35% in 1974. There are 128 000 ha under cacao which should result in a production of 47 000 t/year when the traditional productivity is maintained. Better planting techniques and an increased crop area should increase the yield to a higher level. The Cocoa Board estimates that only 5% of the soil suitable for cacao is at present under cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
May


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2115
Year: 1988
Title: Annual report of the Research Branch - Department of Agriculture Sarawak 1987
Volume: 192
Keywords: Annual-reports; Agriculture-;
Asia; Malaysia; Sarawak
Abstract: This report on agricltural research in Sarawak includes sections on rice, pepper (Piper nigrum), cocoa, coconut, coffee, nuts, oil palms, tea, cloves, cardamom, sago, fruit crops, vegetable crops, peat, soils and animal husbandry and pastures. In some of these, various aspects of the control of pests and diseases, including plant breeding, are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xii + pp.; 22ref. Sarawak


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2144
Year: 1988
Title: Annual report 1985
Volume: 229
Keywords: Reports MARDI; Coconuts Tropical-fruits
Malaysia-;
Abstract: This publication contains reviews on the research activities of the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in 1985. Chapters are included on: rice; cocoa and coconut; fruits; miscellaneous crops (mainly horticultural); tobacco; livestock; fundamental research; food technology; biotechnology; collaborative research; technology promotion; techno-economic and social studies; technical services and courses offered by MARDI. An appendix lists 1984-85 MARDI publications.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2152
Year: 1988
Title: Annual report 1986/87
Volume: 137
Keywords: Arthropod-pests; Insect-pests; Entomology-;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Research reports on: agronomy (mainly cocoa and coffee); entomology; plant breeding; plant pathology; plant physiology and biochemistry; and soil science.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Tafo, Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5381
Year: 1988
Title: ICRAF's Collaborative Programmes outreach staff report on preliminary results. Humid lowlands of West Africa
Journal: ICRAF Newsletter and Agroforestry Review
Issue: 24
Pages: 8-10
Keywords: Agroforestry-; Species-trials; Multipurpose-trees; Field-experimentation; Alley-cropping; Improved-fallow; Intercropping-; Trees-; Rotations-;
Cameroon-;
Abstract: A report of field studies in Cameroon. (1) Multipurpose tree species trials were carried out under various management practices (intercropping with maize or groundnuts, pollarding and pruning); suitable species are indicated. (2) Studies were made of a simple improved fallow system using nitrogen fixing shrubs (Crotalaria anagyroides and Cajanus cajan) broadcast sown in fields one year, followed by harvesting and planting with maize in the following year. There were severe problems with weeds during the food cropping. (3) Hedgerow intercropping trials were carried out with Leucaena and intercropped maize and cassava. Maize yields were higher in intercrops where Leucaena prunings were applied to the cropped area and also in pure maize stands treated with prunings. Further trials are also being made with other leguminous multipurpose tree species. (4) Surveys have also been made of local farming practices (intercropping commercial cocoa crops with food crops, the use of fallow techniques) and use of multipurpose trees to improve soil fertility.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5481
Year: 1988
Title: New additive boosts herbicide performance
Journal: Banana Bulletin
Volume: 52
Issue: 12
Pages: 14-15
Keywords: Weed-control; Chemical-control; Glyphosate-; Usage-; Additives-; Herbicides-; Application-
Abstract: A brief account is given of the development and significance of the cationic additive Ethokem for use with glyphosate. Ethokem promotes uptake of the herbicide and improves rainfastness of the spray allowing low rates to be used. The results of trials with Ethokem on tea plantations in Kenya and sugar and cocoa plantations in the Ivory Coast are summarized. Experience with Ethokem used with glyphosate for weed control in banana plantations in New South Wales is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5666
Year: 1988
Title: Commodity prices in orbit
Journal: Economist, UK
Volume: 308
Issue: 7557
Pages: 67-68
Keywords: Maize-; Soyabeans-; Commodities-; Prices-; Trends-; Economics-; World-situation; Triticum-
Abstract: The average price of raw materials has reached its highest point in nearly 15 years. Maize and soyabean prices are both about 75% higher than at the start of 1988; wheat prices have risen by one-fifth. Nickel prices have all but doubled and zinc prices have risen nearly 70%. Both food crops and metals supplies have been temporarily disrupted after a long period in which stocks fell. Prices of agricultural commodities are largely determined by changes in their supply, industrial commodities by changes in demand. In food, governments have cut stocks through quota restrictions in the EC and set-aside programmes in the USA. The prices of temperate crops have increased most spectacularly. The tropical products, on which many of the world's poorest countries rely, have not moved. Prices for coffee have increased 3% so far in 1988; cocoa prices have fallen around 15% and tea by around 20%. Dearer crops in the USA in 1988 will push up food prices in 1989, however, the present high prices it is believed, are likely to be followed by a slow decline.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5672
Year: 1988
Title: Commodity trade: the harsh realities
Journal: Briefing, North South Institute, Canada
Issue: 20
Keywords: International-agreements; Trade-negotiations
Abstract: The briefing reviews the recent record of international commodity agreements, the Common Fund for commodities negotiations, and compensatory finance arrangements. Third world exports dominate several individual commodity markets, notably tropical agricultural products and several key minerals.The international commodity agreements for natural rubber, cocoa, coffee, sugar, jute, timber, and some other products, (dairy, olive oil, wheat, beef), are assessed, as are the problems of non-regulated markets (tea, sisal, oils and oilseeds). Some of the options open to developing countries, given the discouraging outlook for commodity markets and regulatory mechanisms, include producers' associations, improved efficiency, and the lowering of trade barriers. Commodity exporters may look increasingly for solutions outside traditional commodity markets, products and sectors, e.g., small markets like flowers and spices, or may reexamine the bias of their national economies towards production for export. The briefing draws on Managing markets: the developing countries and the international commodity regime (J.A. Finlayson and M.W. Zacher, Columbia University Press, 1988) augmented by contributions from D. Williams and A. Weston.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5673
Year: 1988
Title: GATT report spells out long-term world farm trade contraction
Journal: Agra Europe, UK
Issue: 1299
Keywords: International-trade; Trends-
Abstract: World trade in agricultural products has declined from its 46% share of total world trade in 1950 to a 13% share in 1987, while disputes over farm trade have been increasing. This friction is a consequence of the contraction in world trade; relations between trading partners would have been better if there had been less protection for farming. While the dollar value of world farm exports 1950-87 has increased by an average of 7%, the annual rise in total exports in dollars (including manufactured goods) has been 10.5%. Since 1981 farm export prices have tended to slip against unit cost prices for trade in manufactured products. The share of world farm production being traded in 1987 was slightly below that of 1980. Cheaper freight, communication and storage costs, as well as some dismantling of trade barriers, have encouraged expansion. Improved cultivation techniques have permitted developing countries, in particular, to create (or increase) exportable surpluses. An expansion of farming in the Third World has meant more jobs and better pay for peasants and farm workers, the poorest population groups which often spend 60% of income on food. Greater spending power by these people has increased demand for imported foods. Farm subsidies have artificially enhanced the volume of world agricultural trade and squeezed out exports from more efficient agricultural producer countries from third country markets. As industrialized countries sought self sufficiency and protection of their farmers' income, distorted markets, diminishing world agricultural trade and greater volatility in world market price emerged. Current trade in food products represents 75% of overall farm trade as opposed to agricultural raw materials' share of 25%. While trade in some raw and finished commodities (fish and fish products) increased between 1980-86, dairy and meat have stagnated, oils/fats and oilseeds trade has fallen by an annual 2.5%, cereals and flours by 5.5%, and sugar by 7%. Trade in tropical farm products ha! s steadi ly declined between 1967-87 with a slight break in 1977 when world prices of coffee, tea and cocoa firmed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
E/2-E/4; 2 tab., 2 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5683
Year: 1988
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Agroanalysis
Volume: 12
Issue: 10
Pages: 19-24
Keywords: World-markets; Trends-
Brazil-; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: Following drought, cocoa production in Bahia State, Brazil fell by 25% in the 1987/88 season. Exports also fell by 17%, as compared with 1987. International prices were low in early 1988 and domestic prices at that time were higher, but the differential was removed by a series of small devaluations. Figures are given for export volumes, prices, farm gate prices, international supply and demand, and New York futures prices. The status of the international market for cocoa is discussed, including trends on exchanges of other commodities and the failure to reach an International Cocoa Agreement. Reports from the International Cocoa Organization are summarized with respect to prospects for production in Brazil, Ivory Coast and Malaysia, the strengthening of the dollar, and Ivory Coast's output retention programme aimed at improving international prices. An annexe details the proceedings of meetings of the International Cocoa Organization in 1988 which considered the introduction of a levy, regulatory intervention prices, and output retention as an alternative price support mechanism; this was not agreed upon, principally because of lack of funds to finance such an operation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7 tab., 3 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5694
Year: 1988
Title: Overview of the Cocoa Rehabilitation Project (1 July 1988 to 30 June 1993)
Journal: Bulletin de l'Afrique Noire
Issue: 1419
Pages: 10-12
Keywords: Rehabilitation-; Projects-;
Cameroon
Abstract: The Cocoa Rehabilitation Programme in Cameroon (planned for 1988-93) will be mainly sponsored by the World Bank. The programme aims to increase production at a lower per unit cost, while ensuring that government intervention in the sector as a whole is reduced. Specific objectives include: (1) encouraging the development of medium sized plantations and increased planting density, (2) price reform, resulting in a short-term rise of 15%, (3) market reorganization, and (4) reduction of subsidy for presticides from a current level of 100% to 50% in 1993.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1946
Year: 1989
Title: Utilization of tropical foods: tropical oil-seeds
Journal: FAO Food and Nutrition Paper
Issue: 47
Keywords: oilseeds-; grain-legume-crops; oil-fat-and-wax-crops; cacao-; processing-
Tropical Regions
Abstract: Various aspects of tropical oil-seeds used as traditional food crops in tropical areas are dealt with. This information includes nutritional value, household processing and distribution. The leguminous oil-seed crop presented in this book are: soya bean and groundnut, the non-leguminous oil-seed crops are: cotton seed, sunflower, safflower, nigerseed, sesame and bungu (Ceratotheca sesamoides). Also included in the book are: cruciferous oil seeds in India; economic aspects of edible oil production; cacao; shea butter of shea nut; melons, pumpkins and gourds with edible seeds; and other edible oil-seeds. Tropical nuts from Central and Latin America (Brazil nut and cashew nut and cashew apple) are included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5), 98 p., figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2042
Year: 1989
Title: Plant biotechnologies for developing countries: conclusions and recommendations. CTA/FAO Symposium, Luxembourg, 26-30 June 1989
Volume: 52
Abstract: The objective of the Symposium was to design action plans for further development of plant biotechnologies in developing countries. Summaries of 8 background talks are presented, followed by recommendations arising from 8 workshops covering propagation and breeding, plant protection, training, collaborative networks and research needs with regard to specific major crops. RFLPs and ELISA are considered particularly appropriate tools for transfer from developed countries. Suggestions for (1) cereal improvement are dependent on the development of transformation systems. Other crop groups considered were (2) roots, tubers, plantains and bananas; (3) fruit trees, palms, multipurpose trees, coffee, tea and cocoa and (4) legumes, vegetables and oilseed crops. Tables depict the state of the art of biotechnological methodologies for groups 1 and 2. A Food and Agriculture Organization plant biotechnology programme was recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Wageningen, Netherlands; CTA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2086
Year: 1989
Title: Third Annual Research Report (1988-1989)
Volume: 272
Keywords: Phytophthora-palmivora
Papua-New-Guinea;
Abstract: The major sections of this report are those on the breeding and pathology of cocoa, with emphasis on resistance to the canker and pod rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Other sections include Cocoa Agronomy (fertilizer trials), Cocoa Quality (fermentation trials, acid off-flavour, microbiology) and Economics (performance in different years at many locations). Coconuts are dealt with in one large section, covering the characteristics of populations at various locations, their cross-breeding, and yield trials on cultivars. A short Biometrics section describes the computerized data entry and statistical analysis performed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Keraval, Papua New Guinea; Tavilo Research Centre


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2106
Year: 1989
Title: World commodity outlook 1990: food, feedstuffs and beverages
Keywords: Forecasts Wheat-; Maize-; Barley-; Oats Sorghum-; Rice-; Soyabeans Coffee-; Tea; Sugar-; Tobacco-; Crops Production-; Consumption-; Prices Trends Economics World-markets; Triticum-; Hordeum-
England
Abstract: Following a brief look at global warming and technical progress, the world picture for commodities in 1990 is considered, given that GATT negotiations continue and a new farm bill in the USA is to be enacted. In the USSR, radical political and economic reform is occurring, putting farm policy near centre stage. The key to higher production is the motivation of farmers, hence the policy of offering long leases of collectively owned land to cooperatives or families and a scheme to pay farmers in hard currency for output above a fixed quota. The effects of these changes, however, are unlikely to be felt in 1990. In China, the question is whether political repression will lead to a curtailment in agricultural reforms. Farm trade issues crucial to GATT are the elimination of subsidies, conflict between the USA and EC, and finding an acceptable basis for health and safety measures (for example, the EC is curtailing fertilizer applications to reduce nitrate levels in drinking water, banning the use of growth promoting hormones in beef, and considering the use of BST). The green lobby is growing in influence and retailers are responding; organic farming is now being taken seriously as a sustainable method of farming for the future. The popularity of international agreements for some commodities, primarily to aid Third World producers, is also growing although new agreements are unlikely and saving existing ones will not be easy. Given these background pressures the prospects for cereals (wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, rice); oilseeds and oils (soyabeans, sunflower seeds, cottonseed, groundnuts, rape, copra and palm oil); beverages (coffee, cocoa, tea); sugar and tobacco are reviewed. Wheat prices are expected to fall with production, consumption and stocks rising. Maize prices are expected to rise as is production, consumption and stocks. Price falls are expected for barley as production, consumption and stocks rise. Rises in consumption and prices of oats are likely with production and st! ocks rem aining constant. Rises in sorghum production and stocks are likely to be accompanied by falls in prices and consumption. Rice prices, stocks and production could fall and consumption rise. The outlook for soyabeans is that production and prices will rise and stocks fall. Coffee and cocoa production, consumption and stocks will rise and prices fall. The supply and price of tea is likely to increase and demand fall in 1990. Finally, sugar and tobacco production, consumption and prices will likely rise and stocks fall.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
134pp.; BLDSC. London, UK


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2342
Year: 1989
Title: Research on Cocoa VSD in Sabah
Journal: Sabah: Department of Agriculture
Pages: 9
Keywords: Vascular-streak-dieback; Diseases;
Malaysia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
70 p. - (Technical bulletin / Department of Agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5490
Year: 1989
Title: World commodity forecasts
Journal: World Commodity Forecasts
Keywords: Coffee-; Cereals-; Maize-; Barley-; Oilseeds-; Tea; Cotton-; Rubber-; Commodity-markets; Forecasts-
Abstract: In line with expectations of trends in OECD economies, a gentle decline is expected in the EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) Commodity Index in 1989, turning into a sharper decline in 1990. The International Cocoa Council's failure to agree a strategy to deal with its mounting problems is another bear signal for cocoa. Unilateral stockpiling by Ivory Coast is virtually the only block to total collapse. The recent weakness in coffee prices has more to do with bunched shipments than negotiations for a new agreement but if the International Coffee Organization makes no progress the price outlook will be bleak. Weather, especially in southern USA, continues to dominate prospects for grains. Price stability depends heavily on a recovery of maize yields. US-EC export competition will damage barley prices. US weather also dominates prospects for the oilseeds complex. Growth in demand for meal will be stronger than for oil. Laurics will stay glutted. The lifting of import restrictions by Pakistan is good news for black tea producers. Sri Lanka is the key to supply prospects. For industrial raw materials, demand for cotton will remain weak, but supply will be weaker and prices will revive. Inauguration of the new international agreement finds rubber in a strong position.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
April, 24pp.; tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5619
Year: 1989
Title: (Study of cocoa production in Brazil)
Journal: London
Volume: 85
Keywords: cocoa-industry; production-economics; production-structure; policies-
Brazil
Abstract: An analysis is presented of the structure of the cocoa economy in Brazil (production, trade, consumption, chocolate industry and organizations involved), economic aspects of cocoa pod production (production structure, inputs, productivity, production costs and prices), national policies and programmes, and prospects of cocoa production in Brazil.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5692
Year: 1989
Title: Foreign agricultural trade of the United States
Journal: FATUS Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United States
Volume: 3
Issue: 10
Keywords: USa; Exports-; Imports-; Agricultural-trade; Trends-; Economics-
Abstract: Increased exports of virtually every major agricultural product boosted US agricultural exports by 29% to $37 000 million in 1988. Wheat exports rose by 10 Mt and maize exports by 5.6 Mt. Average export prices for wheat and maize were 28% and 18% higher, respectively. Exports of bulk products, such as coarse grains, wheat, and soyabeans, staged one of their largest year-to-year gains of the 1980s in 1988, rose $5100 million to $19 700 million. High-value exports reached a record $17 400 million, supported by record exports of meats, fruits, juices, nuts, and hides and skins. US agricultural imports rose 3% in 1988 to a near-record $21 000 million, more than 20% of total US agricultural imports. Coffee imports totaled $2500 million in 1988. Coffee, cocoa, and spices dropped among noncompetitive imports (products not grown in the USA). Total noncompetitive imports were 5% below a year ago. US imports of competitive products (grown in the USA), such as fruits, vegetables, meats, and grain products, set a record for the fifth consecutive year. Japan was the top market for US agricultural exports for the past 5 fiscal years, followed by the Netherlands, Canada, the USSR, South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, and the GFR. Feed grains and products led US exports, followed by soyabeans and products, wheat and products, and cotton and linters. The USA will continue to be a major agricultural exporter to the developed Pacific Rim countries of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The share of US agricultural export shipped to these countries rose from 29% in 1968 to 39% in 1988.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
January/February, 15pp. + app.; app., tab., 1 fig., OQEH


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5695
Year: 1989
Title: World cocoa situation
Journal: Circular Series, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture
Issue: FCB
Pages: 1-89
Keywords: Production-; Consumption-; Prices-; Stocks-; International-agreements
usa
Abstract: Global cocoa production for the 1988/89 season is estimated at a record 2.3 Mt, 6% greater than a year earlier, and continues above world consumption for the fifth consecutive year. The expansion in supplies in recent years is the result of new plantings in the Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Brazil, and Indonesia, although a sharp recovery in Ghanaian production has contributed to the record harvest this season. The cocoa market is currently characterized by the long-term bearish influence of new plantings in several producing countries and a short-term restrictive supply availability brought about by the controlled marketing policies of the Ivory Coast. The shortage of Ivorian beans has resulted in a shift by many importers to Malaysian cocoa, despite its less desirable quality. However, the market has also been helped by larger availabilities of good quality Ghanaian cocoa, as Ghana is enjoying its largest harvest since 1976/77. World cocoa bean grindings during 1988/89 are estimated at an all-time high of 2.08 Mt, an increase of 80 000 t over 1987/88 grind. Grindings would probably have been higher in 1988/89, if it were not for the restrictive sales policy of the Ivory Coast. Thus, if current estimates of world production and consumption are realized, stocks will increase 201 000 t, following the addition of 147 000 t in 1987/88. Cocoa bean prices averaged $1524 per t in 1988, down from $1917 a year earlier and the lowest since 1975. Cocoa prices are expected to remain low, based on the high level of global stocks and the large number of new plantings yet to reach full bearing age. The failure of the International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) to stabilize prices has added to the bearish tone of the market. The January 19-27, 1989 meeting of the International Cocoa Council (ICCO) ended without agreement on the key issues of intervention prices and producers' arrears on the export levies. Pessimism remains high for reaching a successful conclusion.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
22pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5706
Year: 1989
Title: Commodity review and outlook 1988-89
Journal: FAO Economic and Social Development Series
Issue: 46
Keywords: Agricultural-trade; Trends-; Evaluation-;
Abstract: The general review in Part I provides a global view of agricultural trade in 1987 and 1988; assesses short-term prospects for agricultural commodity markets; looks at international policy responses to trade problems, particularly those of developing countries; gives a mid-term review of the GATT Uruguay Round; and gives a brief synoptic view of commodity consultations in 1988. Some of the main trends identified are: in 1987 the nominal value of world trade in agricultural, fishery and forestry products rose 14% to $ 351 000 million, but the purchasing power of these exports, against manufactured goods, was virtually unchanged. Most of the increase in the value of this trade in 1987, as in the previous year, accrued to developed countries, whose exports rose by $ 40 000 million or 18%. By contrast, developing countries' exports rose by only $ 3000 million, or 4%, reflecting in particular depressed world prices of the main beverage crops. Globally, the fishery and forestry sectors had the most dynamic trade growth in 1987, expanding by 19% and 28% respectively. Nonetheless, the value of agricultural export trade rose by 10%, the best performance so far in the 1980s. Substantial recovery in commodity prices and a small increase in export volumes led to a further increase in the value of world agricultural trade in 1988, in nominal terms. In 1988, world cereal and oilseed prices rose dramatically, primarily as a result of severe drought in North America. Prices also strengthened for livestock products. In contrast, several major tropical products remained in ample supply in 1988. In particular, world prices remained depressed for tea and cocoa and only improved late in the year for coffee. Continued growth in the world economy contributed to further increases in the prices of several major agricultural raw materials in 1988. For 1989, the tightness of the world markets for major food commodities, due to the reduction in stocks of cereals, oilseeds, livestock products and sugar, meant that in! ternatio nal prices would be more than normally sensitive to crop conditions and forthcoming supplies. For agricultural raw materials, world prices were expected to be somewhat lower in 1989 than in the first half of 1988, but nonetheless firm. Import demand of many developing countries for agricultural products was expected to be constrained again in 1989. Part II, as in previous editions, provides a review and outlook by commodity, subdivided into: sugar, beverages and tropical crops; oilseeds, fats and oils, oilcakes and meals; cereals and pulses ;livestock products; agricultural raw materials; other agricultural commodities; fishery products; and forestry products.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
109pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 201
Year: 1990
Title: Feasibility study of the reorganization of the cooperatives in Moungo, Cameroon
Journal: Paris
Volume: 215
Keywords: cooperative-activities; Management;
Cameroon
Abstract: Given the difficult situation facing the coffee and cocoa producers cooperative of Moungo, southern Cameroon, the Cameroon government has decided to carry out a thorough reorganization of this cooperative sector. The study of the socioeconomic factors governing production, the administrative and commercial environment, and the situation of the cooperative has led to the proposal of a series of recovery actions. This reorganization project should last 5 years and cost 1215 million CFA francs. The Moungo region produces 40% of the country's Robusta coffee; 15 to 20% of this production passes through 9 cooperatives; 6870 t of cocoa is produced. One union of cooperatives (UCAL) has been designated to deal with exporters and will complete this ready-for-export production chain. Growing conditions, coffee production characteristics and the situation of each of the 10 cooperatives are analysed. The overall situation is catastrophic, because of deficient installations, poor management, embezzlement and huge liabilities. This is a particularly difficult context for reorganization. Recovery action should be based on a 3-step approach, consisting of the elimination of deficits, then mergers and/or redeployment to strengthen the potential of a limited number of cooperatives, and finally, a reconditioning effort focused on cooperative education of growers, contract policies and the organization of collection and of personnel. (Diffusion restricted)
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1029
Year: 1991
Title: Annual report of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute for 1990
Journal: CafÈ
Issue: special issue
Pages: 1-95,
Keywords: research-institutions;
Ivory Coast
Abstract: A report is presented of the research of the IRCC for 1990, organized around various programmes, such as: (1) coffee (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (2) cocoa (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (3) kola (agronomy and plant pathology), and (4) logistic support (biometrics, documentation and publications).


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1038
Year: 1991
Title: (Annual report of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute for 1990)
Journal: CafÈ
Issue: special issue
Pages: 1-95,
Keywords: Ivory-Coast
Abstract: A report is presented of the research of the IRCC for 1990, organized around various programmes, such as: (1) coffee (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (2) cocoa (agronomy, improvement, chemistry and technology, plant pathology and applied zoology); (3) kola (agronomy and plant pathology), and (4) logistic support (biometrics, documentation and publications).


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1734
Year: 1991
Title: Development of conservation farming systems: report of the review workshop
Journal: Contour (Indonesia)
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 18-23, photos
Keywords: soil-conservation; development-plans; constraints-; cropping-systems
Asia, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua-New-Guinea, Thailand, Philippines
Abstract: The review workshop for the ASOCON (Asia Soil Conservation Network) regional action learning programme on the development of conservation farming systems was held at Lumut, Perak, Malaysia, during 26-30 Aug. 1991. The objectives of the review workshop included a review of case studies from Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand and the Philippines. Also reported are field trips to 6 sites in Malaysia: cocoa intercropped with fruit trees; idle land (Tanah Terbiar) and group replanting of rubber; paddy rice; a traditional orchard and a mixed-fruit orchard (mostly durian). Also included are an overview of soil conservation problems and programmes in Vietnam, experience with the ASOCON approach, and future needs and activities.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1741
Year: 1991
Title: Cocoa nutrition, 1973 - 1989: [an annotated bibliography]
Journal: Wallingford: CAB International
Volume: 90
Pages: 90
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
[53] p. - (CAB abstracts; C12/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2241
Year: 1991
Title: Cocoa harvesting and handling, 1972 - 1990: [an annotated bibliography]
Journal: Wallingford: CAB International
Volume: 21
Pages: 90
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - (CAB abstracts C10/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5530
Year: 1991
Title: Fine or flavor cocoa: an overview of world production and trade.CA: UNCTAD/GATT, International Trade Centre
Volume: 3
Keywords: production-; prices-; world-markets
Abstract: The decision to plant cocoa, whether fine or flavour or bulk cocoa, must be made on the merits of the overall cocoa market. The market prices of fine or flavour cocoa beans fluctuate with world market prices. Only very small quantities fetch the extraordinarily high premiums of 200% to 300% above the prices of bulk beans that buyers are reported to pay when world prices are low. The absence of universally accepted and clear criteria for determining whether a bean falls into the category of bulk cocoa or into that of fine or flavour cocoa complicates the market situation. High premiums are essentially a function of the scarcity of the product at the time it is needed in the spot markets in consuming countries. This study aims to provide information for decision makers choosing between planting bulk cocoa or the fine or flavour varieties. The study begins with a definition of terms and presents some of the botanical distinctions between bulk beans and fine or flavour cocoa beans. The fundamentals of chocolate manufacturing are discussed, to place the use of fine or flavour cocoa beans in its proper context. The history of this type of cocoa, its origins and major uses are described. The assumed or existing potential for obtaining a price premium for fine or flavour cocoa beans in the world market and the economic aspects of this potential are explored. In conclusion, the study identifies certain areas of potential demand, the marketing realities to be considered to allow the realization of this potential, and the steps necessary at production level to support the market for fine or flavour cocoa beans.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
vii + 58pp.; tab., fig., app., Geneva, Switzerland


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1028
Year: 1992
Title: Report on the activities of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in 1991
Journal: CafÈ
Issue: special issue
Pages: 1-75,
Keywords: research-institutions;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: A report is present on the activities of the IRCC in 1991; IRCC missions were carried out within 3 technical programmes, the viz. the coffee programme (Arabica and Canephora), the cocoa programme and the logistic support programme. Research carried out in 1991 in the areas of agronomy, plant improvement, phytopathology, applied zoology, and the chemistry and technology of coffee and cocoa is presented, as well as activities involving training and technology transfer. The activities of the biometrics, documentation and publications services are also described. Lists of missions, conferences, lectures, training sessions and publications are also included.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1039
Year: 1992
Title: (Report on the activities of the Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in 1991)
Journal: CafÈ
Issue: special issue
Pages: 1-75,
Keywords: Ivory Coast
Abstract: A report is present on the activities of the IRCC in 1991; IRCC missions were carried out within 3 technical programmes, the viz. the coffee programme (Arabica and Canephora), the cocoa programme and the logistic support programme. Research carried out in 1991 in the areas of agronomy, plant improvement, phytopathology, applied zoology, and the chemistry and technology of coffee and cocoa is presented, as well as activities involving training and technology transfer. The activities of the biometrics, documentation and publications services are also described. Lists of missions, conferences, lectures, training sessions and publications are also included.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1064
Year: 1992
Title: Research report 1991
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ, 76p
Keywords: Reports-;
France; Ivory-Coast; Togo; Mexico; Burundi; Nicaragua; Sao-Tome; Principe;
Abstract: IRCC is the department within CIRAD (Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement) responsible for research, development and training programmes on stimulant crops. Research carried out during 1991 on coffee and cocoa, on agronomy, plant improvement, chemistry/technology, plant pathology and applied zoology, is described. Work of the development programmes for coffee in Laos, Cote d'Ivoire, Togo, Mexico, Burundi, Nicaragua and France, and for cocoa in Sao Tome, Togo, Cote d'Ivoire and France is also briefly described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1087
Year: 1993
Title: Producers, consumers seek to stabilize the market for cocoa
Journal: Planter
Volume: 69
Issue: 802
Pages: 27-32.
Keywords: Marketing; Trade; Production; Prices; International-agreement
World
Abstract: Popular account of the United nations cocoa Conference, held from 21 April- 1 May 1992. An overview of the current production situation is given, 8 countries produce more than 85% of the world cocoa, they are concentrated in the tropics. 80% of the world cocoa is bought by the USA and EC only. The price cojntrol mechanisms, based on a bufer stock and production quota has failed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1790
Year: 1993
Title: The italian chocolate market
Journal: Industrie Alimentari
Volume: 32
Issue: 316
Pages: 685
Keywords: Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Jun )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4739
Year: 1993
Title: Research Department, Agriculture Division, annual report 1983
Journal: unda
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Keywords: Chinese-cabbages; Tomatoes-; Plant-nutrition;
Solomon-Islands
Abstract: Research is reported from the Departments of Plant Pathology (diseases of cassava, cocoa, coconuts, sweet potatoes, taro and Dioscorea spp.), Entomology (pests of coconuts, sweet potatoes and taro, and oil palm pollination), Agronomy (breeding and selection of cocoa, sweet potatoes, Dioscorea alata, D. bulbifera, D. esculenta, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. rotundata and D. trifida, K nutrition of coconuts and nutritional values of root crops), Coconut Breeding, and Soils and Plant Nutrition (nutrition of Chinese cabbages, groundnuts, maize and tomatoes).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; pl. Honiara, Solomon Islands


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4326
Year: 1994
Title: Highlights '93
Volume: 175
Keywords: research-institutions; agronomy-; technology-
Philippines
Abstract: An overview is given of the advances in agriculture, forestry and natural resources research and development in the Philippines in 1993. The developments are classified in accordance with their actual phase of development. A wide range of technologies and information, that are considered ready for dissemination, are described in detail. Other technologies may still require verification or piloting or seem particularly suitable for commercialization. The subjects covered include: new releases of maize, sorghum, soybean, rice and rootcrops: various recommendations for the cultivation of coconut, banana, durian, cocoa, black pepper, rice, rootcrops, bamboo and rattan; watershed management, forestry, agroforesty, bio-fertilizers and bio-insecticides; rice hull-fuelled pump irrigation, a multicrop seeder-fertilizer applicator, a rice hull stove and a rice micro-mill; livestock and pasture improvement.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4330
Year: 1994
Title: Challenge of competitiveness in Central American agriculture
Journal: Ponencias, Resultados y Recomendaciones de Eventos Tecnicos IICA
Issue: A1
Pages: 94-04
Keywords: agricultural-sector; economic-competition; world-markets; production-data
Central America
Abstract: Data on world markets and the situation in Central America are given for a series of important farm products in the region: coffee, sugar, oil, rice, cotton, beef, banana, cocoa and rubber.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
SC- 168 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4332
Year: 1994
Title: (Entomology meeting, CIRAD)
Volume: 77
Keywords: IPM-; pest-insects; chemical-resistance; insecticides-; integrated-control; pest-resistance
Abstract: During a meeting held by CIRAD on 30 March 1994, pest resistance to insecticides and integrated control of crop pests were examined. Some specific studies of resistance were presented: cocoa mirids, cabbage moth and melon borers. The resistance studies included genetics, study of natural populations and the ecology of insect pests.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4361
Year: 1994
Title: Hot drinks: the international market
Journal: Euromonitor Publications Ltd.
Keywords: beverage-industry; coffee-; tea; beverages-; world-markets; trends-
Abstract: The international market for hot drinks is static in overall terms, and recent sales have been hit by fluctuating commodity prices, adverse health criticisms, the trend to soft drinks and the growth of own-brands. Within the total market, however, significant opportunities exist especially for essenced coffee and herbal teas. This report looks at the world markets for coffee, including instant, roast and ground essences and beans, teas including speciality and herbal teas, food drinks including cocoa, drinking chocolate and malted drinks in France, Germany, Spain, Italy, USA, Japan and UK.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4373
Year: 1994
Title: Evaluation and exploitation of genetic resources: pre-breeding. Proceedings of the Genetic Resources Section Meeting of Eucarpia, 15-18 March 1994, Clermont-Ferrand, France (Appendix)
Volume: 27
Keywords: grasses-; genetic-resources; plant-genetic-resources; wheat-
Abstract: Four papers were presented at this meeting of the Genetic Resources Section of Eucarpia, covering the following topics: evaluation of genetic resources, use of wild emmer wheat to increase yield and protein content in durum and common wheat, the results of a 10-year experiment to pre-breed perennial ryegrass, and the use of genetic markers to study cocoa diversity (abstract).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5200
Year: 1994
Title: Cocoa production and replanting in Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Bibliographies du CIRAD
Issue: 5
Keywords: production-economics; ecology-; plant-diseases; pest-insects; bibliography
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: A bibliography of the economics of cocoa in Bahia, Brazil, is presented, an explanatory model of the cyclic development of cocoa production in Bahia is examined, and a comparative study of cocoa production elsewhere in the tropics is provided. In Bahia 95% of all Brazilian cocoa is produced. The analytical biography reviews publications on the subjects of: (1) production economics; (2) ecology, pests and diseases; (3) the problems of planting and replanting; (4) marketing and the national cocoa processing industry of Brazil; and (5) the role of the state in stimulating cocoa production. It is argued that the exploitative and speculative mentality of the large landowners of Bahia is largely to blame for the successive cocoa crises, including the latest of the 1980s-1990s. The apparent efficiency of large-scale cocoa planting and replanting seems largely due to state support, through the mechanisms of non-payment of debts and lax labour laws. The need for economic diversification is emphasized with possibly viable alternatives in the fields of dairying, small-scale food processing and tourism.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
187 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5511
Year: 1994
Title: Eighty years of trading and stability on the coffee, sugar and cocoa exchange
Journal: Sugar y Azucar
Volume: 89
Issue: 8
Pages: 23-25
Keywords: trade-associations; sugar-; international-trade; history-
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
31-32


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 98
Year: 1995
Title: Colombian cacao
Journal: Cacaotero Colombiano, No
Volume: 39
Issue: 52
Keywords: cultivation; production; consumption; Fungal-diseases; Ceratocystis-fimbriata;
Colombia
Abstract: The cultivation of cocoa and rubber in South America is discussed, and the world production and consumption of cocoa during 1993-1994 is reviewed. Cocoa production in Colombia amounted to 53 504 t in 1993, an increase of 14% above the 1992 level. Data on the world production and world processing of cocoa, and cocoa production in Colombia during 1984-1993 are tabulated. A study of the relationship between climate and cocoa production in South America, using a regression equation, revealed a correlation between production and rainfall during the 6 preceding months. The susceptibility of cocoa clones or hybrids to Ceratocystis fimbriata, especially that of clones ICS 1 and IMC 67, was investigated in Colombia. The history, importance and cultural practices of rubber growing in South America are reviewed. It is concluding that growing of some 30 000 ha of rubber in Colombia is to be recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 152
Year: 1995
Title: First meeting on the agriculture of Sao Tome and Principe. Lisbon, National Museum of Ethnology, 9-11 December 1993
Journal: Comunicacoes. Serie de Ciencias Agrarias
Issue: 19
Keywords: agricultural-policies; animal-production; plant-production; agronomy-
South Atlantic Islands; Sao Tome and Principe
Abstract: A workshop on agriculture in Sao Tome and Principe was held in Lisbon, Portugal, in Dec. 1993. Subjects dealt with included: (1) soil fertility and fertilization of cocoa and coffee; (2) conservation measures for forests and endemic species; (3) strategies for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry; (4) epidemic parasitosis of animals; (5) the need for a veterinary diagnosis laboratory; (6) projects for cocoa improvement; (7) development of oilseed crops; medicinal plants and their uses; (8) selection and introduction of food crop species and varieties; (9) cocoa pod rot; (10) coffee nematodes and the selection of resistant cultivars; (11) the promotion of integrated pest management; (12) the present status of cocoa cultivation and technology; (13) technological aspects of coffee quality; and (14) agro-food industries in developing countries. In addition, agrarian reforms and their prospects, and options available for agricultural development are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
282 p., figs, bibliography (vp.); summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2600
Year: 1995
Title: Eighth meeting of the advisory group on the world cocoa economy, 26th-30th June 1995, Yaounde, Cameroon
Journal: ICCO, London
Volume: 283
Keywords: cocoa-industry; consumption-; production-; supply-balance; marketing-; trade-policies; world-markets
Abstract: Themes discussed at the 8th meeting of the Advisory Group on the World Cocoa Economy, held in Cameroon in June 1995, include: (1) supply rationalization; (2) promotion of cocoa consumption; (3) terminal markets and risk management instruments; (4) marketing arrangements for cocoa; (5) the use of vegetable fats other than cocoa butter in chocolate; and (6) effects of institutional, political and legislative developments on the world cocoa market. Greater priority needs to be given to harmonizing the management of production programmes and to promoting consumption in all countries. The recovery of world cocoa prices can come about only if all the producing countries align their particular interests to ensure the rationalization of supply. Programmed interventions will enable obstacles to the development of cocoa consumption to be identified, so that possible solutions may be found in relation to promotional and associated commercial activities. Despite the virtues of free competition, it is essential that programmes for restructuring cocoa marketing systems take account of the present fragility and lack of organization of the producers. Articles are summarised separately.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4546
Year: 1995
Title: Focus on pheromones
Journal: International-Pest-Control (UK)
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Pages: 72-76; May, table,
Keywords: IPM-; pest-insects; pheromones-; integrated-control
Abstract: Articles are presented on various aspects of the use of pheromones in pest control. Subjects dealt with include: (1) problems of pheromone production and application in relation to the collapse of the USSR; (2) the use of pheromone traps for the control of storage pests of cocoa beans during shipment; (3) the use of pheromones for pest control in cotton in Pakistan; and (4) control of pink bollworm in cotton in Egypt by pheromones as a stand-alone measure. Pheromone-baited traps are now being used for monitoring insect pests of cocoa. These include SP Locator Traps for the cocoa moth Ephestia cautella, and Window Traps for beetle pests, such as Tribolium castaneum, infesting cured cocoa beans. The SP Locator Trap is a low-cost, low profile, cardboard trap designed to pin-point moth infestations in relatively inaccessible locations. The Window Trap, which was recently modified to enhance its attractiveness and ease the entry of the beetles, is small, compact and suitable for use within a limited space. The use of pheromone-baited traps during shipment of cocoa beans restricts fumigations at the port of entry to only those consignments or containers in which insect pests are trapped and identified.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4801
Year: 1995
Title: Production of chocolate, spreads, coatings and compounds
Journal: Industrie Alimentari
Volume: 34
Issue: 341
Pages: 1034-1037
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Oct )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1522
Year: 1996
Title: Additives, colorants and sweeteners in confectionery
Journal: Pasticceria Internazionale
Volume: 19
Issue: 111
Pages: 154
Keywords: ice-cream; food-additives; legislation-; food-colourants; sweeteners-; confectionery-; foods-; chocolate-; European-Union
Italy-
Abstract: Italian Ministerial Decree No. 209/1996, dated 27 February 1996, and published in Supplement No. 69 to Gazzetta Ufficiale RI of 24 April 1996, is discussed. This regulation lists the various additives, colorants and sweeteners permitted for use in a range of confectionery products, including ice cream and chocolate. The Decree, which harmonizes Italian legislation with relevant EU regulations, specifically Directives 94/34-36EU and 95/2-3EU, gives the E-numbers and maximum permitted doses.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
150, 152


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2589
Year: 1996
Title: International markets survey
Journal: Documents de Travail en Economie des Filieres CIRAD
Volume: 28
Issue: 82
Keywords: international-trade; production-data; consumption-; prices-; world-markets; agricultural-products; wood-
Abstract: The principal trends of the main agricultural commodities in the international markets are outlined. Long-term trends mainly concern the time series 1980-1995. The following products are dealt with: groundnut, cotton, maize, cassava, rice, sesame, soybean, sugar, cocoa, coffee, natural rubber, copra, palm kernel oil, onion, pineapple, banana, and tropical wood. The different data sheets provide the following information: global production and surfaces, yields, global consumption, international trade, world prices, the principal trading companies, and the future prospects of world trade. It is expected that by the year 2000 the Middle East and Africa will constitute the 2 main rice-importing regions with 5 million t and 4.5 million t, respectively.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4744
Year: 1996
Title: (Green parchment grafting on young rootstocks and sidegrafting on adult cocoa trees)
Journal: Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia). 1996
Volume: 15
Issue: 41
Pages: 38-48; Nov,
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation; Green-patch-budding; fungal-diseases; Oncobasidium-; disease-resistance; grafting-; rootstocks-;
Malaysia
Abstract: In Malaysia, cocoa suffered much from the fungus Oncobasidium theobromae, necessitating cloning resistant selections. The use of rootstocks and cocoa buds on green parchment shoots was initiated in 1986. The technique is described. Yields of adult trees originating from seeds can be enhanced through side-grafting with clones tolerant of O. theobroma. The production costs of green parchment grafts amounted to half of those of conventional grafts, with an average success rate of 88%.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2591
Year: 1997
Title: U.S. exports of tropical products set another record in 1996. Calendar years 1992-1996
Journal: Tropical Products: World Markets and Trade. Circular Series FAS, USDA
Volume: 1
Issue: 110
Keywords: imports-; exports-
usa;
Abstract: Data on USA imports and exports of various tropical commodities are listed. Total exports of essential oils, cocoa and cocoa products, coffee and coffee products, spices, tea (including herbal tea) and tea products, and ginseng showed in 1996 an increase of nearly 8% from the previous year, and exports of coffee and coffee products increased by more than 2%. Exports of cocoa and cocoa products were up over 12% from 1995. Canada is by far the largest market for both of these product groups. Exports of tropical and related products, plus sugar and related products, showed an increase of more than 6% from the 1995 level. Specific essential oils listed in the tables include peppermint, spearmint and menthol.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3224
Year: 1997
Title: Food poisoning, listeriosis, and febrile gastroenteritis
Journal: Nutrition Reviews
Volume: 55
Issue: 2
Pages: 57-60
Keywords: Quality; Food-safety; Conatmination; bacterial-diseases; gastroenteritis-; milk-products; food-poisoning; microbial-contamination; chocolate-milk; man-; salmonella; clostridium-perfringens; staphylococcus-aureus; Listeria-monocytogenes; Listeria-
usa-
Abstract: This article discusses food poisoning caused by contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. The article focuses on an outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever among people who attended a summer picnic in Illinois, USA. The cause of infection was subsequently traced back to a batch of chocolate milk contaminated with L. monocytogenes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3984
Year: 1997
Title: Cocoa transport: bulk versus containers
Journal: Public Ledger
Volume: 07
Issue: 07
Keywords: Transport; Bulk; Containers;
Netherlands;
Abstract: European brokers and analysts consider that transporting cocoa beans in bulk will replace containers in the coming years. This new mode of transport seems to be more effective and economical than containers, in which the beans are packed in 60-66 kg bags. The port of Amsterdam was the first to receive a bulk cocoa shipment in March 1996, on a ship from CÙte d'lvoire. Bulk cocoa quality does not deteriorate. Moreover, the technological progress made with port equipment now facilitates bulk transport. The trend is seen as irreversible; this year, some 260 000 t of cocoa transported in bulk are due to be unloaded in Amsterdam. Given that the Netherlands consume 390 000 t of cocoa per year, it is clear that the new method is now preferred to containers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3985
Year: 1997
Title: Ghana: higher prices for growers
Journal: MarchÈ Tropicaux et MediterranÈes
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Keywords: Producer-prices;
Ghana
Abstract: The Finance Ministry has increased the price paid to cocoa producers by 60%, from 1.2 to 1.8 million cedis ($ 590 to $ 886) per tonne. The increase represents 64% of the estimated FOB (Free On Board) price for the mid crop, due to begin in July. The Ghanaian Vice-President for Finance announced that the new price represented an undertaking to 'steadily increase the price paid to growers, to reach at least 60% of the FOB price by 2000'. According to the Committee in charge of overseeing the price paid to growers, the 1997 cocoa crop in Ghana should reach 360 000 t, compared to 299 000 t last year. Cocoa provides Ghana with over a third of its export earnings.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3986
Year: 1997
Title: Indonesia: increase in chocolate production capacity
Journal: Aproma
Volume: 55
Pages: 97
Keywords: Processing; Processing-plant; Presser; Capacity; Davomas-abadi; Chocolate;
Indonesia;
Abstract: The Indonesian cocoa processor PT Davomas Abadi, the country's largest cocoa butter producer, has announced plans to double its cocoa butter production capacity to 160,000 t by the end of the decade. The company is also planning to embark upon chocolate manufacture between now and 1998 to take advantage of the huge market potential in Indonesia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3987
Year: 1997
Title: Construction of a cocoa processing plant in CÙte d'lvoire
Journal: MarchÈ Tropicaux et MediterranÈes
Volume: 26
Issue: 7
Keywords: Processing; Processing-plant; Presser; Capacity;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: Cargill, the American multinational specializing in commodities, and the Ivorian cocoa exporter SICC are apparently on the brink of joining forces in CÙte d'lvoire to build a 66 000-t cocoa processing plant. The deal will mark the end of talks begun at the end of 1996 and could lead on to an integrated agreement encompassing cocoa marketing and sea freight operations. CÙte d'lvoire is keen for the plant to be built as part of its policy to process at least 60% of domestic output locally by the year 2000.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3988
Year: 1997
Title: World cocoa processing leaders
Journal: Usine Nouvelle
Volume: 10
Issue: 7
Keywords: Economics; Consumers; Processing-industry; market-leaders;
World;
Abstract: Within a few months, the world cocoa primary processing industry has been thrown into disarray. The affected sector is that which processes beans to produce cocoa solids, butter and powder for chocolate manufacture. Chocolate manufacturers consumed 2.7 million tonnes (+ 3%) in 1996, 40% from CÙte d'lvoire. The American agribusiness giant ADM (Archer Daniels Midlands) has bought the industrial division of the British trader E.D. & F. Man (processing 160 000 t of beans). Over a third of world processing capacity is now held by the ADM-Cargill-Barry Callebaut trio. The world leaders in the sector are: ADM (USA): 350 000 t; Barry Callebaut (Switzerland): 260 000 t; Cargill (USA): 230 000 t; NestlÈ (Switzerland): 230 000 t; Hamester (USA): 140 000 t; Blommer (USA): 100 000 t; Hershey (USA): no coo t; Cadbury (Great Britain): 86 000 t; Philip Morris (USA): 80 000 t. Industrialists are expecting a strong increase in demand from Asia, where consumption of both chocolate and industrial products has risen by 16.Û% since lD94 (8% in Europe).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3989
Year: 1997
Title: Concentration on cocoa and chocolate
Journal: MarchÈ Tropicaux et MediterranÈes
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Keywords: Merger; Callebaut; Barry;
World
Abstract: The British Monopolies and Mergers Commission agreed on 13th June to the merger of two cocoa companies, Barry and Callebaut. The operation had already been approved by the American, German, Italian and French authorities. To date, only Belgium has refused to give it the go-ahead. The new group, Bard Callebaut SA, formed by the merger of the French company Cacao Barry and the Swiss company Callebaut, and owned by the Swiss group Klaus Jacobs, the world leader in the cocoa and chocolate sector, is planning a Zurich stock market launch for the first half of 1998 provided market conditions are right.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3990
Year: 1997
Title: CÙte d'lvoire: Sifca results
Journal: MarchÈ Tropicaux et MediterranÈes
Volume: 13
Issue: 6
Keywords: Marketing; Sifca; Unicao; Palmindustrie; Unilever; Rivaud;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: Sifca, the agribusiness branch of Sifcom, leads the coffee and cocoa export sector. The company is also strongly involved in cocoa marketing, through its Unicao and Omnipar subsidiaries. In 1995 the Sifcom group took over certain Palmindustrie agro-industrial complexes: it bought Cosmivoire, the second edible oil and soap manufacturer (60 000 t) in October 1995. Via Siparal, Sifca also has links with the Unilever subsidiary Blohorn, and with Socfinco, part of the Rivaud group.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 58
Year: 1998
Title: ED&F Man Group plc
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Traders; EDF-Man; ADM; Grinding; Mergers;
England
Abstract: The 1998 ED& F Man Group plc annual report gives a profit before tax and exceptional items figure as at the end of March 1998 of £97.6m, up 16% on the previous year. A pre-tax exceptional profit of £21.5m was made on the sale of cocoa processing facilities to Archer Daniels Midland in September 1997.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 85
Year: 1998
Title: Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit
Journal: PRNewswire
Pages: OCT-98
Keywords: Manufacuring; Companies;
Polans; USA; France;
Abstract: Groupe Danone to Buy Pepsico's Polish Biscuit Unit
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
26


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 86
Year: 1998
Title: Ivorian 97
Journal: Reuters
Pages: OCT-98
Keywords: Stocks; Farmgate-prices; FOB;
Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: ABIDJAN, Oct 23 (Reuters) - Stocks of cocoa from the 1997/98 crop season in Ivory Coast's ports of Abidjan and San Pedro total around 70,000 tonnes of generally low quality beans while there were few arrivals of new 1998/99 crop, exporters and shippers said on Friday.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
23


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 553
Year: 1998
Title: Archer Daniels Midland Shuts Ecuador Cocoa-Processing Plant
Journal: Reuters
Pages: OCT-98
Keywords: Manufacturing; Grinding; Capacity; Company; Production;
Ecuador
Abstract: NEW YORK, Oct 6 (Reuters) - U.S. food processing giant Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM.N) said on Tuesday it has closed a cocoa processing factory in Ecuador and transferred its capacity to other ADM plants.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
06


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 572
Year: 1998
Title: Kraft Jacobs Suchard
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Companies; Kraft-Jacobs-Suchard;
Germany
Abstract: Kraft Jacobs Suchard is to launch Terry's All Gold Mint selection. The after-dinner mint market is reportedly worth some £58m and the new All Gold Mint will be supported by a £400,000 advertising campaign.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 573
Year: 1998
Title: NestlÈ and Danone split Cokoladovny
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Companies; Nestle; Cokoladovny
Tsjechoslvakia
Abstract: In May, NestlÈ SA and Groupe Danone announced their intention to split the Czech company, Cokoladovny in two. NestlÈ will take the chocolate and confectionery operations (NestlÈ-Cokoladovny) and Danone will take the biscuit side of the business to form Danone-Cokoladovny. In 1997, Cokoladovny's sales were worth some 11bn crowns (US$337m). Sales forecasts for 1999 for the new Danone-Cokoladovny venture are in the region of 6bn crowns, while those for NestlÈ are about 9.5bn crowns (although these would include sales from a NestlÈ factory in Slovakia. Cokoladovny enjoys a 60% share of the overall domestic chocolate market, 70% of the chocolate bar market and about 80% of the biscuit market.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 574
Year: 1998
Title: Liffe
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Trading; Stock-market; Electronic-trading;
England
Abstract: On 9 June, at an extraordinary general meeting, members of LIFFE voted on wide-ranging proposals which covered electronic trading and changes to the exchange's structure. The move to an electronic trading system would replace the current "open outcry" system which involves the use of tic-tac hand signals to trade. The proposed electronic trading system is planned to be launched in 1999.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 575
Year: 1998
Title: Barry Callebaut
Journal: ICCO Newsletter, May
Keywords: Grinder; Barry-Callebaut;
France
Abstract: Chocolate maker and cocoa bean processor, Barry Callebaut, successfully completed its initial public offering in the first phase of a capitalization programme. The price of each share was fixed at SFr310, giving the company a market capitalization of SFr1.6bn. A total of 1.42m shares were sold representing 27.5% of the company's 5.17m share capital. When the final 155,000 shares are sold in July, it will reduce Barry Callebaut's ownership to 66.7%.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1499
Year: 1998
Title: Nigerian Cocoa Crop Shapes up in Critical Phase
Journal: Reuters
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Forecast; Production;
Nigeria
Abstract: LAGOS, Sept 14 (Reuters)- A stretch of favourable weather has improved the prospects for Nigeria's 1998/99 main cocoa crop and there are few signs of damaging disease, industry sources said on Monday.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
14


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1501
Year: 1998
Title: Interview-Sheanuts Draw Aarhus to Grow in Africa
Journal: Reuters
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Manufacturing; Chocolate; Cocoa-butter; CBE; Legislation;
Ivory-Coast; Ghana; Mali; Burkina-Faso; Denmark; EC;
Abstract: ABIDJAN, Sept 7 (Reuters)- Danish vegetable oil miller Aarhus Olie A/S (AOACb.CO) is expanding with new offices in West Africa, drawn by the availability of shea nuts which can be used in making chocolate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
07


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2210
Year: 1998
Title: Cadbury Buys Poland's Top
Journal: Reuters
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Socio-economics; Consumption; Confectionary; Cadbury; Wedel;
Poland
Abstract: In 1997 the Polish confectionery market was around 205,000 tonnes, comprising 119,000 tonnes of chocolate and 86,000 tonnes of sugar confectionery.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
07


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2211
Year: 1998
Title: Cadbury Schweppes PLC to Acquire E. Wedel S.A. Chocolate Business from PepsiCo
Journal: PRNewswire
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Manufacturing; Mergers; Cadbury; Pepsico; Wedel;
Poland; England; USA;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
07


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2224
Year: 1998
Title: Details of Ivorian Cocoa
Journal: Reuters
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Marketing; Trade; Liberalisation; SAP; Structural-adjustment-programmes;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: ABIDJAN, Sept 2 (Reuters)- More details on Ivory Coast's cocoa and coffee liberalisation plans are expected to emerge over the next couple of weeks as the government cpncludes talks with trade and farmer groups, donor sources said.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
02


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2535
Year: 1998
Title: Nestle Tries to Increase Market Share in Central Europe
Journal: CNN news
Keywords: Chocolate; Manufacturing; marketing;
Bulgaria;
Abstract: Nestle Tries to Increase Market Share in Central Europe
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2687
Year: 1998
Title: Good year for most commodities
Journal: International Agricultural Development
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 15-17
Keywords: prices-; commodities-; international-trade; trends-; fluctuations-; market-prices; agricultural-production
Abstract: Prices of seven commodities are presented in a table for the period 1996-97, and six of the seven are discussed briefly. The six crops discussed are: tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, rubber, and palm oil, and the seventh crop that is just listed is cotton. Five of the seven agricultural crops rose in 1997, although the price of rubber fell dramatically, losing a third of its start-of-the-year price. Another exception was cotton, which fell by about 10%. It is suggested that dry spells in some countries and torrential rain in others, cause by the El Nino weather system, reduced harvests and were partly responsible for some of the rises. A brief examination is presented of the possibility that genetically altered cotton may not be safe.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 615
Author: Aartsen, J. P. van
Year: 1949
Title: Cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Tijdschr. Econ. en Soc. Geogr.
Volume: 40
Pages: 36-37
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1360
Author: Abang, S. O.
Year: 1984
Title: Stabilization policy: an economic analysis and evaluation of its implications for Nigerian cocoa producers
Journal: Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 184p
Keywords: Price-stabilization;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: The impacts of past and present policy initiatives on Nigerian producers of increasing cocoa prices to reflect world competitive prices are investigated. The supply and demand responses were estimated at the aggregate level, the supply response models being of the semi-log form, and the aggregate demand response models of the double-log form. Ordinary least squares estimation procedures are applied to estimate the models empirically. From these equations, two alternative models were developed to estimate the possible effects of farmers facing prices derived directly from the world price levels. The demand and supply equations showed relatively high R values (0.81 or above), with coefficients statistically significant at the 5% level. The own- and cross-price elasticity estimates were inelastic in the short run, ranging in absolute values from zero to 0.23, and more elastic in the long run. Estimated average annual revenues under Model 1, representing world market prices, were 5.7% lower than the actual average revenues of $22.7 million. Under Model II, revenues were estimated to be 90% higher under world market prices. The variability of revenues was greater under both world market price models. The coefficients of variation were 50 and 105 under the models, as compared with 44 under actual prices. From these estimates, it was concluded that cocoa production was not affected significantly by actions of the Nigerian Cocoa Board, but that producer revenues were more stable and perhaps slightly lower, based on the results of Model II. The study suggests that the Cocoa Board should consider a combination of options in addition to price, if cocoa production is to be increased by a significant amount.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2063
Author: Abbas, B. S.; Dja'far; Daswir
Year: 1989
Title: Sensitivity analysis of cocoa cultivation: relative profitability of coconut and Leucaena glauca [L. leucocephala] as shade plants, based on a case study at Bah Lias Plantation, North Sumatra
Journal: Buletin Perkebunan
Volume: 20
Issue: 2
Pages: 97-103
Keywords: Intercropping-; Profitability-; Shade; Shade-trees;
Indonesia; North-Sumatra; Bah-Lias
Abstract: Linear programming and sensitivity analysis are used to evaluate the use of coconut as a shade plant for cocoa cultivation in North Sumatra. Data for the first 10 years showed that at the current level of production, i.e. 15.5 coconuts/tree/year, and under the prevailing land and labour constraints, coconut should only be used as the shade tree if the price per coconut is Rp 474.44 or higher. At Rp 40/coconut, production must be at least 184.2 coconuts/tree/year. If production increases to 50 coconuts/tree/year, the price of Rp 147.34/coconut is enough for this intercropping system to be recommended, even without the land constraint. If land is the only constraint, then the coconut intercropping system can be recommended so long as its profit is no lower than that under monoculture. Under the current level of production this occurs only if the price per coconut is Rp 313.77 or higher. If the price is still Rp 40/coconut, production must be at least 121.8 coconuts/tree/year. At 50 coconuts/tree/year, a price of Rp 97.44/coconuts is enough for this intercropping system to be recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bldsc


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4338
Author: Abdoellah, S.; Wardani, S.
Year: 1993
Title: Impact of cocoa development on marginal land to farmers' income: a case in Gunung Kidul regency, Indonesia
Journal: Pelita-Perkebunan-Pusat-Penelitian-Kopi-dan-Kakao (Indonesia)
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 97-104; Oct, figs, summaries In)
Keywords: income-; diversification-; cropping-systems; cash-crops
Indonesia, Java
Abstract: Cocoa development in Indonesia on heavy soil which is poor in organic matter, N, P, K, and S has been conducted in Gunung Kidul regency, Java, Indonesia, since 1988. Cocoa is planted in the farmers' houseyards and on non-irrigated land. The aims of the development are to increase farmers' income and to extend it throughout the year, as well as to improve the quality of the environment. The farmers' annual income per ha did in fact increase considerably in the first year of cocoa harvesting, and it is expected to increase further in the following years as the cocoa plants mature. Income is more evenly distributed over the whole year. Before the introduction of cocoa, the farmers depended entirely on annual crops which were only planted in the rainy season. The established social institution in Gunung Kidul regency has contributed to the success of cocoa development. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1647
Author: Abdoellah, S.; Prawoto, A. A.; Campbell, K. L.
Year: 1995
Title: The use of flooded land for foodcrops
Journal: Versatility of wetlands in the agricultural landscape: Hyatt Regency, Tampa, Florida, USA
Pages: 699-703
Keywords: flooding-; land-types; marginal-land; cropping-systems; agroforestry-; Soil-Cultivation
Indonesia-
Abstract: Data are presented on growth and yields of bananas and cocoa grown as upper crops during the flooded season and of rice and vegetables during the dry season (surjan method) on marginal lands in Indonesia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-20 September, 1995


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3258
Author: Abdoellah, S.; Sudarsianto; Sikusno
Year: 1996
Title: Response of bulk cocoa seedlings to available soil moisture
Journal: Pelita Perkebunan
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 127-136
Keywords: cultivars-; drought-resistance; cocoa; water-stress; responses-;
Indonesia;
Abstract: Seven cocoa clones were tested for their responses to soil moisture availabilities of 25, 50, 75 or 100% in greenhouse experiments. Clones fell into 3 groups. Sca 6 and Amelonado were very tolerant of drought, Sca 12, GC 7 and ICS 6 were moderately tolerant and ICS 60 and UIT 1 were the least tolerant.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1452
Author: Abdoellah, S.
Year: 1998
Title: The use of cover crops in cocoa plantations on acid soils
Journal: A.E. Johnston & J.K. Syers
Pages: 358-359
Keywords: Soil-nutrients; Cover-crops; Ultisols; Avilable-P; P-bray;
Indonesia; Kalimantan;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4363
Author: Abdul Latief, T.; Johana, C. L.; Djajanegara, A.; Sukmawati, A.
Year: 1994
Title: Feeding cocoa leaf to Kacang goat
Journal: Sustainable animal production and the environment. Proceedings of the 7th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Bali, Indonesia
Volume: 3
Pages: 195-196
Keywords: feed-intake; liveweight-gain; body-weight; mortality-; composition-; goat-feeding; leaves-; intake-; proteins-; minerals-; blood-
Indonesia; Sulawesi;
Abstract: Three groups of 8 young female Kacang goats (8.33 kg) were randomly allotted to one of the following ad libitum feeding treatments: fresh cocoa leaf (CL), natural grasses (NG) or a combination of CL and NG. Each goat also received a mixture of rice bran, coconut meal, molasses, mineral mix and salt (200 g/day). During the 4-month experimental period, mean DM intake/day was lower in the CL group than in NG and CL + NG groups (0.153 vs. 0.271 and 0.259 kg, respectively). However, the mean body weight of goats in the CL group was significantly higher than those of the other 2 groups (10.66 vs. 9.43 and 9.82 kg, respectively). Overall mean daily gains in CL, NG and CL + NG groups, respectively, were 16.45, 14.64 and 13.35 g. During the experimental period 5 goats died in group CL, while only 2 died in each of the other groups. In group CL, serum contents of protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, selenium, molybdenum and cobalt were 78.6 g/litre, 0.17, 4.03, 7.07, 6.06, 0.08, 0.02 mg/litre, 0.003 and 0.65 Êg/litre, respectively. Corresponding values for group NG were: 76.9 g/litre, 0.31, 4.09, 6.98, 6.28, 0.08, 0.02 mg/litre, 0.005 and 0.62 Êg/litre, respectively. It was concluded that cocoa leaf has potential to increase the body weight of goats due to its higher protein content relative to that of natural grasses (15.09 vs. 8.38%). However, its use is restricted due to low DM intake and increase in mortality. It was suggested that the increase in mortality could be due to a high level of poisonous substances in fresh cocoa leaf. Possible improvement of the crop residue by physical and chemical treatment was suggested.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11-16 July, poster papers. 1994


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4378
Author: Abdul Samah, O.; Ibrahim, N.; Alimon, H.; Abdul Karim, M. I.
Year: 1993
Title: Fermentation studies of stored cocoa beans
Journal: World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
Volume: 9
Issue: 5
Pages: 603-604
Keywords: Fermentation; Microbiology; Acidity; Acetic-acid; Lactic-acid; organic-acids; quality; cocoa-beans; population-dynamics; acetic-acid; lactic-acid; production-;
Malaysia-RN: 64-19-7; 50-21-5
Abstract: Changes in microbial population during the fermentation of cocoa beans were investigated. Ripe cocoa pods were stored for 7 days after harvesting to enhance flavour, followed by 6 days' fermentation with aeration. Acetic and lactic acid bacteria on fermented cocoa beans were determined. Acetic and lactic acids were detected on the second and fourth days of fermentation. There was a positive correlation between the sizes of the relevant microbial populations and the amounts of acids produced during fermentation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1063
Author: Abdul-Samah, O.; Mohd. Fared, Putih; Jinap, Selamat; Lee, C. H.; Othman Abdul, Samah
Year: 1992
Title: Free amino acids in fresh and fermented cocoa beans inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild strain)
Journal: Planter
Volume: 68
Issue: 790
Pages: 3-6
Keywords: Fermentation; seeds; composition; Proteins; metabolism; Amino-acids
Malaysia
Abstract: Cocoa beans of the Sabah hybrid (UIT1 X NB32) inoculated with a wild strain of S. cerevisiae or not inoculated (controls) were placed in plastic bags (60 X 35 cm) and left to ferment in the dark for 6 days with regular turning at 12 h intervals. After fermentation, the protein content of control beans was higher (2.76 g/10 g bean DW) than that of inoculated beans (2.30 g) or freshly harvested beans (1.07 g). Freshly harvested beans contained higher percentages of various amino acids (including lysine, serine, isoleucine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine and glycine) than inoculated or control beans. Inoculated beans had higher percentages of some amino acids than control beans. The major amino acids found in cocoa beans were aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4590
Author: Abdulai, A.; Rieder, P.
Year: 1995
Title: The impacts of agricultural price policy on cocoa supply in Ghana: an error correction estimation
Journal: Journal of African Economies
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 315-335
Keywords: producer-prices; maize-; monetary-parity; agricultural-policy; prices-; supply-; markets-; economic-analysis; supply-response; price-policy
Ghana-
Abstract: This paper presents an empirical investigation of the supply of cocoa in Ghana over the period 1960-89. The error correction model which avoids the familiar partial adjustment model's unrealistic assumption of a fixed target supply based on stationary expectation is used in the analysis. The model provides good empirical results, and is preferred in specification tests to the partial adjustment model. The results reveal that cocoa supply is significantly influenced by the real producer price of cocoa, real price of maize, the supply of manufactured goods and the real exchange rate. The supply of cocoa was found to be inelastic both in the short and long runs. However, the elasticities obtained in the study suggest that supply of cocoa is more responsive in a shorter time than thought previously.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3938
Author: Abeele, M. van-den
Year: 1933
Title: Cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda Urundi
Volume: 24
Pages: 69-93
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 620
Author: Abels, A. P. G.
Year: 1866
Title: The artificial drying of coffee and cocoa. Description of the machine and its use
Journal: Batavia, Lange & Co. 40p.
Keywords: Drying; Driers;
Indonesia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4340
Author: Aberra, D.; Aquino, A.; Alex, N.; Ebong, C.; Kipo, T.; Turton, C.; Zhong, B. F.
Year: 1994
Title: A dynamic farming system: the case of Kyela district, Tanzania
Journal: Working Document Series ICRA
Issue: 37
Keywords: farming-systems; constraints-; agricultural-development; farm-surveys
Tanzania, Mbeya
Abstract: Base-line data on the farming systems of Kyala district, in Mbeya, Tanzania, were collected in 1994, and the main production constraints and potentials were identified. Several survey methods were used, including participatory rural appraisal techniques, and discussions were held with various development agents. The farming systems in the district are subsistence-oriented and dominated by rice cultivation, with maize, root crops and bananas becoming more important in the higher areas. Perennials are a prominent feature, with crops such as cocoa, oil palm, banana, citrus and cashew nuts. The main problems include: (1) rice, cocoa and cattle diseases; (2) weeds in rice; (3) declining soil fertility; (4) disastrous flooding, with a 4-year cyclical pattern; (5) land pressure for grazing; and (6) weak research and extension services. Suggestions are made to address each of these problems.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
109 p.; Jul, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1340
Author: Abidin, M. I. Z.; Bakar, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Studies on cuttings in cocoa
Journal: Planter
Volume: 60
Issue: 696
Pages: 111-112
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation; Cuttings-; Types-; Summer-cuttings; Winter-cuttings; Leaf-cuttings; Treatment-; Waxes-; Growth-regulators; IBa; Responses-; NAA-
Abstract: Softwood cuttings gave a much higher rooting percentage than semi-hardwood cuttings, and single-leaf cuttings rooted much better than 2-leaf cuttings. Waxing the top end of the cutting and the cut ends of the leaves also improved rooting. Effects of IBA and NAA, each at 6000 p.p.m., were similar.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 318
Author: Abidogun, A.
Year: 1979
Title: Cost-benefit analysis of agricultural research in Nigeria: a case study of cocoa
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: cost-benefit-analysis; agricultural-research; crop-improvement
Nigeria
Abstract: The analytical model employed involved deriving a productivity index of improved cacao varieties by measuring the shift in the long-run cacao supply function as a way of estimating the annual values of resource ""savings" resulting from increased productivity. The annual value of resource savings (representing the gross benefits) was then adjusted for the value of additional inputs contingent to the introduction and adoption of improved variety, thus deriving the stream of net benefits. This was matched against the stream of annual research costs, and the cost/benefit ratio computed, using appropriate discount rate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 605-609, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 387
Author: Abidogun, A.
Year: 1981
Title: Producer-countries' share of total benefits from national investments in cocoa research: a case study of Nigeria
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: cacao-; agricultural-research; public-investment; cost-benefit-analysis
Nigeria
Abstract: Based on the shifts in the supply curve arising from increased productivity due to research, the present value of the flow of producer benefits was estimated and expressed as a proportion of total benefits. The producer benefits were found to be 82% of the total benefit from cacao research. Apart from the distortion in resource allocation which such situation might have engendered it raises some serious issues of international equity. Thus rich consumer countries have been subsidized over the years by poor producer countries. It is stated that one possible approach to solving the problem is to embody in the International Cocoa Agreement provisions for appropriate levels of contribution by consumer countries to research support in producer countries. Such provisions also lead to better allocative efficiency.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 627-632, fig, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5642
Author: Abidogun, A.
Year: 1985
Title: The transnational externality component of benefits from cocoa research in Nigeria
Journal: Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-22
Keywords: Research-; Cost-benefit-analysis;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: The paper estimates the externality component of the social benefits accruing from investments in cocoa research in Nigeria. Measuring the shifts in the supply curve due to increased productivity brought about by cocoa research, the present worth of the flow of external benefits is estimated and expressed as a proportion of present worth of total social benefits. The externality was found to be 18% of the overall social benefits from cocoa research. It indicates that, apart from the distortion in resource allocation which an externality of such magnitude might have engendered, it raises some serious issues of international equity. Thus, it is concluded, rich consumer countries have been heavily subsidized over the years by poor producer countries.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5177
Author: Abington, J. B.; Walton, P. D.; Solomon-Islands, Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Lands
Year: 1987
Title: Research Department, Agriculture Division, annual report 1985
Volume: 65
Keywords: Insect-pests; Reports-; Solomon-Islands; Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Lands; Agricultural-research; Root-crops; Coconut; Fruits-; Pastures-; Plant-parasitic-nematodes
Abstract: The results are presented of numerous research and other studies on agriculture in the Solomon Islands. The topics dealt with include cultivar evaluations and the control of pests and diseases of root crops, coconuts, cocoa, fruit trees and pastures.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
viii + pp.; Honiara, Solomon Islands; Dodo Creek Research Station


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1950
Author: Abiola, S. S.; Tewe, O. O.
Year: 1991
Title: Chemical evaluation of cocoa by-products
Journal: Tropical-Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago)
Volume: 68
Issue: 4
Pages: 335-336; Oct, table,
Keywords: By-products; Nutritive-value; Chemical-composition; Waste-utilization; Husk; Shell; Cake; Dust; Protein; Fibre; Ash;
Nigeria
Abstract: In Nigeria, 4 main by-products from cocoa (cocoa husk, cocoa shell, cocoa cake, and cocoa dust) were chemically evaluated and compared to determine their usefulness in poultry and livestock feeds. The proximate constituents, gross energy and theobromine content of the samples were determined. All 4 by-products were found to have nutritive value. However, cocoa husk can be considered to be more useful than the others for animal feeds because of its high content of minerals, low level of theobromine and its availability in large quantities in cocoa farms and plantations. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4855
Author: Abo-Hamed, S.; Collin, H. A.; Hardwick, K.
Year: 1983
Title: Biochemical and physiological aspects of leaf development in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). VII. Growth, orientation, surface structure and water loss from developing flush leaves
Journal: New-Phytologist. 1983
Volume: 95
Issue: 1
Pages: 9-17
Keywords: Leaves; Development; Water-relations; Growth-regulators; ABA; Metabolism; Growth; Water-balance; Transpiration; Plant-water-relations; Water-stress; Vegetative-dormancy;
Abstract: It is suggested that perpendicular positioning of young flush leaves, the presence of surface hairs, rapid cuticle synthesis and limited stomatal development during the early stages of leaf expansion restrict water loss from the developing leaves. Maximum rates of water loss from the leaves of a new flush were only attained after leaves were fully expanded, stomata fully developed and the leaves horizontally positioned. It is suggested that the large increases in water loss from the flush leaves following these changes might lead to an internal water deficit in the plant and hence to increased synthesis of ABA in the shoot which, in turn, will maintain dormancy of the shoot apex in at least part of the interflush period. [For part VI see HcA 52, 2580.]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1349
Author: Abo-Hamed, S.; Collin, H. A.; Hardwick, K.
Year: 1985
Title: Biochemical and physiological aspects of leaf development in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). IX. Water relations and abscisic acid in the control of leaf development
Journal: CafÈ Cacao ThÈ
Volume: 29
Issue: 3
Pages: 155-162.
Keywords: Leaves; Development; Water-relations; Growth-regulators; ABA; Metabolism; Drought; Responses; Endogenous-ABA; Water-stress; Apical-dormancy; Growth; Plant-water-relations
England
Abstract: In glasshouse studies with two groups of seedlings at the same stage of the flush cycle, one group of seedlings (cv. Amelonado) was given ample water while water was withheld from the second group, from the start of the I-1 stage of the flush cycle (leaf expansion complete) until the following early F-2 stage (leaf expansion). Drought reduced relative water content to 80%, decreased leaf water potential to -21 mPa and increased the stomatal resistance. Wilting occurred but values for leaf water status rapidly returned to normal on rewatering. In both new flush and mature leaves there was a 5-fold increase in free ABA and a smaller increase in bound ABA in droughted plants whereas in the watered plants ABA declined to a low value. The period of apical dormancy was also extended in the droughted plants but bud break occurred before rewatering. Leaf expansion, however, was delayed until after rewatering. The close correlations between changes in water status, ABA levels and apical dormancy are discussed. [For part VIII see HcA 54, 7712.]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2335
Author: Abreu, J. M. de
Year: 1969
Journal: Bahia: [s.n.]
Pages: 31
Keywords: Pests; Acro-tetranuchus
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 p. - (Comunicacao tecnica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 765
Author: Abreu, J. M.; Silva, P.
Year: 1973
Title: Control of the leaf-cutting ants Atta cephalotes and Atta sexdens in the cacao region of Bahia
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 3-11.
Keywords: Plant-Pests; Crop-Protection
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Field trials were conducted to compare the baits Mirex and Nitrosin Extra (aldrin), and the dusts aldrin, heptachlor and a mixture of aldrin and PDCB for the control of ants. The results showed that the baits were more efficient in controlling A. sexdens, whereas the dusts were more efficient in controlling A. cephalotes. Methods of application of the insecticides are given.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 770
Author: Abreu, J. M.
Year: 1973
Title: Evaluation of insecticides to control cocoa thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) in Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 3-10.
Keywords: Plant-Pests; Crop-Protection
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The results of trials showed that the insecticides lindane, BHC and carbaryl give effective control of S. rubrocinctus. This efficacy remains for 21 days after treatment, although a slight reduction of the efficacy occurs after the 14th day. Malathion, fenitrothion and parathion-methyl are highly efficient up till 24 hrs after treatment. Phosalone and diazinon were less efficient in controlling the thrips.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3535
Author: Abreu, J. M. de
Year: 1977
Title: Neotropical Miridae associated with cacao plants
Journal: in E. M. Lavabre, ed. Les Mirides du cacaoyer. p.
Pages: 85-106
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 304
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Soria-V, S. J.
Year: 1979
Title: (Control of cacao pests in South America)
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: insect-pests; mites-; storage-pests; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-
South-America
Abstract: Selenothrips rubrocinctus and the mirid Monalonion spp. are the most important cacao pests in South America. Other economically important pests are Atta spp., Colaspia spp., Xyleborus, Steirastoma breve, Tetranychus mexicanus and Eriophyes reyesi. The chemical control of these pests is discussed. Side-effects of insecticides on pollinating insects were determined and the most important pests infesting cacao in storage discussed. Methods to protect stored cacao from insect infestation are presented.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 433-441


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 831
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Williams, R. N.
Year: 1980
Title: Chemical control of insect infestation in stored cacao, Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 51-60.
Keywords: pests; pest-control-chemical; insecticides-; spraying-; fumigation-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The effects of insecticide sprays and phosphine fumigation, alone and in combination, on insect infestation of stored cacao were studied also in relation to method of application and duration and frequency of treatment.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 348
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Milanez, J. M.
Year: 1981
Title: (Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids in the control of Hoplophorion pertusum: a cacao pest in Bahia)
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: insect-pests; Hoplophorion-pertusum; pest-control-chemical; pyrethroids-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroids in controlling this pest was evaluated in heavily infested cacao trees. An efficiency evaluation was made 8, 24 and 48 hours after application. The average population density varied between 381 and 1526 aphids per tree. The effectiveness of decamethrin in concentrations of 5, 7.5 and 10 g a.i./ha was 98, 97 and 90%, respectively, 48 hours after application. The efficiency of permethrin in doses of 100, 125 and 150 g a.i./ha was 97, 99 and 98%, respectively, 24 hours after application. The efficiency of fenvalerate in doses of 50, 100 and 150 g a.i./ha was 97, 97 and 99%, respectively, 24 hours after application.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 291-293, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 909
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Milanez, J. M.; De-Abreu, J. M.
Year: 1982
Title: Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids in the control of Hoplophorion pertusum Germar (Homoptera: Membracidae), a pest of cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 149-153
Keywords: Hoplophorion-pertusum; Distribution-; Insecticides-; Deltamethrin-; Against-; Permethrin-; Fenvalerate-;
Brazil;
Abstract: Synthetic pyrethroids were tested in Bahia, Brazil, for the control of Hoplophorion pertusum, which occurred in large numbers on cocoa there (381-1526 individuals/tree) in 1980-81 and also on the shade tree Erythrina glauca. Decis [deltamethrin] at 5, 7.5 or 10 g/ha reduced populations by 98, 97 and 90%, respectively, 48 h after spraying. Permethrin at 100, 125 or 150 g/ha reduced the populations by 97, 99 and 98%, respectively, after 24 h and fenvalerate at 50, 100 or 150 g/ha reduced them by 97, 97 and 99%, respectively, after 24 h.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4860
Author: Abreu, J. M. de
Year: 1983
Title: Development of research and experimentation in agriculture and animal husbandry. Principal results 1982
Volume: 66
Keywords: Plant-diseases; Capsicum-; Beans-Phaseolus; Passion-fruits; Pawpaws-; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-citrophthora; Phytophthora-capsici; Corticium-salmonicolor; Verticillium-; Rosellinia; Rhizoctonia Rhizopus-; Catacauma-torrendiella; Copper-Sandoz; Control-; Tecto-60; Thiabendazole-; Bravonil-50-FW; Fungineb-80-S; Calixin-; Tridemorph-; Derosal-; Carbendazim-; Schizophyllum-commune; Fusarium-solani-f.sp.-piperis; Koleroga-noxius; Pseudomonas-; Colletotrichum-lindemuthianum; Thanetophorus-cucumeris; Rhizoctonia-solani; Puccinia Botryodiplodia-theobromae; Pythium-; Germination-
Brazil
Abstract: In the section on cocoa diseases (3-6) work was done on the comparative virulence of Phytophthora palmivora, P. citrophthora and P. capsici; the biological cycle of Corticium salmonicolor; and control of Verticillium wilt. Rosellinia sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. were associated with root and fruit rot, while Rhizopus sp. was confirmed as the pathogen of a fruit rot. Copper Sandoz, Tecto [thiabendazole] 60, Bravonil 50 FW, Fungineb 80S, Calixin [tridemorph] and Derosal [carbendazim] gave good results against Catacauma torrendiella on coconut palm (56). Schizophyllum commune was identified as the fungus inhibiting seed germination of oil palm (57). Capsicum annuum varieties were screened against P. capsici; other diseases recorded (59) were caused by Fusarium solani f.sp. piperis, Pellicularia koleroga [Koleroga noxius], C. salmonicolor and Pseudomonas sp. Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Thanatephorus cucumeris and virus diseases were noted on Phaseolus vulgaris (60). Rhizoctonia solani, Puccinia sp.. and Botryodiplodia theobromae were recorded on passion fruit (64). Pythium sp. was associated with root rot and "vira cabeca" caused plant death of pawpaw (65).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp. Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil; CEPLAC, CEPEC


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5067
Author: Abreu, J. M. de
Year: 1985
Title: Development of research and experimentation in agriculture and animal husbandry. Principal results 1983
Keywords: Paullinia-cupana; Cloves-; Phytophthora; Phytophthora-capsici; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-citrophthora; Corticium-salmonicolor; Verticillium-; Rosellinia-pepo; Rosellinia-bunodes; Botryodiplodia Aspergillus-; Inhibition-; Aspergillus-terreus; Aspergillus-giganteus; Microcyclus-ulei; Ceratocystis-fimbriata; Triadimefon-; Control-; Triforine-; Chlorothalonil-; Mancozeb-; Carbendazim-; Chlorocarbendazim-; Benomyl-; Captafol-; Metalaxyl-; Catacauma-torrendiella; Copper-Sandoz; Ganoderma-philippii; Calonectria-rigidiuscula; Colletotrichum-guaranicola; Colletotrichum-; Cylindrocladium-; Koleroga-noxius; Disease-control; PDM
Brazil;
Abstract: In the section on cocoa diseases (5-11) work was done on forecasting of Phytophthora spp., populations of P. capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora and the infective potential of P. spp.; the biological cycle of Corticium salmonicolor; and Verticillium wilt. Aspergillus terreus, A. giganteus and A. sp. inhibited sporulation of P. spp. Rosellinia pepo and R. bunodes were identified as pathogens of root diseases, while canker due to Botryodiplodia sp. causing plant death was newly recorded. In the section on rubber diseases (85-86), triadimefon and triforine were the most effective fungicides against M[icrocyclus] ulei in the nursery, while chlorothalonil and mancozeb at low concn inhibited conidial germination. Carbendazim, chlorothalonil, benomyl, carbendazim + chlorocarbendazim + captafol and metalaxyl + chlorothalonil gave the best results against Ceratocystis fimbriata. On oil palm (88) Catacauma torrendiella was most effectively controlled by copper Sandoz. Pathogens on guarana [Paullinia cupana] (90) were Ganoderma philippii, Fusarium deshencellulare [Calonectria rigidiuscula] and Colletotrichum guaranicola; and on clove (90) Pellicularia koleroga [Koleroga noxius], C. sp. and Cylindrocladium sp.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
96pp.; Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil; CEPLAC, CEPEC


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 429
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Monteiro, A.
Year: 1986
Title: (Cost of application of malathion for the control of insect pests of cacao)
Journal: Boletim Tcnico Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau
Issue: 141
Keywords: Pests-; insecticides-; malathion-; application-methods; cost-analysis; spacing-; pest-control-chemical
Brazil, Bahia
Abstract: In Bahia, Brazil, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the cost of malathion application. Three methods of application, dusting, spraying and thermal fogging, were tested. The experiment was conducted in 12 ha planted with cacao hybrids; 3 x 3 m spacing, shaded with Erythrina sp., with a 24 x 24 m spacing, and with 1 tree in the intersection of the diagonals. Malathion was applied at the rate of 300 g a.i./ha in all formulations. Cost estimates were calculated on the basis of equipment depreciation, interests on capital loans, repairs, replacement of spare parts and other expenses. Results showed that the cost of spraying was 71.34, dusting 81.38 and thermal fogging 83.92 units/ha. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
10 p., summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 938
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Delabie, J. H. C.
Year: 1986
Title: Control of leaf cutting ants in cocoa plantations
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 199-211
Keywords: Hymenoptera; Distribution; Damage; Crop-losses; Acromyrmex; Formicidae; Control; Baits; Organochlorine-insecticides; Pests
Brazil; Central-America; South-America;
Abstract: Information is presented on the geographical distribution and economic importance of and damage caused by leaf-cutting formicids belonging to the genera Atta and Acromyrmex occurring in the cocoa-producing countries of South and Central America, with emphasis on Brazil. Chemical control methods using chlorinated baits are briefly discussed as well as the possibilities for other methods of control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2116
Author: Abreu, J. M. de; Nakayama, K.; Benton, F. P.; Cruz, P. F. N. da; Ferraz, E. C. A.; Menezes, M.; Smith, G. E.
Year: 1989
Title: Control of cocoa pests
Volume: 30
Keywords: Morphology-; Economic-thresholds; Anatomy-; Sampling-; Damage-; Stored-products; Stored-products-pests; Insect-pests; Biology-; Control-; Commodities Pest-control; Post-harvest-tecnology;
Brazil-;
Abstract: This book is concerned with the main insect pests of cocoa in Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil. Information is given on morphology, biology, symptoms of damage, favourable development conditions, control measures, sampling techniques and economic thresholds. A short list of the pests that attack stored cocoa is included.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; Ilheus, Brazil; CEPLAC/CEPEC


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1690
Author: Achcenich, R.
Year: 1936
Title: Contribution to Vitamin D contents of cacao pod husks
Journal: Tierernhrung, Leipzig
Volume: 8
Pages: 276-286
Keywords: Husks; Feed-value; Vitamins;
Germany;
Abstract: Reports results of tests using shells from various varieties of cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4747
Author: Achung, M. R.
Year: 1995
Title: The role of women in the Peruvian Amazon: agriculture and rural development
Volume: 42
Keywords: women-; socioeconomic-environment; rural-development; agriculture-; role-of-women
Peru; Amazon
Abstract: During the last 10-20 years, violence, drugs traffic, increasing deforestation, river pollution and negative income patterns have added to the burdens borne by women in the Peruvian Amazon since ancestral times. The life of these rural women, who represent 46% of the inhabitants of the region, has been greatly influenced by these factors resulting in a predominance of males in some regions. The population is very heterogeneous, with 52 ethnic groups, 11 languages and a distinction among women depending on their origin: the riparian banks, the inland regions, and those who are settlers. The agrarian policy and rural development measures during the 1980s; the position of women in the light of the expansion of the cocoa culture; increased violence; the female situation at the beginning of the period 1986-1990; changes that have occurred since the early 1980s (including a lack of measures to advance women's development); relief programmes; and the basic aspects of future programmes, are reviewed..
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3896
Author: Ackonor, J. B.
Year: 1984
Title: The activity pattern of the ant Cataulacus guineensis F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Ghanaian cocoa farm
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 307-324
Keywords: Cataulacus-guineensis; Foraging-; Distribution-; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The activity pattern of Cataulacus guineensis was found to be diurnal; trailing started around 0600 h and ended around 1800 h. The effect of the meteorological factors on the activity pattern of the ant was also investigated and rainfall was found to be the most important factor influencing the ant's activity. The ant was found to be generally very active throughout the year, except when the harmattan conditions were very severe. The species was mainly a canopy forager, although occasionally it might forage on the ground. The mean foraging space was 555.0 m2; but when nests (colonies) were close together, overlapping of foraging spaces did occur.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
20 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 127
Author: Acosta, J. de
Year: 1590
Title: The Natural and Moral History of the Indians
Journal: Impreso en Sevilla en Casa de Juan de Leon. Ano MDXC
Keywords: History; Trade; Roasting; Shade; Health; Medicine; Money;
Abstract: [Mueller] Acosta, Spanish historian, jesuit. Born around 1540 Medina del Campo, Died 1599. Went to America in 1577,after his return in 1586 became rector of the University of Salamanca.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1856
Author: Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1963
Title: Some significance of soil organic matter on soil organic phosphorus mineralization in phosphorus nutrition of cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Plant and Soil
Volume: 19
Pages: 65-80
Keywords: Soil-chemistry; Organic-matter; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; pH; Acidity; Minerilization; Fertilization;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Soil samples from a 2^2 NP:KMg factorial experiment, in which yield response of cocoa to NP was highly correlated to organic phosphorus content of the 0-2" layer was studied. It was found that the organic phosphorus content rnaged from 46 to 69.5 % of total phosphorus and was correlated to to the percentage total nitrogen, total Phosphoru, organic carbon and pH. Incubation of the soils at 50% of their water olding capacity and at a temperature of 50C for periods of 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days resulted in the average minerilization of organic phosphorus equivalent to 38.2, 50.0, 54.0 pounds P per acre respectively. More organic P was mineralized at 50C than at 27C or 40C. The percentage of organic P mineralized was generally higher in the plots where NP had been applied. Laboratory application of N or P to the soils before incubation resulted in greater minerilization. The effect of N and P totgehter was greater than in the presence of N alone but only in a few cases was it greater than in the presence of P alone. The effect of N and P was not additive.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1824
Author: Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1964
Title: The effect of soil type, nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and foliar composition of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings
Journal: Emp. J. Exp. Agric.
Keywords: Leaf-analysis;
Africa; Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1830
Author: Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1964
Title: Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in cocoa nutrition. I. Sampling procedure and analytical methods
Journal: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
Volume: 15
Pages: 855-863
Keywords: Leaf-analysis;
Africa; Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1616
Author: Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1965
Title: Mineralisation of pod husk
Journal: Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst.
Volume: 66
Pages: 137
Keywords: Nutrient-cycles; Decomposition; Mineralisation; Husks;
Africa; Ghana;
Abstract: Preliminary results of investigations conducted in Ghana on decomposition of cocoa pod husks, returned to cocoa plots, showed that most of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers, applied at rates of 112-448 kg N and 1,680 kg P/ha, to soil treated with pod husks at 25 tons per ha, were immobilized and rendered unavailable. N applied at the above rates generally had a very small effect on the decomposition of the pod husks. The total K content of the husk was converted into exchangeable form during incubation for 120 days. A higher percentage of husk was mineralized when applied at 25 tons than at 50 tons per ha. Husk particle size had no important effect on the decomposition of pod husk. Fresh wet husk and dried husk decomposed at the same rate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1694
Author: Acquaye, D. K.; Smith, R. W.; Lockard, R. G.
Year: 1965
Title: Development, identification and correction of potassium deficiency in unshaded Amazon cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: J. Hort. Sci.
Volume: 40
Pages: 100-108
Keywords: Nutrient-deficiency; Disorders; POtassium;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Visual symptoms and soil and plant analysis showed that young Amazon cacao established on clear felled land was K-deficient. The symptoms were more complicated than previously supposed and did not appear until the trees were four years old; they became more sever with time. Te symptoms appeared when leaf K was in the range of 0.5-0.6% and when soil exchange K was 0.20 me/100 g soil. mulching and irrigation corrected the deficiencies but were expensive. Cacao needs much K, and therefore applying more K-fertilizer, probably up to fout times the present rate of 75 lb K2O/acre/y, is probably the best way of correcting the deficiency in cacao and building up K-reserves in cleared forest soils such as in this experiment. Foliar spraying of K may also be useful for correcting the deficiency quickly but temporarily.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1859
Author: Acquaye, D. K.; Smith, R. W.; Lockard, R. G.
Year: 1965
Title: Potassium deficiency in unshaded Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ghana
Journal: J. Hort. Sci.
Volume: 40
Pages: 100-108
Keywords: Nutrient-deficiency; Disorders; Potassium; critical-levels; leaf-levels; soil-level; K
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Visual symptoms and soil and plant analysis showed that young Amazon cacao established on clear felled land was K-deficient. The symptoms were more complicated than previously supposed and did not appear until the trees were four years old; they became more severe with time. The symptoms appeared when leaf K was in the range of 0.5-0.6% and when soil exchangeable K was 0.20 me/100 g soil. Mulching and irrigation corrected the deficiencies but were expensive. Cacao needs much K, and therefore applying more K-fertilizer, probably up to four times the present rate of 75 lb K2O/acre/y, is probably the best way of correcting the deficiency in cacao and building up K-reserves in cleared forest soils such as in this experiment. Foliar spraying of K may also be useful for correcting the deficiency quickly but temporarily.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1865
Author: Acquaye, D. K.; Cunningham, R. K.
Year: 1965
Title: Losses of nitrogen by ammonia volatilization from surface-fertilised tropical forest soil
Journal: Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad
Volume: 42
Pages: 281-292
Keywords: Nutrient-losses; Nutrient-cycle
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4898
Author: Acuna-G, J.
Year: 1974
Title: Undesirable plants in Cuban crops
Keywords: Weeds-; Biology-; Taxonomy-; Flora; Citrus-; Tobacco-
Cuba
Abstract: The problems of weeds in crops are briefly outlined and the general characteristics of weeds described. A dichotomous key for Cuban weeds is presented and weeds most often associated with specific crops including coffee, cocoa, citrus, tobacco, pastures and non-crop situations are listed. There are black and white photographs of the main spp., a glossary of terms and common and Latin name indexes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
241pp.; Havana, Cuba; Academia de Ciencias de Cuba


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5330
Author: Adamo, G. C.
Year: 1955
Title: Trigonelin and niacin in coffee, tea and cacao
Journal: Ann. Chim.
Volume: 45
Pages: 274
Keywords: Composition;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4825
Author: Adams, S. N.
Year: 1962
Journal: In: J.B. Wills
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2547
Author: Adamson, A. M.
Year: 1936
Title: Progress report on the introduction of a parasite of the cacao thrips from the Gold Coast to Trinidad, B. W. I
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 13
Pages: 62-63
Keywords: Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Biological-control; parasites; Dasyseapus-parvipennis;
Ghana; Trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4301
Author: Adanson, M.
Year: 1763
Title: Plant families
Volume: 2
Issue: 344
Pages: 382
Keywords: Taxonomy;
Abstract: Cacao (Theobroma) is separated from Guazuma, but, whie Guazuma is kept in the family 'Tilleuls', cacao is placed in the family 'pistchiers' side by side with Diosma, triopteris, Acuju, Hugonia etc., far from its true relationship. [Quatrecasas, 1964]
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4300
Author: Addison, G. C.; Tavares, M. T.
Year: 1951
Title: Observations on species of the genus Theobroma which occur in Amazonia
Journal: Bol. Tecn. Inst. Agron. Norte, Bele Para
Volume: 25
Pages: 1-20
Keywords: Taxonomy; Anatomy; Compatibilty;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21pl


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5298
Author: Addo, N. O.
Year: 1970
Title: Immigration into Ghana: Some social and economic implications of the aliens compliance order of 18th November 1969
Journal: Ghana Journal of Sociology
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 20-30;
Keywords: Labour; Population; Migration;
Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5547
Author: Addo, N. O.
Year: 1974
Title: Some employment and labour conditions on Ghana's cocoa farms
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 204-218
Keywords: Farm-Economics; Labour;
Ghana
Abstract: The overall pattern of employment on cacao farms suggests that employment is related to many factors. A number of these are discussed including the extent to which the farmer can effectively mobilize family labour, the stage of development of the farms, the number and size of farms, the financial position of the farmer and the availability of effective labour for permanent employment.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1184
Author: Adebayo, A. A.
Year: 1980
Title: Cocoa pod rot diseases; assessment of crop losses
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-61; Ja
Keywords: Plant-Diseases
Nigeria
Abstract: A comparison is made between disease incidence and crop losses in cacao in view of the high crop protection costs in this crop. About 90% of all pods infected by Phytophthora palmivora or Botryodiplodia theobromae are non-fermentable. However, only 30% of the pods affected by Fusarium spp. are non-fermentable. In the latter case a straight conversion of disease incidence to crop loss is not justified.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4859
Author: Adebayo, A. A.
Year: 1983
Title: The importance of lower pods in the control of the cocoa Phytophthora pod rot
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 211-214
Keywords: Phytophthora-palmivora; Control-; Sources-; Diseases-; Disease-control; PDM
Nigeria-;
Abstract: First infections by P. palmivora were usually found among pods lower down the trunks, suggesting soil as a major source of inoculum. Pod production on the lowest 1 m the trunk was 31%, while pod losses for the whole tree were only 4.2%. Suppression or removal of all flowers on the lower trunk is therefore not justified.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5702
Author: Adebowale, E. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Treating maize stover with organic waste ash: effect of source and concentration of alkali on nutrient utilization and performance of West African dwarf sheep
Journal: Journal of Animal Production Research
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 123-135
Keywords: Maize-stover; Alkali-treatment; Sheep-feeding; Feedstuffs; Sodium-hydroxide-treatment; Cocoa-husks; Ash-; Treatment-; Palm-kernels; Waste-management;
Nigeria
Abstract: In a 3 X 4 factorial design trial, 48 West African Dwarf rams, 14-16 kg, were given diets containing maize stover treated with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% sodium hydroxide, cocoa pod husk ash (CPH) or palm bunch ash (PB), with 0.2 kg concentrate daily for 12 weeks. Increasing NaOH concentration caused protein solubilization, increased gross energy and ash contents compared with CPH or PB. DM, organic matter, cellulose and energy digestibilities were higher in stover treated with NaOH than with CPH or PB. Water intake increased (P<0.05) with increasing alkali concentration, and there were no differences between NaOH, CPH or PB. DM, digestibile energy and metabolizable energy intakes increased (P<0.05) with increasing alkali concentration, the greatest increases being with NaOH. Nitrogen absorption and growth rate were highest with 1% alkali treatment, irrespective of alkali source. N intake was higher in NaOH than CPH or PB groups but there were no differences in N absorption between groups. Liveweight gains were 52.2, 43.9 and 44.4 g/day for NaOH, CPH and PB groups, respectively.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1947
Author: Adebowale, E. A.; Orskov, E. R.; Shand, W. J.
Year: 1991
Title: Use of ash of cocoa pod husk as a source of alkali for upgrading agricultural residues with or without hydrogen peroxide
Journal: Tropical-Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago)
Volume: 68
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-32; Jan, figs,
Keywords: husk-; ensilation-; feed-value; crop-residues; wheat-; straw-; wastes;
Abstract: Ash from cacao pod husk was sprayed on wheat straw at 40, 80 or 120 g/kg straw with 30, 45 or 60 g/100 g moisture level, and ensiled for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. The potential degradability or organic matter loss (OML) from samples incubated in the rumens of sheep and assessed by a mathematical model increased from 566 for the untreated to 626 g OML/kg OM for 80 g ash/kg straw treatment. Higher ash levels did not further improve the OML. Increasing the ensiling period from 1 to 3 weeks increased degradability from 584 to 638 g/kg. Increasing the moisture level resulted in an increased potential degradation from 588 to 620 g OML/kg OM. In all cases, treatment with cacao pod ash was accompanied by reductions in lignin, hemicellulose and nitrogen. When maize stover, brewer's dried grains (BDG), cowpea straw or cowpea husk were soaked in solutions containing 10 or 50 g H2O2/l with or without ash as the alkaline source, H2O2 alone had no effect, but alkaline H2O2 did increase OML in maize stover and BDG from 698 to 781 and 723 to 856 g OML/kg, respectively, for the 50 g/l alkaline H2O2 treatment. The cowpea residues were not affected, but the loss of solubilized sugar from all the residues was considerably greater when they were soaked in alkaline H2O2 solutions than when the solutions were sprayed directly on to the material. From authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1332
Author: Adedeji, F. O.
Year: 1984
Title: Analysis of nesting boundaries of some dominant ants in cocoa trees in Nigeria
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 28
Issue: 1
Pages: 43-46
Keywords: Camponotus-acvapimensis; Distribution-; Nigeria; Myrmicaria-striata; Pheidole-megacephala; Crematogaster-depressa; Nests-; Habitats-; Cocoa-plantations; Formicidae-; ants; ecology
Africa, Nigeria
Abstract: The nesting boundaries of some dominant ant species involved in spreading the black pod disease of cocoa trees in Nigeria were analysed statistically as a result of field studies at Ibadan. It was found that Camponotus acvapimensis Mayr always occupied the base of cocoa trees if nesting alone, but if Myrmicaria striata Stitz was present both species nested in the tree canopy together. Pheidole megacephala (F.) occupied the base of the tree if nesting alone, but if C. acvapimensis was present P. megacephala moved up the trunk to nest, leaving the base to the other species. Crematogaster depressa (Latr.), the most aggressive of the species discussed, always nested alone in the tree canopy, sometimes after a fight with ants of other species of which the bodies were found under the colonised tree.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 293
Author: Adegbola, M. O. K.
Year: 1979
Title: Cocoa diseases of West Africa
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: plant-diseases; disease-control
West-Africa; Nigeria
Abstract: Black pod disease, canker, seedling blight, leaf fall and chupon wilt, all caused by Phytophthora palmivora, pod rot caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa, charcoal pod rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, and the physiological disease cherelle wilt are discussed as well as control methods of these diseases. Also various trunk and root diseases and the problem of epiphytes are mentioned.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 243-250


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5568
Author: Adegboye, R. O.
Year: 1973
Title: Land tenure problems and improved practices
Journal: Ghana-Farmer (Ghana)
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 49-52; Dec, photo,
Keywords: Land-tenure; Rural-Sociology; Land-ownership;
Ghana
Abstract: The introduction of perennial crops such as cacao, rubber and oil palm caused a reappraisal as to land tenure. Among the problems are the land rent charged, extended duration of land use, changes in customary tenure, and competition for land between food and cash crops. The latter even leads to migration. Landlords are increasingly reluctant to approve tree crop cultivation by their tenant farmers in view of ownership disputes when redeeming the land.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5562
Author: Adegboye, R. O.
Year: 1974
Title: Land tenure problems and improved practices
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 159-164
Keywords: Rural-Sociology
Nigeria; West
Abstract: Changes in the land tenure system as a result of introducing the cacao crop (Amelonado var.), and some tenure problems arising the rom are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4928
Author: Adegeye, A. J.; Dittoh, J. S.
Year: 1985
Title: An appraisal of subsidy expenditure and requirements in cocoa production in Nigeria 1969/70-1983/84
Journal: Agricultural Systems
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 85-97
Keywords: Subsidies-; Inputs;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: A subsidy on cocoa-spraying chemicals was introduced in the early 1960s and has continued, though the modus operandi of the scheme has changed since the establishment of the Nigerian Cocoa Board in 1977. The paper analyzes subsidy expenditure 1969/70-1982/83 to show whether the Federal Government has put any emphasis in fund allocation on cocoa production. It is shown that subsidy expenditure has been generally on the decline in real terms since 1976/77 and there has been no increase in nominal terms since the 1980/81 season, i.e. increasingly fewer chemicals were subsidized at the prevailing subsidy levels every year. Even worse, producer prices in real terms have also been on the decrease since the 1977/78 season. At present, the government allocation can only meet 60% of the needs of farmers even at their very low use rate. The £N million subsidy can also meet only 32% of what is needed at the farmers' 'required' use rates and only 14% of what is recommended even at 50% subsidy levels. For minimum effectiveness of the subsidy scheme (at 50% subsidy level) on cocoa production, the Federal Government subsidy allocation should not have been less than £N 12.48 million during the 1982/83 season and should not be less than £N 12.85 million during the current (1983/84) season.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4998
Author: Adegeye, A. J.; Dittoh, J. S.
Year: 1986
Title: Increasing cocoa production through effective marketing of cocoa spraying chemicals in Nigeria
Journal: Agricultural Administration
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Pages: 105-115
Keywords: Pests-; Pest-control; Pesticides-; Marketing-;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: Chemicals to control the diseases and pests of cocoa have been used in Nigeria for over three decades. This paper examines the marketing system for these chemicals with the aim of identifying the causes of inefficiency in the system in relation to the problems of on-farm acquisition of subsidized chemicals. All channels through which the chemicals (subsidized and unsubsidized) are distributed were examined. Village markets were visited and 266 farmers from the main cocoa belt of Nigeria were interviewed as to the problems they encounter in acquiring and using chemicals. Over 72% of farmers indicated that they bought their chemicals in the open market, and about 51% indicated that they were not even aware of subsidized chemicals. Other findings include lack of knowledge about new chemicals, inappropriate packaging of some chemicals, late release of subsidized chemicals and release of the chemicals during the 'lean' season. The paper concludes with some recommendations and suggests a distribution system which could ensure more and better utilization of subsidized cocoa spraying chemicals.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 fig., 4 tab., OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1993
Author: Adejuwon, J. O.; Ekanade, O.
Year: 1987
Title: Edaphic component of the environmental degradation resulting from the replacement of tropical rain forest by field and tree crops in SW Nigeria
Journal: International Tree Crops Journal
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 269-282.
Keywords: Deforestation-; Nigeria; Soil-physics; Density-; Porosity-; Soil-chemistry; Nutrients-; PH-; Ion-exchange-capacity; Soil-degradation; Shifting-cultivation; Soil-fertility; Forestry-; CEC; Nutrient-balance;
Africa, Nigeria
Abstract: An index of soil deterioration derived from data collected in cocoa producing areas showed that when forest was removed and replaced, the following reductions were found under field crops (cultivated as a bush fallow system) and tree crops (in this case Theobroma cacao), respectively: total porosity 12% and 18%; pH 16% and 13%; organic matter 29% and 27%; NO3-N 35% and 27%; available P 19% and 19%; Ca 24% and 41%; Na 50% and 50%; K 19% and 43%; Mg 26% and 47%; CEC 36% and 34%; and base saturation 5.4% and 8.7%. Bulk density increased by 28% and 31%.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2011
Author: Adejuwon, J. O.; Ekanade, O.
Year: 1988
Title: A comparison of soil properties under different land use types in a part of the Nigerian cocoa belt
Journal: Catena
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 319-331
Keywords: Soil-chemistry; Soil-properties; Land-use; Soil-physics; Deforestation; fallows; water-holding-capacity; Oragnic-matter; Nitrogen; CEC; Soil-fertility; Calcium; Magnesium; Cation-Exchange-capacity;
Nigeria
Abstract: The changes that take place in topsoil properties after tropical rain forest has been replaced by fallow and tree crops are considered in a part of south-western Nigeria. Water holding capacity, organic matter content, total nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) under fallow, cocoa and kola differ significantly from those under forest. These results indicate that once the tropical rainforest is removed the soil-vegetation system is disrupted significantly. It also shows that water holding capacity, calcium, potassium and C.E.C. are significantly different between fallow and the tree crops while no soil property differs significantly between cocoa and kola. These results demonstrate that soil under fallow appears better protected than under cocoa and kola and that the tree crops have similar patterns of nutrient absorption. The reasons for these differences are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4, 1 fig., 3 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1802
Author: Adejuwon, J. O.; Ekanade, O.
Year: 1989
Title: Dynamics of the plant-soil system in cocoa farms of different ages in southwestern Nigeria
Journal: National Geographical Journal of India
Volume: 35
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 237-250.
Keywords: crop-management; soil-properties; Nigeria; Soil-physics; nutrient-cycling; Soil-chemistry
Nigeria-
Abstract: The dynamics and interrelationships of soil-plant components in cocoa plant communities over time and space were studied in southwestern Nigeria. Results indicate that tree density, foliage cover and litter accumulation were positively related to most soil physical and chemical properties studied, while biomass variables and weed species were negatively related. The implications of the results with respect to formulating sustainable land use planning and management practices for cocoa growers in southwest Nigeria are discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4391
Author: Adeloye, A. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Intake and nutrient digestibilities of all-concentrate diet from forage and some crop wastes by sheep and goats
Journal: Nigerian Journal of Animal Production
Volume: 20
Pages: 1-2
Keywords: concentrates-; agricultural-byproducts; forage-; nutritive-ratio; digestibility-
Abstract: Twenty adult male West African dwarf sheep and goats (about 18 months old and weighing 19-23 kg) were fed on diets containing yam peel, cocoa-seed testa and leucaena leaf in an all-concentrate diet or a control diet comprising one part concentrate supplement and two parts hay. DM intake was higher for sheep and goats fed on the all-concentrate diet (P<0.05). The digestibilities of DM, crude fibre, and energy were lower (P<0.05) whilst CP and ether extract were higher than those of the control diet. The nutritive ratio of the all-concentrate feed indicated high nutritive value.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
20-24


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5319
Author: Adenier, H.; Chaveron, H.; Ollivon
Year: 1984
Journal: Sciences des Aliments
Volume: 4
Pages: 213-231
Keywords: Tempering; Crystallization; Chocolate;
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4529
Author: Adenier, H.; Chaveron, H.
Year: 1995
Title: Physical properties of cocoa butter/milk fat mixtures as determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance. Iso-solid curves and kinetics of crystallization
Journal: OCL Oleagineux, Corps Gras, Lipides
Volume: 2
Issue: 3
Pages: 237-244
Keywords: fractionation-; temperature-; cocoa-products; chocolate-; manufacture-; tempering-; nuclear-magnetic-resonance; milk-fat; mixtures-; physical-properties; kinetics-
Abstract: Two cocoa butters with differing physical properties originating from Malaysia (hard) and Mexico (soft) were mixed with with either anhydrous milk fat or anhydrous milk fat fractionated at a high melting point, and analysed using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Iso-solid curves were drawn by measuring the solids content at different temperatures, immediately after solidification and after 1 month at 20oC. Study of the kinetics of crystallization (variation in the solids content during solidification) was carried out on tempered mixtures at temperatures where crystals were still present. Each mixture was placed in the measuring cell of the thermostatic NMR spectrometer at 10oC. The cocoa butters studied showed significant differences in physical properties, and these had a marked effect on the milk fat mixtures, necessitating changes in tempering conditions (pre-crystallization). A sample of milk chocolate was also examined during tempering for its crystallization kinetics. It is concluded that NMR spectrometry is a useful method of monitoring the tempering process during chocolate manufacture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1176
Author: Adenikinju, S. A.
Year: 1978
Title: Effects of bean maturity on seedling vigour in cacao (Theobroma cacao)
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 28
Issue: 3
Pages: 225-231.
Keywords: Plant-Growth-and-Development
Nigeria
Abstract: Studies carried out at the Gambari Experiment Station of the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria since 1965 have shown that the stage of maturity of cacao beans has definite effects on their development and viability. The maturity of the beans also affects the growth of seedlings while mature green pods can supply beans capable of producing seedlings that are as vigorous or more vigorous than those of ripe pods. By using more vigorous seedlings it is possible to reduce the nursery period by up to 3 months while pods which have attained the mature size and colour prior to ripening could also be used for raising such seedlings for field planting. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1318
Author: Adenikinju, S. A.; Akinfenwa, F. O.
Year: 1991
Title: Preliminary observations on the effects of bryophytes, lichens and other trunk infestations on flowering of cocoa
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 35
Pages: 43-48.
Keywords: Weeds; epiphytes-; crop-losses; seasonality-; climatic-factors
Nigeria
Abstract: The results of preliminary agronomic investigations into the effects of trunk infestation by bryophytes, lichens, mosses, bacteria, fungi, algae, ferns and small orchids on the flowering of cacao cushions in Nigeria is reported. A plot of F3 Amazon cacao was used for the study. Trunk infestation by epiphytes depressed flower production in 4 out of 12 months. The intensity of these effects, however, varied from month to month; this seasonality can be attributed to variations in rainfall and relative humidity. From authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5472
Author: Adenuga, A. O.; Adeboyeku, K.
Year: 1987
Title: Notes on distribution of ant-Homoptera interaction on selected crop plants
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 239-243
Keywords: Hemiptera; Hymenoptera-a; Homoptera-a; Formicidae-; Interactions-; Mangoes-; Cajanus-cajan; Fruits-; Ornamental-plants; Crops-; Biology-; Phenology-; ants
Africa, Nigeria
Abstract: Information is presented on the distribution of ant-Homoptera associations on various crops, fruits and ornamental plants following a field survey at Ile-Ife, Nigeria, in 1979. The host plants that harboured the ant-Homoptera associations seemed more widespread than hitherto reported in the literature. About 50% of the species of ants examined tended more than one species of Homoptera. Other Homoptera-tending ants seemed to specialize, confining themselves to only one species. The seasonal abundance of some of the homopterans and the ants which tend them was studied on cocoa, mango and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). The populations of the ants tended to synchronize with the populations of the homopterans they tended during the season.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1893
Author: Adeyanju, S. A.; Ogutuga, D. B. A.; Ilori, J. O.; Adegbola, A. A.
Year: 1975
Title: Cocoa husk in poultry diets
Journal: Malaysian Agricultural Research
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 131-136
Keywords: By-products; Husks; Feed-Additives; Poultry-Husbandry
Nigeria
Abstract: In a feeding trial conducted in Nigeria, 13-week old chickens were fed with diets containing 10, 15 and 20% cocoa husk. Weight gains and feed-gain ratio were depressed by rations containing cocoa husk, however, compared with the control diet, egg production almost doubled when diets containing up to 15% cocoa husk were fed. Beyond 15% cocoa husk, egg production was not only delayed but also greatly reduced.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3534
Author: Adeyemi, S. A. O.; Youdeowei, A.; Omole, M. M.
Year: 1977
Title: The present status of cocoa mirid resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in Nigeria
Journal: In
Volume: 1977
Pages: 11-33
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; Insecticides;
Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6. International Cocoa Research Conference: proceedings, Caracas, Venezuela, 6-12 Nov p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 705
Author: Adomako, D.; Owusu, G. K.
Year: 1974
Title: Studies on the mechanical transmission of cocoa swollen virus: some factors affecting virus multiplication and symptom development in cocoa
Journal: Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 7-15.
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; Mealybugs;
Ghana
Abstract: The difference between virus infection by mechanical means and by mealy-bugs (Planococcoides njalensis) was studied.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1931
Author: Adomako, D.; Kumaran, K.; Nair, R. V.
Year: 1982
Title: Studies on bean sweatings of five cocoa varieties
Journal: South Indian Horticulture
Volume: 30
Issue: 2
Pages: 104-106.
Keywords: By-products; Sweatings; Juice;
Ghana
Abstract: Fresh cacao (Theobroma cacao) beans, when kept for fermentation, sweat and give out small quantities of a sweet juice. A study was undertaken with the aim of evaluating 5 promising cacao varieties for quantity of sweatings produced, the quantity of dry matter and sugar for conversion into alcohol or acetic acid, and the pH of the sweatings. Varieties differed widely in respect of yield of beans per 100 pods and the yield of sweatings, both characters being almost independent in expression. The pH ranged from 3.39 to 4.30, while percent dry matter and sugar content ranged from 11.22 to 18.67 and from 7.2 to 14.00 respectively. An inverse relationship between volume of sweatings and dry matter content was observed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3846
Author: Adomako, D.; Halm, B. J.; Amponsah, J. D.
Year: 1987
Title: Summary of innovations/recommended technologies for cocoa and coffee production, and current research activities
Journal: CRIG, Tafo
Keywords: Research; extension;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1071
Author: Adomako, D.; Frimpong, E. B.; Ampofo, S. T.; Brew, K. M.
Year: 1990
Title: Observations on cocoa flushing in Ghana under different shade regimes, with particular reference to the distribution of natural light
Journal: Planter
Volume: 66
Pages: 565-579
Keywords: Light; Growth-regulators; IAA-; shoots; development; shade; soil-water; responses-; Multipurpose-trees
Ghana;
Abstract: Unshaded cocoa trees growing on low wet ground, as well as shaded and unshaded cocoa trees growing on dry ground, were studied for the effects of sunlight availability and soil moisture on flushing. The studies covered the period Nov. 1982 to Mar. 1987, which included the severe dry seasons of 1982/83 and 1983/84. Growth of cocoa seedlings and one-year-old plants in the greenhouse under 35% shade and in the nursery under 50% shade was also studied. In 1983 and 1986 peak flushing occurred as usual in Jan. when there had been little or no rain during the preceding 10 and 4 weeks, respectively. Flushing was earlier, more frequent and more intense in unshaded or 'broken canopy' and roadside (edge) trees than in shaded trees; and there was no relationship between the flushing pattern and soil moisture content. Seedlings growing under 35 or 50% shade in the greenhouse and the nursery flushed at regular 4-weekly intervals without a seasonal peak. One-year-old jorquetted plants also flushed at regular intervals of 4 to 5 weeks each time at a few growing points; but as in the case of mature trees there was peak flushing involving all growing points during the drier part of the year in Oct.-Nov. and Feb.-Mar. There was a highly significant correlation between sunshine hours and flushing (r = 0.999 and 0.949 for 2 different recordings in one plot). These observations are interpreted in the light of the known relationship between sunlight availability, tissue carbohydrate content, bound and free IAA levels in the plant, and flushing.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4787
Author: Adomako, D.
Year: 1990
Title: Increasing production on existing cocoa farms: Research results from CRIG
Journal: 2nd congress of cocoa industry senior staff association, Agona Swedru
Keywords: Research;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
23-26 May


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2599
Author: Adomako, D.
Year: 1995
Title: Non-traditional uses of cocoa in Ghana
Journal: In: Eighth meeting of the advisory group on the world cocoa economy, 26th 30th June
Pages: 79-85
Keywords: Waste-utilization; crop-residues; byproducts-; processing; Sweatings; Alcohol; Husks;
Ghana
Abstract: A wide range of products can be produced from fresh cocoa pods and from cocoa butter and powder: fresh drinks, alcohol, animal feed, pectin and marmalade from fresh pod wastes; soap and cosmetics from cocoa butter; and cocoa powder-based confectionery and breakfast foods. Few studies have dealt with the economic feasibility and commercial-scale production. A project was started in Ghana in August 1993 on the establishment of pilot plants on 3 cocoa plantations to process cocoa by-products, to produce the major items on a commercial scale and conduct marketing and profitability studies. Pod production on the farms is limited to the period of Sep.-Jan., with a minor peak in May-June. Socio-economic studies aimed at collecting more by-products (husk and sweatings) from neighbouring farms to supplement the quantities available on the plantations have been initiated. Agronomic measures were taken to intensify production on the plantations. Due to the seasonal nature of pod production, processing of by-products from the fresh pods is not possible for more than 6 months of the year. A scheme for the use of alternative raw materials to feed the animal feed and alcohol distillation plants is described. It is suggested that the use of fruits to fill the gap will ensure the viability of the project and offer small farmers new opportunities for diversification and higher incomes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Yaounde, Cameroon. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5674
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Novak, F. J.; Afza, R.; Durren, M. van
Year: 1987
Title: Determination of methodology to obtain shoot tip culture of cocoa
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Micro-propagation; Tissue-culture; Propagation; Meristems; Irradiation; Gamma-radiation; Growth-regulators; NAA; GA; Cultivars-; Shoot-tips; Gibberellic-acid; Mutagenesis; Radioactivity;
Abstract: Mature beans of cultivars Amelonado (P30) and T79/501 were planted under aseptic conditions in test tubes containing a medium made of half strength MS salts, sucrose (8%) and agar (7%). Two or four weeks later, 0.5-2.0 mm shoot tips were cut from the resulting seedlings and cultured for 4 weeks on a medium containing the following: MS salts (full strength), thiamine (1 mg/litre), sucrose (30 g/litre), adenine sulphate (80 mg/litre), zeatin (1 µM), cysteine-HCl (10 mg/litre), coconut water (10%) and varying levels of NAA (0.01-2.0 µM) and GA3 (1-3 µM), at pH 5.8. The shoot tips were further subcultured for 4 weeks on either of the above media with or without agar or on a liquid medium containing MS (half strength) and 5% sucrose. In a second experiment, secondary shoot tips developing in cotyledon axils after the removal of primary shoot tips on seedlings were subjected to the same procedure as described above. In a third experiment both primary and secondary shoot tips were subjected to gamma radiation ranging from 100-400 rad before culturing as described. Both primary and secondary shoot tips cultured on all agar media initially resulted in a slight elongation, but this was followed by an excessive callus formation with no shoot tip growth. Subculturing of shoot tips in all liquid media promoted their rapid elongation but the sucrose solution could only support growth for up to 7 days. For rapid elongation of shoot tips and consequent development of plants it is proposed to culture them first on an agar medium with 0.01 µM NAA and 1 µM GA3 for 4 weeks, then to transfer them into a liquid medium having the same concentrations of NAA and GA3 for 2 weeks, and finally to subculture them on an agar medium containing NAA (0.05 µM) and GA3 (3 µM). Under these conditions secondary shoot tips grew faster than primary shoot tips. Also, T79/501 grew faster than Amelonado either as a primary shoot tip or a secondary one. Subjecting shoot tips to low doses of gamm! a radiat ion reduced or eliminated callus formation and promoted shoot tip elongation even on solid media. The best growth was obtained when tips were exposed to gamma rays in the range 300-400 rad. A protocol for the production of cocoa plants by shoot tip culture is described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 137-142; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5675
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Novak, F. J.; Afza, R.; Durren, M. van
Year: 1987
Title: Embryoid and plant production from cultured cocoa explants
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Micro-propagation; Tissue-culture; Propagation; Embryos; Growth-regulators; NAA; GA; Cultivars; Gibberellic-acid; Zeatin;
Abstract: To obtain embryoids, immature beans from 100-day-old pods of 3 cocoa types, Amelonado (P30), T79/501 and T63/967, were separated into cotyledon and zygotic embryo axis and inoculated onto basal media consisting of MS macro- and micronutrients supplemented with sucrose (40 g/litre), casein hydrolysate (2 g/litre), coconut water (15%), agar (8 g/litre) and varying levels of both thiamine (0.5-2.0 mg/litre) and NAA (5.0-20.0 µM), at pH 5.8. Incubation was carried out at 28C in the dark for 7 weeks, and the embryoids formed were isolated and the explants again subcultured on the same medium for a further 7 weeks. To find the best medium for germination, isolated embryoids were cultured for 7 days on one of the following: (1) full MS plus thiamine (1 mg/litre), sucrose (30 g/litre), adenine sulphate (80 mg/litre), zeatin (1 µM), cysteine-HCl (10 mg/litre), with or without agar (7 g/litre) and varying concentrations of NAA (0.01-10.0 µM) and GA3 (1.0-3 µM); and (2) liquid media made of MS (half strength) with varying levels of sucrose (2-10%). Germinated embryoids were further transferred with or without their cotyledons onto solid or liquid media with low (1 µM) or high (3 µM) GA3. All levels of thiamine and NAA promoted callus and embryoid proliferation but 1 mg thiamine and 10 µM NAA produced the highest number of embryoids per cotyledon. Cultivar differences in ability to produce embryoids as well as rate of embryoid production were observed, with T63/967 having the highest of these attributes, followed by T79/501 and then Amelonado. Attempts to germinate embryoids on all solid media resulted in only callus formation, while the various liquid media enabled embryoid germination. An endogenous factor appeared to be present that needed to be leached out from embryoids to prevent callus formation and promote germination. The liquid half strength MS medium containing 5% sucrose gave the highest germination. Transfer of germinated embryoids to solid media with! either low (1 µM) or high (3 µM) levels of GA3 resulted in an excessive development of embryoid cotyledon while the embryo axis ceased to develop. However, removal of cotyledons of germinated embryoids, followed by subculturing in liquid medium with high (3 µM) GA3 enhanced differentiation of embryoids into shoots and leaves. There were no differences between cultivars in the ability of their embryoids to produce plantlets. A protocol for the production of plantlets via somatic embryoids in cocoa tissue culture is described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 129-136; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1398
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Novak, F. J.; Afza, R.; Duren, M. van; Perea-Dallos, M.
Year: 1988
Title: Initiation and growth of somatic embryos of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 187-200
Keywords: Tissue-culture; Embryogenesis-; Propagation-; Embryos-; Growth-regulators; NAA-; Gibberellic-acid; Responses-; Cultivars-; Embryo-culture
Ghana
Abstract: Callus initiation and somatic embryogenesis occurred when cocoa zygotic embryo tissues were cultured in vitro on NAA-containing media. On hormone-free medium a low frequency of smaller somatic embryos was produced. Culturing the somatic embryos in hormone-free liquid medium minimised callusing (as seen on solid media) and allowed differentiation into plantlets in the next medium containing NAA and gibberellic acid. The removal of cotyledons promoted shoot growth and true leaf formation. The Upper Amazon varieties T79/501 and T63/967 produced a greater number of larger embryos than the Amelonado variety S19, although the situation was reversed upon further subculture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2940
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Novak, F. J.; Lamptey, T. V. O.
Year: 1991
Title: Use of irradiated pollen as mentor pollen to induce self-fertilization of two self-incompatible Upper Amazon clones
Journal: Euphytica
Volume: 51
Pages: 219-225
Keywords: Gamma-irradiation; Flat-beans; Temperature; Axil-spot; Incompatibility; Mutagenesis; Radioactivity;
Ghana
Abstract: Two self incompatible Upper Amazon clones, T78/799 and T79/501, were hand pollinated with compatible Amelonado pollen subjected to varying doses of gamma irradiation (10-100 Gy). The proportion of flat non-viable beans to fully formed, viable beans in the pods increased with an increase in dosage of gamma irradiation. At 60Gy all the beans produced were flat and non-viable, beyond this dosage fruit set was zero. Pollinating the self incompatible cacao clones with a 1:1 mixture of compatible mentor pollen irradiated at 60 Gy and normal pollen produced a mixture of flat, non-viable beans and fully-formed, viable beans. Similar experiments using irradiated pollen with a marker gene suggested that the fully-formed viable beans resulted from selfing. increasing the proportion of the radiation-treated compatible pollen in the mixture increased the number of fully formed beans. However, when compatible pollen which had been treated either at 80 Gy or with temperatures of 35C, 40C and 45C for periods of five, ten and fifteen minutes in factorial combination were mixedwith self pollen, no succesful pollinations were achieved. pollen viability tests indicated that, whilst pollen treated at 60 Gy were about 50% viable, those treated at eiterh 80 Gy or with temperatures of 35-45C wer mostly not viable. This suggests that, to overcome the incompatibility in cacao, the tubes of the mentor pollen grains should at least grow into the style. The possible causes for overcoming the self incompatibility in cacao are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4566
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Amponsah, J. D.; Abdul-Karimu, A.; Sersah, J. A.
Year: 1995
Title: Cocoa germplasm conservation in Ghana
Journal: Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter
Issue: 103
Pages: 14-18
Keywords: conservation-; seeds-; storage-; in-vitro-culture; tissue-culture; plant-introduction; plant-breeding; genetic-resources; gene-banks; germplasm;
Ghana-
Abstract: A major component of successful breeding programmes is the collection and conservation of germplasm with a view of exploiting the variation that may exist in the introduced accessions. At the Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana efforts have been made since 1944 to introduce, conserve and utilize various cocoa accessions. These introductions have made a significant contribution to the development of improved cocoa hybrid cultivars. Loss of germplasm through diseases such as cocoa swollen shoot disease (CSSVD) and other environmental hazards have been associated with the conservation of cocoa germplasm in field gene banks. Efforts to introduce and conserve cocoa germplasm in Ghana in field gene banks, threats to the collection, and work undertaken to safeguard germplasm through duplication, CSSVD control, seed storage and tissue culture methods are described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
22ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2641
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.
Year: 1996
Title: The cocoa breeding programme in Ghana: achievements and prospects for the future
Journal: Cocoa Growers' Bulletin
Volume: 50
Pages: 17-21
Keywords: Breeding-programme; disease-resistance; plant-diseases; pathogenic-fungi; plant-genetic-resources; cacao-swollen-shoot-badnavirus; Phytophthora-megakarya
Ghana-
Abstract: The objectives of the present breeding programme at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana are to improve yield and establishment potential, as well as breeding for resistance to Phytophthora megakarya and cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSV). Breeding to improve establishment potential and crop yield made significant progress with the development of hybrids between selected upper Amazon types and crosses of West African Amelonado and local Trinitario types. Breeding for CSSV resistance has achieved very little mainly due to poor sources of strong resistance to the disease. Studies on virus detection and identification and on host effects have been initiated to help in the development of laboratory screening procedures for selection of resistant parents. A breeding strategy being adopted for P. megakarya resistance is to develop varieties with peak yields outside the rainy season during which time the P. megakarya infection is low. The cocoa breeding objective in Ghana will in future focus on maximizing potential and realizable yield in areas favourable for cocoa cultivation and in marginal areas. Novel methods such as mutation breeding together with tissue culture and genetic transformation will have to be investigated, and methods that could speed up breeding programmes should be devised and adopted. This will require closer collaboration between research institutes in Ghana and advanced laboratories outside cocoa producing countries.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4772
Author: Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Owusu, G. K.; Sackey, S.; Padi, B.; Abdulkarimu, A.
Year: 1996
Title: Use of gamma rays to induce mutants resistant to cocoa swollen shoot disease in Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Plant Breeding
Volume: 115
Issue: 1
Pages: 74-76
Keywords: Diseases; cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; CSSV; mutagen; Virus; Mutagenesis; Resistance-breeding; Radioactivity;
Ghana
Abstract: Vegetative buds of three cocoa varieties, 'Amelonado' (P30), 'Trinitario' (K5) and 'Upper Amazon' (T85/799) were irradiated with 15, 20 and 25 Gy of gamma-rays, respectively, and budded on to rootstocks to generate MV1 shoots. The terminal buds of the shoots were removed to induce the formation of MV2 shoots, from which MV3 shoots were similarly derived. The MV3 plants were screened for resistance to the Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) by patch-graft inoculation of the rootstocks. Only a few plants from each of the three cocoa varieties were found to be symptomless after indexing. These plants were multiplied by budding to the MV4 and MV5 stages and screened at each stage for CSSV resistance by inoculation using virus-carrying mealybugs. At the MV5 stage, some plants still remained symptomless and this was confirmed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study reveals that gamma-rays can be used to induce genetic variability for resistance to CSSV in cocoa, as well as for other traits such as chlorophyll deficiency.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1687
Author: Adu-Dapaah, H. K.; Cobbina, J.; Asare, E. O.
Year: 1994
Title: Effect of cocoa pod ash on the growth of maize
Journal: Journal-of-Agricultural-Science
Volume: 122
Issue: 1
Pages: 31-33.
Keywords: Potassium; Husks; Fertilizers; Phosphorus; Potassium; Crop-residues;
Ghana;
Abstract: Pot and field experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Arable Crops Farm, Kumasi, Ghana during the major rainy season to compare the agronomic efficiency of potassium in cocoa pod ash with that of muriate of potash and to determine the optimum rate of application of cocoa pod ash to maize (Zea mays L. cv. La Posta). Results from the two experiments indicated that the application of 90 kg N/ha and 67 kg P2O5/ha did not increase shoot dry matter (DM) yield over the control. However, significant increases in DM yield over the control were obtained when N and P were applied together with 56 kg K2O/ha, demonstrating the complementarity of the major nutrient elements N, P and K. Shoot and root DM increased with increasing application of cocoa pod ash. Application of 140 kg/ha cocoa pod ash (equivalent to 56 kg K2O/ha) produced the same DM and shoot potassium yields as 56 kg K2O/ha as muriate of potash. The optimum rate of application of cocoa pod ash was 280 kg/ha (112 kg K2O/ha).


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2470
Author: Affou, Y. S.
Year: 1987
Title: Absentee planters in Ivory Coast
Journal: Paris: ORSTOM
Pages: 210
Keywords: Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
95 p. [fr]. - (Travaux et documents / ORSTOM, Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, ISSN 0371-6023


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5292
Author: Affou, Y. S.; Tano, K.
Year: 1992
Title: Rural migration and socio-economic dynamics. In the South West Ivorian cocoa zone
Journal: Association Ivorienne des Sciences Agronomiques ORSTOM, 36p
Keywords: Labour;
Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 350
Author: Afolami, S. O.
Year: 1981
Title: Changes in nematode types and population density in the first two years of cocoa establishment
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: cacao-; nematodes-; population-dynamics; crop-establishment; intercropping-
Nigeria
Abstract: A plot freshly cleared for cacao planting was sampled to determine the nematode types and their population level. Samples were taken from seedling rhizosphere three months after transplanting, and subsequently at two month interval. Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Scutellonema spp., Trichodorus spp., Criconemoides limitaneum, Hemicycliophora sp., Hoplolaimus pararobustus and Xiphinema spp., were recovered in low numbers from samples taken prior to planting. In the second year the nematode population had changed considerably. Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis and Helicotylenchus spp. became predominant while Scutellonema spp. were found only in traces. Meloidogyne spp. were found in largest numbers in plots where cacao was intercropped with maize/cowpea, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Helicotylenchus spp. in plots intercropped with yam. Cassava/cacao plots had the least of all nematode types. There were seasonal fluctuations in nematode populations. Author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 301-306, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1237
Author: Afolami, C. A.; Ajobo, O.
Year: 1983
Title: An economic evaluation of a cropping system: the case of cocoa grown in combination with oil-palm
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 27
Pages: 121-126.
Keywords: Inter-cropping; Disease-control
Nigeria
Abstract: This study examines whether pod loss due to pests and diseases in cacao, grown in combination with oil palm, nullifies the increase in pod yield that arose from the cropping system. The experimental design is a randomised block design of six blocks and three treatments: pure stands or control, avenue plantings and hollow square plantings. Annual yields of healthy pods, black pods and damaged pods, taken for the period 1968/69 to 1978/79 were used for analysis. Results showed that the absolute number of damaged and black pods was greater on cacao grown in combination with oil palm, but the increase in yield of healthy pods in the cropping system was higher than the pod loss due to pests and diseases. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4874
Author: Afolami, S. O.; Caveness, F. E.
Year: 1983
Title: The frequency of occurrence and geographical distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with Theobrama cacao in Nigeria
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 97-100
Keywords: Nematoda; Xiphinema-brasiliense; New-host-record; Xiphinema-bergeri; Paralongidorus-; Longidorus-; Eutylenchus-africanus
Nigeria-;
Abstract: Out of 1500 samples taken from 72 farms in the 6 cocoa-growing states of Nigeria, 25 species belonging to 17 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified. Helicotylenchus, Xiphinema, Meloidogyne, Scutellonema and Hemicycliophora were the most widespread, occurring in 66.1%, 56.5%, 8.6%, 8.2% and 6.5% of samples, respectively. Xiphinema brasiliense, X. bergeri, Paralongidorus sp., Longidorus sp. and Eutylenchus africanus were found for the first time on cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5433
Author: Afrane, G.
Year: 1992
Title: Leaching of Caustic Potash from Cocoa Husk Ash
Journal: Bioresource Technology
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 101-104
Keywords: Leaching; Wood-Ash; Alkali; Soap-Making; Caustic-Potash; Processing; By-products
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Wood has been known for a long time to contain nitrogen and mineral elements like potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium. These elements are found as carbonates in the ash when wood is burnt. The finding that the ash of cocoa husk contains a higher than average percentage of potassium carbonate has been reported repeatedly in the literature. A carbonate content of 40-60% and 3-5% based in the ash and dried husk, respectively, confirmed the reported values. The objective of this work was to obtain the ashing and leaching parameters which would optimize the extraction from the ash of potassium carbonate, which could be used directly in soap manufacture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5207
Author: Agamuthu, P.; Sivaraj, S.; Mukherjee, T. K.
Year: 1996
Title: Nutrition and in vitro digestion aspects of napier grass (pennisetum purpureum) grown with palm oil mill effluent (POME) as fertiliser for goat and sheep
Journal: Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
Volume: 66
Issue: 9
Keywords: Cropping-system; Waste-management;
Abstract: POME-treated Napier grass was consumed as readily as grass from other plots by gears and shed, anti the differences were not significant for both goats and sheep. In vitro digestibility studies indicated that POME-treated Napier grass was digested significantly faster than grass from untreated control plot.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Sep )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3812
Author: Agostini, J. L.
Year: 1925
Title: Shaping the cacao tree
Journal: Trinidad
Volume: 24
Keywords: Pruning;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2517
Author: Agromisa
Year: 1969
Title: Cacao in the producing countries
Journal: Wageningen, Agromisa
Pages: 3
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
46 p. - (Agro-ment. Agromisa


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1166
Author: Agudelo, F.; Falcon, L. A.
Year: 1977
Title: Some naturally occurring insect pathogens in Colombia
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 423-424;
Keywords: Plant-Pests; Animal-Biology
Colombia
Abstract: Five pathogenic fungi, 1 bacterium and 1 virus were isolated from sick or dead insects, which attack cotton, citrus, cacao and soya beans.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5541
Author: Agudelo-M, A.; Velez-E, G.
Year: 1974
Title: Cacao, a crop of economic and social potential in Colombia
Journal: Revista Nacional de Agricultura
Volume: 67
Issue: 810
Pages: 36-39.
Keywords: Stimulant-Products; Agricultural-Production
Colombia
Abstract: The situation and trends in world cocoa production and consumption are described and followed by a discussion of the national industry of Colombia. The economic and social aspects of the crop are compared with those of other crops and animal husbandry. Cacao is considered to be an attractive crop under Colombian conditions.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3260
Author: Aguilar, P.
Year: 1997
Title: Cocoa cultivation in Sao Tome and Principe
Journal: Plantations
Volume: Recherche
Issue: Developpement, 4
Pages: 165-174.
Keywords: Regional; crop-production; exports-; plant-breeding; fermentation-; drying-; sorting-; storage-; crop-quality; research-; production-; tropical-crops; stimulant-plants
Sao-Tome-and-Principe
Abstract: Cocoa was first introduced into Africa in 1822, in Sao Tome and Principe, a Portuguese colony until 1975 and the world's leading producer at the beginning of the 20th century until the collapse of its production. The causes of the slump were historical, political and agricultural. Current production is around 5000 t/year, and exports account for 80% of the country's foreign currency earnings. The early studies on genetic improvement of cocoa, and the effects of techniques implemented between harvesting and export (fermentation, drying, sorting and storage) on cocoa quality are discussed. The government launched a national cocoa plantation rehabilitation programme in 1985 which has received backing from international donors. CIRAD-CP is in charge of an agricultural research project working to help revitalize cocoa cultivation.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5435
Author: Agyeman, K. O. G.; Oldham, J. H.
Year: 1986
Title: Utilization of cocoa by-products as an alternative source of energy
Journal: Biomass
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 311-318
Keywords: Energy-sources; Crop-residues; By-products-; Ethanol-; Production-; Waste-utilization; Fuels-; Plant-residues; Utilization-; Fodder-; Energy-; Sources-
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: Cocoa sweating (the liquid which drains from the fresh bean when exposed to air) can be collected and fermented to produce alcohol. The 2 commonly used, on-farm collection methods in Ghana (the basket and the sweat-box methods) were investigated and adapted for larger-scale collection. The sweat-box proved to be more convenient and less time-consuming. Fermented sweating, with an alcohol level of 7-10% (weight/weight) is either distilled to obtain ethyl alcohol for use as a fuel or converted into vinegar. Other by-products dealt with briefly include empty pods and testa (utilized for potash, fertilizer, soap and animal feed production) and sun-dried husks (a substitute for firewood).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1834
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Akrofi, G. S.
Year: 1967
Title: The status of an Amelonado shade and manurial experiment (K1) at Tafo
Journal: Proc. 2nd Int. Cocoa Res. Conf. Salvador, razil
Pages: 325-330
Keywords: Shade; Fertiliser; Physiology
Africa; Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1828
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1968
Title: Phosphorus retention capacities of some cocoa growing soils in Ghana and their relationship with soil properties
Journal: Soil Sci.
Volume: 105
Issue: 1
Pages: 24-30.
Keywords: Phosphorus; P-retention;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: P-retention and its relationship with the soil pH and with its organic C, Fe, At, and clay contents was studied in 17 cocoa-growing soils in Ghana. In 13 latosolic soils (pH 5.3 7.8), P-retention was significantly related to organic C and Fe together with organic C, Fe, pH, and clay interactions. The relationship was closest for organic C and the interactions of pH x Fe, organic C x Fe, and organic C x pH. In 9 soils with pH 6.0-6.5, retention was mainly related to Fe and the interaction of pH x Fe. In both groups of soils, retention was not associated with clay content or Al. The dominant factors in P-retention in all these soils appear to be soil organic C, Fe, and their interaction with pH.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1835
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Akrofi, G. S.
Year: 1968
Title: Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) shade and manurial experiment (K2-01) at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. I. First five years
Journal: Agron. J.
Volume: 60
Pages: 591-594
Keywords: Shade; Fertilizers; Physiology; Potassium; Soil-fertility
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: The soil supply of potassium was strongly depleted after 7 years of continuous cropping wit Amazon cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1829
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1969
Title: A note on zinc deficiency of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Ghana J. Agric. Sci.
Volume: 2
Pages: 3-6
Keywords: Deficiencies; Nutrients; Zinc;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: A zinc deficiency problem of field cacao at Tafo, Ghana, is reported. The malady is comparatively more common with Amazon varieities than with the Amelonado. A dose equivalent of 4.4 lb/acre zinc sulphate applied either to the soil or as a foliar spray corrected the deficiency in 2.5 year old potted Amazon cacao seedlings. Factors to be believed to affect zinc availability in the soils are mentioned.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1831
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1969
Title: A study on the distribution of root activity of mature cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) using P32 soil injection technique
Journal: Ghana. J. Agric. Sci.
Volume: 2
Pages: 97-101
Keywords: Roots; Nutrients; Nutrient-uptake; Fertilizers; Phosphorus
Africa; Ghana;
Abstract: The leaf content of P32 of 48 mature cacao from 4 varieities is reported. It was found that the specific activity (cpm/mgP) of the P32 in the leaves varies inversely with the depth of placement of the P32. Regardless of varietal differences in the P32 content of the leaves, root activity was found to be about 10 times greater within the top 2.5 cm than at lower depths.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1833
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Akrofi, G. S.
Year: 1969
Title: Recent results on fertilizer experiments on shaded cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Ghana
Journal: Proc. 3rd. Int. Cocoa Res. Conf., Accra, Ghana
Pages: 65-78
Keywords: Fertilizers; Shade; Yields;
Africa; Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1814
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1970
Title: Potassium supplying power of some soils of Ghana cropped to cacao
Journal: Soil Sci
Volume: 109
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-135
Keywords: Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Continous cropping with perennial ryegrass in pot test was used to measure the release of non-exchangable K from 18 soils all supporting mature (over 10 years old) cacao. Releases of non-exchangable K varied from less than five to more than 1200 kg K/ha. Addition of p enhanced K uptake in some soils while in other soils K-fixation was induced. The causes of the K fixation were discussed. Besides the exchangable K and non-exchangable K. 'fixed' K in some soils appear to be well buffered against k depletion.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1869
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Akrofi, G. S.; Adri, A. K.
Year: 1974
Title: The end of the first cocoa shade and manurial experiment at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
Journal: J. hort. Sci.
Volume: 49
Pages: 43-51
Keywords: Shade; Fertilizers; Yields; Soils; Cocoa-swollen-shoot-virus; Soil-analysis; Carbon; Phosphorus; CSSV
Africa; Ghana;
Abstract: In an Amelonado cocoa shade and maurial trial, no-shade trees yielded three times as much as shaded trees over 17 years of continuous cropping, but it is inferred that the eceonomic life of an unshaded Amelonado cocoa farm in Ghana may not last for more than 10 years of intensive cropping. No-shade trees require more fertilizer than shaded ones, and lack of fertilizers, especially P, will cause a decline in yield in less than 10 years. A mean loss of over 50% of organic carbon within 15 years, with apparent organic carbon decomposition constant (Kc) = 4.57, was used as a measure of deterioration of the soil productivity. Deterioration of coc a was rapid under the no-shade conditions partly because of high loss of exchangeable bases and the greater stress caused by the higher yield. Trees under stress tended to become more susceptible to insect pests and probably to diseases. Shade contions affected the distribution of the insect pests of cocoa. The no-shade regime favoured the establishment of miteloe, Tapinanthus bangwensis and mosses more than on shaded plots. The intensity of the incident diffuse light and the humidity probably had a greater influence than the age of the tree on the development of mosses on the cocoa trunk and branches.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1882
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1975
Title: Use of radio-actived phosphorus in determining the efficiency of fertilizer utilization by cacao plantation
Journal: Plant & Soil
Volume: 42
Issue: 2
Pages: 429-439.
Keywords: Nutrition; Nutrient-uptake; Radioactive-tracers; Phosphorus;
Ghana
Abstract: In Ghana uptake of P32 was greatest during the wet season and root activity highest within the upper 3 cm soil layer in both wet and dry season. Highest P32 activity occurred at a distance of 120-160 cm and lowest at 91 cm from the tree base. In a 20 year old cacao plantation planted at 240 cm x 240 cm, the fertilizer should be broadcast during the wet season. Under low soil moisture conditions the placement of P32 labelled superphosphate provides information on relative availability of the fertilizer or soil P. Active roots of cacao tend to be more extensive and are capable of exploring a much larger area then hitherto expected.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 292
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Halm, B. J.
Year: 1979
Title: Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in cocoa nutrition. 3. Standard curves and observations
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: foliar-diagnosis- Leaf-analysis
Ghana
Abstract: The progress made on foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique for cacao nutrition in Ghana is presented. Whilst it is suggested that sampling to determine the optimum N, P and K concentration should be done between March and April, the need for further work in Ghana so that foliar analyses can be related to fertilizer application and crop yield is stressed. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 177-182, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 340
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Halm, B. J.; Appiah, M. R.; Akrofi, G. S.
Year: 1981
Title: Fertilizer use on cacao rehabilitation projects in Ghana
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: cacao-; Fertiliser-response; NPK-; application-timing
Ghana
Abstract: Different sites covering different soil groups were selected to test the usefulness of N, P and K fertilizers to the Ghana/World Bank Cacao Rehabilitation Project Area. The effect of N was generally negative, causing yield depression ranging from 11-35% at several sites; that of K was negligible; while significant positive yield response with 32% mean (range 22-43%) increase was consistently associated with P. To avoid increasing the debt burden on the farmer, it is recommended that only triple superphosphate, at least 160 kg P/ha, should be incorporated in the rehabilitation exercise on mature farms. Either a bulk or split application in April/May or August of the triple superphosphate is desirable.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 165-170, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1991
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Halm, B. J.; Amonoo, R. S.
Year: 1981
Title: Cacao pod husk as source of potash fertilizer
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 31
Issue: 4
Pages: 287-292
Keywords: Maize-; Potassium-chloride; Cocoa-husk-ash; Potassium-fertilizers
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: In a 3-yr field experiment on an Oxisol in Ghana, cacao husk ash (38%K) was compared with nutrients of potash (41%K) as a source of K for maize. There was no significant difference between the grain yields obtained from plots fertilized with the two sources of K. Higher grain yields were obtained from plots receiving up to 112 kg K2O/ha/yr than from untreated control plots.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1375
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Appiah, M. R.; Halm, B. J.
Year: 1987
Title: Review of foliar fertilisation of some tropical perennial crops and effect of three foliar fertilisers on cocoa nursery seedlings
Journal: Planter
Volume: 63
Issue: 730
Pages: 3-15
Keywords: Fertilizers-; Application-; Foliar-application;
Ghana
Abstract: Research on the foliar fertilization of several economically important tropical perennial crops, including cocoa, coffee and citrus, is reviewed, and factors causing variable responses, the correction of minor element deficiencies and combined foliar fertilization-pesticide spraying are discussed. Preliminary data are graphically presented from a trial on the effects of 3 foliar fertilizers, Samppi, Wuxal and Nitrophoska [compositions given], at 8 different concentrations on the growth of cocoa seedlings on 2 different soils over an 11-month period. Samppi and Wuxal suspension at the highest rates tested, viz. 0.2% and 3.5 litres/ha, respectively, and liquid Nitrophoska at 3.0 litres/ha gave the best leaf, stem and root growth; stem girth, however, was not affected by any of the treatments.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1858
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1987
Title: The influence of environment on growth and production of the cacao tree: soils and nutrition
Journal: Proc. 10th International cocoa research conf. p.
Pages: 167-176
Keywords: Soil-chemistry; Soil-physics; Water-availability; Texture; Structure; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Shade;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: The soils and nutrition aspect of the conference theme: "The influence of environemtn on growth and production of the cacao tree", was reviewed and discussed. The main determineing factors of good cocoa soils are the rate of release of soil moisture and the status and availability of phosphate. It was noted that cacao nutrition should always be considered in relation to overhead shade conditions. The need to standardize soil available phosphorus and quantify shade was stressed. A multi-disciplinary and Inter-instituaional appraoch to solving the complex problem of shade and nutrition interaction is recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1980
Author: Ahenkorah, Y.; Halm, B. J.; Appiah, M. R.; Akrofi, G. S.; Yirenkyi, J. E. K.
Year: 1987
Title: Twenty years' results from a shade and fertilizer trial on Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana
Journal: Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 31-39
Keywords: Shade-; Responses-; Utilization-; Shade-plants; Nutrition-; Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-; Fungus-diseases-; Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV; Bathycoelia-thalassina; Helopeltis-; Phytophthora-palmivora; Hemiptera; Pentatomidae-; Miridae-; Insect-pests; Fertilizers-; Effects-;
Africa, Ghana
Abstract: The effects of three shade (Terminalia ivorensis) densities, NPK fertilizers and fertilizer-pest (Bathycoelia thalassina and Helopeltis spp.)/disease (Phytophthora palmivora) relationship on Amazon cocoa are reported. Yields equivalent to the mean yield over 20 years from the unfertilized plots were achieved in about 3, 4 and 6 years in fertilized plots under no shade (S0), medium shade (S1) and heavy shade (S2), respectively. There were three growth phases, each characterized by a different yield trend: the first 7-8 years characterized by the highest yields and widest yield fluctuations; a stable phase lasting for 5-6 years with a steady rise in yield (fertilizer + S0) or a yield plateau and gentle fluctuations; and a final senescent phase with a rapid yield decline noticed first in (S0). No appreciable changes in exchangeable soil Ca and Mg were observed during the experiments, but K dropped to 68% of its initial value while available P of the unfertilized and the S0 plots fell by 38%. Fertilizer recommendations for P and K should take account of overhead shade. The effect of N application was often negative. No direct relationship was observed between fertilizer treatment and the incidence of pest/blackpod/swollen shoot virus (SSV). SSV infection was greatest under S0. Cocoa farms in Ghana could not maintain high yields (about 1000 kg dry cocoa/ha) beyond 15 years with intensive cropping.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4883
Author: Ahmad Faiz Bin Mohammad, Alif
Year: 1982
Title: Use of herbicides in small scale plantations in Southeast Asia
Journal: Biotrop Special Publication
Issue: 15
Pages: 83-89
Keywords: Imperata-cylindrica; Control-; Chemical-control; Dalapon-; Eupatorium-odoratum; Mikania-cordata; Triazines-; Sodium-chlorate; Usage-; Crops-; MSMa; 2,4-D; Paraquat-; Alachlor-; Atrazine-; Glyphosate-; Maize-; Weed-control; Recommendations-; Sugarcane-; Capsicum-; Cassava Pineapples-;
Malaysia
Abstract: Weed such as Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium odoratum and Mikania cordata grow well under the ecological conditions of small-scale plantations in SE Asia. Recommended herbicides for weed control in long term crops such as rubber, oil palm and coconut are 17-23 kg dalapon/ha for I. cylindrica, MSMA + 2,4-D-amine + sodium chlorate for a mixed weed flora and 2.2 kg/ha paraquat for ferns. Herbicides recommended for medium term crops such as tea, coffee, cocoa and pepper include triazines, substituted ureas and 2 kg/ha glyphosate. Pre-em. herbicides such as triazines, alachlor and atrazine provided weed control in short term crops including maize, sugarcane, pineapple and cassava.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4346
Author: Ahmed Zubaidi, Baharumshah; Mohammad Bin, Yusoff
Year: 1994
Title: Exchange rates and agricultural exports: the Malaysian case
Journal: Asian-Economic-Review (India)
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 303-323; Aug,
Keywords: exports-; demand-; monetary-policies; finance-; price-elasticities; econometrics-
Malaysia
Abstract: An export demand model of the main agricultural commodities of Malaysia: palm oil, rubber, cocoa and timber, is determined based on 1960-1990 statistics, and the impact of the exchange rates on these exports in a small open economy is examined. A literature review is provided and the empirical results of the model are described, including export demand equations for the different commodities and estimates of their price, exchange rate and income elasticities. It is shown that exchange rates have a substantial impact on the demand for the Malaysian exports of agricultural commodities. In general there is no consistently strong relationship between foreign demands and prices, which suggests that high export taxes do not harm exports or they may be obscured by other variables in the model. The exchange rate elasticities depend on the commodity in question, thus necessitating different domestic or trade policy actions for the various commodities. Income elasticities for rubber and palm oil are less than unity, due to lagging demand on the world market.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1747
Author: Ahn, P. M.
Year: 1962
Title: Soils of the proposed 1000 - acre cocoa estate. (Ahafo, Ghana)
Journal: Kumasi: [s.n.]
Pages: 48
Keywords: Survey; Land-evaluation;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17 p. - (Technical report. Scientific services division. Ghana ministry of agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1751
Author: Ahn, P. M.
Year: 1962
Title: The soils of Goaso cocoa station, Brong - Ahafo region
Journal: Kumasi: [s.n.]
Pages: 47
Keywords: Survey;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
24 p. - (Technical report. Scientific services division. Ghana ministry of agriculture


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2693
Author: Ahnert, D.
Year: 1997
Title: Witches' broom disease in Bahia
Journal: INGENIC Newsletter
Volume: 3
Pages: 17-18
Keywords: fungicides-; chemical-control; plant-genetic-resources; screening-; breeding-programmes; germplasm-; plant-pathogens; plant-diseases; plant-pathogenic-fungi; disease-resistance; pruning-; plant-pathology
Brazil-; Bahia-
Abstract: Recent surveys have shown that 90% of cocoa [Theobroma cacao] trees growing in Bahia are infected with witches' broom [Crinipellis perniciosa]. As a short-term solution, CEPLAC is recommending phytosanitary pruning, reduction in plant height, regular pruning of plants to prevent contact between them, and fungicide application to protect pods. As a long-term solution, CEPLAC is implementing the planting of resistant varieties, including progeny of Theobahia, by establishing demonstration plots in the region. Evaluation of germplasm for new sources of resistance is currently being undertaken under medium selection pressure, maintained by the removal of infected tissue. Information on the distribution of resistance and association with other traits in Bahia germplasm is being used to consolidate the recurrent selection scheme in use at the Cocoa Research Centre (CEPEC).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4630
Author: Aidoo, J. B.
Year: 1996
Title: Tenancy and the land reform debate in Ghana
Journal: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Volume: 13
Keywords: tenure-systems; credit-; extension-; infrastructure-; tenancy-; land-ownership; land-reform; agrarian-reform; agricultural-development; constraints-; rural-development
Ghana-
Abstract: Land reform arises from disincentives in tenurial arrangements and the exploitation of tenants by landlords; frequent clashes between tenants and landlords in the cocoa regions of Ghana led to the passing of the Land Title Registration Law in 1986. Implementation has run into problems within the Greater Accra region, the first and smallest region to undergo land reform. It is argued that radical reform or the vesting of all lands into the state will not solve the problem; a review is presented of the existing tenancies in relation to the overall land tenure system in Ghana to illustrate the argument. It is concluded that agricultural reform rather than land reform in Ghana is the problem, since many farmers hold land which they cannot farm because they do not have other necessary production resources (such as credit, technical advice, the right inputs), or access to them.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4451
Author: Ainsworth, S.; Versteeg, C.; Palmer, M.; Millikan, M. B.
Year: 1996
Title: Enzymatic interesterification of fats
Journal: Australian Journal of Dairy Technology
Volume: 51
Issue: 2
Pages: 105-107
Keywords: triacylglycerols-; physicochemical-properties; milk-fat; oils-; rapeseed-oil; cocoa-products; triacylglycerol-lipase; esterification-
Abstract: Cocoa butter, milk fat and a blend of milk fat/canola oil were enzymically interesterified using Lipozyme IM60 (a commercial immobilized lipase). Samples were taken during interesterification and analysed for triglyceride (TG) composition and solid fat content (SFC). A model system of interesterification based on the solvent-free enzymic interesterification of cocoa butter was developed to enable the process to be studied in terms of rate, specificity and extent of reaction. A profile of the reaction was generated by comparing the sample TG compositions with calculated complete 1,3-specific and randomized TG compositions. Correlations were made between changes in the reaction profile obtained from the model system and changes in the physical properties of the milk fat and blends over time.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5548
Author: Ajayi, S. I.; Oyejide, T. A.
Year: 1974
Title: The role of cocoa in Nigeria's economic development
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 225-235
Keywords: Economic-Development-and-Planning
Nigeria
Abstract: The role of cacao is assessed in terms of its contribution in transforming the structure of the society, by providing income for farmers, foreign exchange and government revenue, raw material for agro-based industries and by stimulating the development of infrastructure.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5558
Author: Ajayi, S. I.; Oyejide, T. A.
Year: 1974
Title: A market share analysis of cocoa exports in Nigeria
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 491-502
Keywords: Marketing-; Trade-
Nigeria
Abstract: This paper evaluates Nigeria's cacao export performance on the basis of the country's relative share in major world markets or groups of markets from 1960 to 1970. On the basis of the analysis, some suggestions are made as to possible measures to improve the country's export position.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 317
Author: Ajobo, O.; Folarin, J. O.
Year: 1979
Title: Costing experiment in cocoa: towards the long run
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: cost-benefit-analysis; spacing-; weed-control
Nigeria
Abstract: It is widely believed that a cacao farmer can expect about 19 years of positive economic returns from his plantation since the plantation does not reach a profitable stage until 10 years after planting. However, the possibility for a cacao farmer to expect positive gross returns from his plantation after 6 years has been demonstrated; thus the farmer could expect an active 24 years of economic life for his plantation. In terms of yield more dry beans and pods per ha were harvested by closer spacing, while wider spacing had less yield per ha but more pods per living tree. The economic consequences of these phenomena are being studied. The statistical analysis of the data collected from the 4th to the 6th year did not show that any one of the spacing treatments to be superior to any other in terms of the growth parameters studied.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 601-604, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5441
Author: Akaah, I. P.; Dadzie, K. Q.; Dunson, B.
Year: 1987
Title: Formal financing institutions as savings mobilizing conduits in rural LDCs: an empirical assessment based on the bank savings behavior of Ghanian farm households
Journal: Savings and Development
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 115-135
Keywords: Savings-; Banks-; Farmers'-attitudes; Production-;
Ghana-
Abstract: Drawing on a sample of cocoa farmers in Ghana the paper employs an econometric model to assess farmers' bank savings behaviour and their willingness to save with banking institutions. It is noted that: (1) farmers' propensity to save is influenced mainly by income, bank-related and demographic factors, and (2) farmers in the sample exhibit a high level of bank savings propensity. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2686
Author: Akande, A. O.
Year: 1998
Title: Allelopathy between bryophytes and cocoa in the field: a preliminary study
Journal: Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 21-24
Keywords: allelopathy-; cocoa; surveys-; plant-extracts; growth-; buds-; plant-anatomy; weeds-; Mastigolejeunea-florae; Bryophyta Weeds;
Nigeria-
Abstract: A survey of three different cocoa farms was carried out in Nigeria to assess the bryophyte cover and the extent of interference of bryophytes on the production of cocoa. A total of 23 species of bryophyte was found in association with cocoa. Of the biologically active compounds extracted from the bryophytes, a colourless extract from Mastigolejeunea florae suppressed growth of and malformed some cocoa buds in-vivo. The implications of the colourless extract on cocoa is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4674
Author: Akeby, R.
Year: 1993
Title: Proposed strategy for enhancing self-reliance of the agricultural cooperative movement in Indonesia: business development
Volume: 80
Pages: 90-039
Keywords: cooperatives-; structure-; management-; trading;
Indonesia-
Abstract: This report by the Business Development Adviser within the project on Strategic Planning to Enhance Self-Reliance of Indonesia's Cooperative Movement is based on findings from missions to six provinces and concentrates mainly on non-government sponsored programmes with special emphasis on the marketing of agricultural produce, supply of basic necessities and other consumer goods, and credit and savings. It analyses business activities with the aim of developing a more professionally run agricultural cooperative business network. The three-tier KUD structure was set up by the government in the 1970s in order to strengthen the cooperative agricultural sector. All KUDs are encouraged to become members of PUSKUD, the secondary level cooperative organization. At the tertiary level is INKUD, the national body. After examining the KUD structure's business operations, the report details a proposed strategy for the business development of the agricultural cooperatives. Fishery and dairy cooperatives are examined specifically, with comments on tapioca, vanilla, cocoa and cloves.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
iii + pp.; INS


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5637
Author: Akinda, A. A.
Year: 1986
Title: An application of Bass's model in the analysis of diffusion of cocoa-spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers
Journal: Journal of Agricultural Economics, UK
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Pages: 395-404
Keywords: Innovation-adoption; Agricultural-chemicals; Spraying-; Production-;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: Several studies on the process of diffusion of agricultural innovations have recently emerged in the literature. They serve as an important link between studies on the establishment of innovations and those on their impact on the economy. However, previous standard diffusion models used in the analysis of diffusion of agricultural innovations assume that the population of potential adopters is identical and that they are all imitators. This assumption may not be realistic in all cases. It is therefore argued in this study that the population of potential adopters is not identical but consists of both innovators and imitators, and a model incorporating the two categories of potential adopters is employed. This model is also assessed against the standard diffusion model to test its superiority. Although the data on the diffusion of cocoa-spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers fit the model well, the result of its statistical evaluation shows little or no improvement over the standard model. This may, however, be due to the nature and composition of the data employed and the need for further refinement of the model.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
ref., 1 fig., 1 tab., 1 app., OQEH


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4950
Author: Akinola, A. A.; Young, T.
Year: 1985
Title: An application of the Tobit model in the analysis of agricultural innovation adoption processes: a study of cocoa spraying chemicals by Nigerian cocoa farmers
Journal: Manchester Discussion Papers in Development Studies, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, University of Manchester
Issue: 8501
Keywords: Innovation-adoption; Econometric-models; Spraying-; Agricultural-chemicals;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: Using cross-sectional data drawn from a large survey of cocoa farmers in 1980/81, a random sample of 285 cocoa households was selected and their responses used for dependant and independant variables in an application of the Tobit model to explain adoption behaviour. The Tobit model captures the simultaneous decisions on whether and with what intensity to adopt. Income, size of the regular family labour force, experience, input allocation, age and distance of input buying stations were all found to be statistically significant variables. Wealthier and younger cocoa farmers are more likely to adopt cocoa spraying chemicals, but availability of the chemicals to producers is also a significant influence on adoption. The Tobit model performed better than the Probit and linear regression models' estimates; it also yields more information. There is a marked difference between the effect of income and that of input allocation on the population of adopters and the expenditure incurred on chemicals. While income elasticity of adoption is higher than that of change of expenditure, the input allocation index elasticity of predicted probability is lower than that of change of expenditure. Hence, increased farmers' purchasing power is the best means of increasing the population of adopters, but increased allocation of chemicals to farmers is the most effective means of increasing expenditure on them.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
26pp.; 2 fig., 6 tab., BIDS


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4975
Author: Akinola, A. A.; Young, T.
Year: 1985
Title: An application of the Tobit model in the analysis of agricultural innovation adoption processes: a study of the use of cocoa spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers
Journal: Oxford Agrarian Studies
Volume: 14
Pages: 26-51
Keywords: Spraying-; Innovation-adoption;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: This study specifies a model that permits a discrete and continuous dependent variable which will capture the simultaneous nature of the decision making process of potential innovation adopters. The Tobit model, considered the most appropriate for this purpose, is discussed and three alternative models developed. Using data on the adoption of cocoa spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers, each model is estimated and the results compared both in terms of statistical fit and the information for policy purposes provided. Results indicate that income, size of the regular labour force, experience, from input allocation, age and distance input buying stations affects chemical use among farmers. Policies that will simultaneously increase farmers' real income as well as the quantity of spraying chemicals allocated to them are preferable.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 tab., OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5636
Author: Akinola, A. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Dynamic Innovator-Imitator (IN-IM) diffusion model
Journal: Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-124
Keywords: Innovation-adoption; Diffusion-of-information; Dynamic-models; Agricultural-chemicals;
Nigeria-;
Abstract: The note re-examines Akinola's earlier model with a view to incorporating aspects of the dynamic potential adopter population as well as the adoption coefficients. The theoretical dynamic IN-IM model presented in this study overcomes some of the inherent problems in previous diffusion models by allowing the equilibrium number of potential adopters and the adoption parameters to vary over time. Furthermore, the empirical results indicate that data on the diffusion of cocoa spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers fit the models fairly well. Evidence in the model shows that the coefficients measuring the effect of explanatory variables in creating new innovators, imitators and potential adopters are statistically significant and have the expected sign. There is also evidence that expenditure on chemical advertising has a significantly positive effect in creating new innovators, while the frequency of extension agents' contact with farmers has the expected effect on imitators. In addition, prices of cocoa beans are found to have the expected positive effect on the equilibrium number of potential adopters. This, therefore, supports the idea that when potential adopters are exposed to more information about the innovation and when their income increases, they might be persuaded to adopt cocoa spraying chemicals.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 tab., 1 app., OAE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 118
Author: Akinwolemiwa, J. O.
Year: 1964
Title: Extension work on mirid control in Western Nigeria
Journal: Proc. Conf. on Mirids and other pests of Cocoa at the West African Cocoa Research Institute
Volume: 1964
Pages: 66-69
Keywords: Extension; Dissemination; Insect-pets; Hemiptera; Mirids;
West-Africa; Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
24-27 March p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4465
Author: Akiyama, T.; Nishio, A.
Year: 1580
Title: Hands-off policy encourages smallholder dynamism
Journal: Policy Research Working Paper World Bank, No. WPS1580
Volume: 44
Keywords: distribution-; agricultural-policy; small-holders; production-; marketing-; agricultural-markets; government-policy; State-intervention;
Indonesia-; Sulawesi-
Abstract: This case study of Sulawesi's cocoa market examines smallholders' production and marketing systems and the government policies implemented for smallholders to identify any policy lessons that might be useful for other countries. It finds that the following factors contributed to the market's rapid expansion: the availability of suitable land, low production costs, a highly competitive marketing system (a result of the government's hands-off policy or limited government interventions), relatively good transport infrastructure, favourable macroeconomic policies, and the smallholders' entrepreneurship. Until the recent imposition of a value-added tax, Indonesia's government left cocoa marketing and distribution freer of government interventions than many other commodities, in part because the Indonesian Cocoa Association recommended such non-intervention. Other commodities were affected by direct involvement of the National Logistics Agency, price controls, and exclusive trade licensing requirements. As a result of the competitive cocoa marketing system, the farmgate price of cocoa in Indonesia is about 90% of the f.o.b. price, a much higher share than cocoa produced in other countries and than other commodities produced in Indonesia. This relatively free marketing and distribution system must be maintained for cocoa to develop further. Some general government policies have benefited the cocoa subsector as well as others. Exchange rates have been kept competitive, for example, no export tax has been imposed, and it has been government policy to build basic infrastructure in the outer islands. Several issues must be addressed for cocoa to be further developed: the quality of cocoa, the adding-up problem (export revenues not increasing in proportion to export quantities, because of the price-depressing effect of increased exports), the recently imposed value-added tax, the cocoa pod-borer, export marketing, research, retribution, local processing, environmental problems, and government interv! entions now being discussed for the cocoa sector. Government and industry must also resist the natural temptation for current players to become more conservative, to protect their interests.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; Washington, D.C.; USA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3898
Author: Akiyama, T.; Bowers, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Supply responses of cocoa in major producing countries
Journal: World Bank Commodity Studies division paper, No
Volume: 3
Pages: 1984-3
Keywords: Production; demand; supply;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2129
Author: Akiyama, T.; Larson, D.
Year: 1989
Title: Recent trends in and prospects for agricultural exports from sub-Saharan Africa
Journal: Marches Tropicaux et Mediterraneens
Volume: 45
Issue: 2276
Pages: 1765-1771
Keywords: Exports; Trends;
Africa
Abstract: Agricultural products studied include coffee, cocoa, tea, cotton, tobacco, sugar, spices and groundnut oil. Data used relate to the period 1961-88. It is noted that agricultural export income declined by nearly 40% in real terms over the period 1974-88. In addition there is an increasing tendency among the countries to depend on a limited number of export crops. A further disadvantage can be traced to unfavourable producer pricing policies, slow technological change and inefficient marketing. Measures that need to be taken to reverse the unfavourable export trends are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bldsc


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2618
Author: Akiyama, T.; Nishio, A.
Year: 1997
Title: Sulawesi's cocoa boom: lessons of smallholder dynamism and a hands-off policy
Journal: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 97-121.
Keywords: cocoa-industry; production-structure; marketing-policies; economics-; prices-; small-farms;
Indonesia; Sulawesi
Abstract: The rapid expansion of cocoa production on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi over the last decade surprised the world, not least because it came mainly from smallholders. Government policies that have affected the subsector are examined, and issues to be faced are identified. It is concluded that the following factors contributed to the expansion: (1) the availability of suitable land; (2) low production costs; (3) a highly competitive marketing system (a result of the government's policy of limited intervention); (4) relatively good transport infrastructure; (5) favourable macro-economic policies; and (6) smallholder entrepreneurship. It is particularly important that Indonesia's government left cocoa marketing and distribution free of many of the interventions applied to other commodities. Because of the competitive marketing system, the farmgate price of cocoa in Indonesia is very high relative to the export price. Issues that must be addressed if cocoa is to develop further include product quality, the "adding-up" problem, pest control and VAT (value added tax). Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5545
Author: Akwabi-Ameyaw, K.
Year: 1974
Title: The development of the cocoa industry in Eastern Ashanti
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Keywords: Farm-Management
Ghana; Eastern Ashanti
Abstract: Eastern Ashanti was one of the first important cacao-growing areas in Ghana. At present, however, the area plays a much less important role as a producer of cacao. This paper examines the growth of the cacao industry in Eastern Ashanti and assesses some of the problems currently confronting cacao farmers in the area.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. 183-195, maps


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3811
Author: Alamo, F. de- P.
Year: 1936
Title: Notes on the timing of cocoa pruning
Journal: Asoc. Venezolana de Prod. de Cacao. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 20-23
Keywords: Pruning; Timing;
Abstract: Discussion of pruning, emphasizing time of pruning.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5358
Author: Alary, V.; Bopda, A.; Courade, G.; Janin, P.
Year: 1993
Title: Half a century of cacao farming in Beti Land (Cameroon): What motivates the cocoa planters'behaviour
Journal: Contribution to the conference of the history of cocoa held in London by SOAS and LSE
Keywords: smallholders; history; production; development; social-change;
Cameroon; Central-Africa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15-17 Sept


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5074
Author: Alba, M. C.; Salvador, A. C.; Galbizo, T. C.; Thomas, E.
Year: 1985
Title: Additional information on the biology of Acrocercops cramerella Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) in the Philippines
Journal: Philippine Entomologist
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 243-253
Keywords: Gracillariidae; Lepidoptera; Pests; Hymenoptera; Parasites-; Predators-; Conopomorpha-cramerella; Biology-; Natural-enemies; Trichogrammatoidea Hosts-; Paraphylax-fasciatipennis; Goryphus-; Formicidae-; Prey-
Abstract: The biology of the cocoa pest Acrocercops cramerella [Conopomorpha cramerella] was investigated in the laboratory in the Philippines with a view to facilitating its control. At 28C and 79% RH, the hatch rate of the gracillariid was 98.14% and the egg stage averaged 3.4 days, the larval stage 15.2 days and the prepupal and pupal stages together 9.8 days. The larval stage, comprising 5 instars, was completed within the cocoa pod, but pupation took place outside it. The adults were phototropic and lived for an average of 3.87 days. The eggs were laid singly in the grooves of the pods, the rough and mature ones being preferred. The sex ratio in the field and in the laboratory was 1 female: 0.8 male. Increasing the proportion of males to 3: 1 female increased the potential fecundity and fertility rates significantly, whereas increasing the proportion of females to 3: 1 male significantly reduced them. Females mated several times. The natural enemies found limiting the abundance of C. cramerella were an egg parasite of the genus Trichogrammatoidea, the ichneumonid prepupal parasites Paraphylax fasciatipennis and Goryphus sp. and an unidentified formicid predator.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5141
Author: Alba, M. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Trichogrammatids in the Philippines
Journal: Philippine Entomologist
Volume: 7
Issue: 3
Pages: 253-271
Keywords: Distribution-; Natural-enemies; Parasitoids-; Insects-; Trichogramma-chilonis; Habitats-; Philippines-; Trichogramma-chilotraeae; Trichogramma-evanescens; Trichogramma-japonicum; Trichogrammatoidea-armigera; Trichogrammatoidea-bactrae-bactrae; Trichogrammatoidea-bactrae-fumata; Trichogrammatoidea-cojuangcoi; Trichogrammatoidea-nana; Trichogrammatoidea-robusta; Trichogrammatidae-; Rice-; Fields-; Maize-; Plantations-; Coconut; Bananas-; Coffee-; Citrus-; Orchards-; Taxonomy-; Keys-; Pests-; Lepidoptera; Tricogrammatoidea-bactrae-bactrae; Trichogrammatoidea-conjuangcoi
Abstract: In the Philippines, the lepidopterous pests of major crops, including rice, maize, cocoa, citrus, coconut, banana and coffee, were surveyed for the presence of trichogrammatid parasitoids. The following species were recorded: Trichogramma chilonis, T. chilotraeae, T. evanescens, T. japonicum, Trichogrammatoidea armigera, T. bactrae bactrae, T. bactrae fumata, T. cojuangcoi, T. nana and T. robusta. A list of these species, with their hosts, host plants and distribution, and a key for their identification are provided.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4610
Author: Albuquerque, P. S. B.; Mota, J. W. da S.; Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1995
Title: Phytosanitary pruning in the recuperation of cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) plantations with high incidence of witches' broom (Crinipellis perniciosa) in Rondonia: technical and economic aspects
Journal: Agrotropica
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 43-48
Keywords: plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; plant-disease-control; cultural-control; economics-of-control; pruning-; yield-losses; crop-losses; cultural-methods; control-; plant-pathology; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Brazil-; Rondonia-
Abstract: Phytosanitary pruning in cocoa plantations highly infected by witches' broom in Rondonia, Brazil, resulted in a strong reduction of infection levels on flushing and cushions, followed by pod loss reductions from 50 to 27% throughout the 5 years of disease control. Commercial production losses fell from 50% to c. 22% in the same period. It is concluded that within the current levels of productivity and prices in Rondonia, the recuperation of cocoa plantations with high incidences of witches' broom, in small scale farming, will provide economic return only after the 3rd year of disease control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2510
Author: Alcaraz, R.
Year: 1973
Title: Relation between climatic factors and cacao production in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica
Journal: Turrialba: Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas de la OEA
Volume: 112
Keywords: Weather; Yields
Costa-Rica;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Tesis de Grado Magister Scientiae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3533
Author: Aldrich, J. R.
Year: 1988
Title: Chemical ecology of the Heteroptera
Journal: Annu. Rev. Entomol.
Volume: 33
Pages: 211-238
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4459
Author: Alemanno, L.; Berthouly, M.; Michaux Ferriere, N.
Year: 1996
Title: Somatic embryogenesis of cocoa from floral parts
Journal: Plantations
Volume: Recherche
Issue: Developpement, 3
Pages: 225-237.
Keywords: in-vitro-culture; somatic-embryogenesis; tissue-culture;
Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis from floral buds was tested on 25 cocoa genotypes under defined culture conditions, revealing genotypic variations. Histological monitoring of somatic embryo ontogenesis revealed that the somatic embryos were of multicellular origin. The right conditions for the selection and maintenance of meristematic cells (from which somatic embryos are derived) and embryogenic cells were sought by culturing in a liquid medium using a temporary immersion system (TIS). A friable embryogenic callus was obtained. A study of zygotic embryogenesis was carried out with a view to improving the later stages of somatic embryogenesis. Zygotic embryogenesis was characterized by a period of embryo growth, followed by accumulation of starch and protein reserves, during which slow and moderate desiccation occurred. By adding a growth phase to the somatic embryogenesis protocol, and defining a maturation medium containing abscisic acid, embryo maturation was improved.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4468
Author: Alemanno, L.; Berthouly, M.; Michaux Ferriere, N.
Year: 1996
Title: Histology of somatic embryogenesis from floral tissues [of] cocoa
Journal: Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
Volume: 46
Issue: 3
Pages: 187-194
Keywords: histology-; bud-culture; somatic-embryogenesis; tissue-culture;
Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis from Theobroma cacao flower buds, as previously reported for five Forastero hybrid genotypes, was tested on several other genotypes, belonging to the cocoa-tree groups Forastero, Trinitario and Criollo. The results revealed genotypic effects. Explants were cultivated under two successive conditions: callogenesis and expression media. Morphological and histological responses were different for embryogenic or non-embryogenic genotypes. For embryogenic genotypes, only staminodes and stamen filaments produced somatic embryos: after a few days on the expression medium, groups of callus cells went through the meristematic and then embryonic stages, and finally formed somatic embryos. Many of them showed abnormalities. Simultaneously, some embryogenic cells were visible. These started to divide to form pro-embryos but were unable to evolve into proper somatic embryos.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3110
Author: Alemanno, L.; Berthouly, M.; Michaux-Ferriere, N.
Year: 1997
Title: A comparison between Theobroma cacao L. zygotic embryogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from floral explants
Journal: In vitro cell dev biol
Volume: Plant
Issue: 33
Pages: 163-173;
Keywords: Embryonic-development; Somatic-embryogenesis; Flowers; Explants; Buds; Plant-embryos; Histochemistry; Starch; Proteins; Water-content; Sugars; Composition; Seed-development Water-potential.
France;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1467
Author: Alencar, M. H.
Year: 1970
Title: Aspects of concentration of cocoa production and the structure of the cocoa sector in Bahia
Journal: Communicacao technica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau, Bahia, No
Volume: 37
Keywords: Economic-analysis; Sector; Concentration; Plantations;
Bahia; Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
27p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5376
Author: Alencar, M. H.; Almeida, L. C.; Peixoto, J. C. S.; Silva, P.
Year: 1992
Title: Witches broom disease of cocoa
Journal: Ministera da Agricultura, Brasilia, Brazil, pp
Volume: 104
Pages: 104
Keywords: Witches-broom-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 604
Author: Alewijn, F.
Year: 1949
Title: Cocoa in West Java
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
Pages: 66-67
Keywords: Propagation; Seedlings;
Indonesia;
Abstract: Propagation and care of cacao seedlings, based on experience at an experimental estate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3132
Author: Alger, K.; Caldas, M.
Year: 1994
Title: The declining cocoa economy and the Atlantic forest of southern Bahia, Brazil: conservation attitudes of cocoa planters
Journal: Environmentalist (UK). 1994
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 107-119.
Keywords: Conservation; Forest-protection; farm-size; deforestation-; cash-crops; Sustainability; land-degradation;
Brazil, Bahia
Abstract: The causes of the degradation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest in the south-eastern cocoa region of the state of Bahia are investigated by means of a survey on cocoa planter's forest conservation attitudes. Large landowners were found to be responsible for most of the forest clearing that occurred in the past: cocoa prices compensated investment in the expansion of the area planted to cocoa on planters' forested landholdings. Large landowners were also responsible for most of the recent forest clearing, which occurred simply to sell trees to earn income while cocoa prices were depressed. Large landowners are nonetheless more interested than small landowners in conserving some of their forest. Policies encouraging private forest conservation, and the development of forest-conserving agricultural alternatives for the landless poor are recommended. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1527
Author: Alger, K.
Year: 1998
Title: The Reproduction of the Cocoa Industry and Biodiversity in Southern Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Sustainable Cocoa Growing, Panama City, Panama, March
Keywords: Sustainability; Biodiversity; Resources; Forests;
Brazil
Abstract: Cocoa is a commodity. Holding quality constant, the world market is mostly indifferent to whether cocoa is from Brazil or Malaysia, whether it is grown on monocrop plantations or in backyard gardens, whether it eliminates or perpetuates poverty, or whether it sustains or destroys the last pockets of tropical biodiversity. Consumers are guided by daily price movements which do not incorporate information about the medium-term, "plate-tectonic" factors which constitute the social and environmental basis of the production system. Economists increasingly recognize that if markets permitted consumers to choose between production systems with or without positive environmental and social externalities, prices of products like cocoa would be higher to permit the incorporation of these equally economic benefits. There are two key problems complicating the search for mechanisms permitting these choices: since global market problems require global policy fixes, negotiation among national governments is required to provide for transfer payments and, it is unclear how a willingness to pay higher commodity prices can be used to induce not more production, but the various specific environmental or social side-effects which consumer nations seek.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
30-April 2


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3532
Author: Ali, F. M.
Year: 1972
Title: Effect of gamma BHC against capsids on cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 8
Issue: l
Pages: 73-77.
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5302
Author: Ali, A. R. M.
Year: 1996
Title: Effect of co-fractionation technique in the preparation of palm oil and sal fat based cocoa butter equivalent
Journal: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
Volume: 47
Issue: 1
Keywords: CBE; Butterfat; cocoabutter
Abstract: Two types of palm oil and sal fat based cocoa butter equivalents, namely (f)CBE (produced by using co-fractionation method) and (m)CBE (produced by using conventional method) were prepared. Results showed that the (f)CBE had triglyceride composition and solidification characteristics closer to the Malaysian cocoa butter than the (m)CBE produced at the same yield percentage. Increasing acetone washing time had little effect on the (f)CBE if compared to the effect of increasing palm olein to sal fat blend ratio. Co- fractionation technique increase the compatibility between CBE component triglycerides. Thus, more palm oil can be incorporated in the preparation and the process can be carried out at not low temperature as compared to the conventional method.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Jan )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 971
Author: Alias, A. Rita M.; Khoo, K. C.
Year: 1988
Title: Comparative merits of cocoa pod and shoot as food sources of the mirid Helopeltis theobromae
Journal: Planter
Volume: 64
Pages: 100-104
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Helopeltis-theobromae;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3266
Author: Alibert, H.
Year: 1946
Title: A new disease 'Swollen shoot'. Cocoa in Africa threathend
Journal: Atomes
Volume: 6
Pages: 23-26
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
Abstract: History and extent of the disease, symptoms, methods of transmission, and means of combatting.
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Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3267
Author: Alibert, H.
Year: 1946
Title: Preliminary on noteson a new cocoa disease 'swollen shoot'
Journal: Agron. Trop.
Volume: 1
Pages: 34-43
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
Abstract: Notes on the position of the disease in the French colonies of French West Africa, p. 39-40.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3268
Author: Alibert, H.; Meiffren, M.
Year: 1947
Title: Diseases and virusses of cocoa, 'Swollen shoot'
Journal: Rev. Mycol., Sup. Colon.
Volume: 12
Pages: 64-70
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
Abstract: Discusses symptoms, transmission, rate of spread, methods of control, and search for resistant varieties.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3708
Author: Alicbusan, L. A.
Year: 1935
Title: Beneficial effects on diseased cacao trees of removing infected parts and disinfecting the wounds
Journal: Philippine Agr
Volume: 23
Pages: 891-901
Keywords: Diseases;
Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3593
Author: Allee, R. H.
Year: 1947
Title: The Inter American Institutue of Agricultural Science and the Cacao Program
Journal: Inter American Economic and Social Council. Documentary Meterial on Cacao II, Washington, Pan American Union., pp.
Pages: 7-10
Keywords: Research; Research-programme; IICA;
America;
Abstract: Outlines plans for a research program.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 523
Author: Allen, E. F.
Year: 1953
Title: Investigations into the cultivation of cacao in Malaya
Journal: Malayan Agricultural Journal
Volume: 36
Pages: 147-163
Keywords: Culitvation; Regional;
Malaysia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4896
Author: Allen, J. B.
Year: 1984
Title: Strategies and methods for collecting Theobroma
Journal: Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter
Issue: 57
Pages: 8-14
Keywords: Genetic-resources; Techniques-
Abstract: Recommendations are made for collecting from wild cocoa populations (as opposed to Criollo and other cultivated forms) and descriptions of alternative collecting strategies are given and compared. For collecting wild cocoa, information is presented on locating trees, selection of trees from which to collect material, collection of pods and budsticks, packing collected material, recording data and propagation of collected material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3594
Author: Allison, H. W. S.; Kenten, R. H.
Year: 1964
Title: Mechanical drying of cocoa
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 115-119
Keywords: Drying; Machinery; Mechanical-drying; Driers; Diesel;
Africa; Ghana;
Abstract: A cocoa dryer, essentially consisting of a fan and an oilfired heat exchanger coupled to a plenum chamber under a platform constructed from perforated aluminium sheets, was built at Tafo, Ghana. The dryer was housed in a closed building, and a baffle was placed between the fan and the air-intake in order to permit recirculation of the hot air within the building. A full charge of wet fermented cocoa corresponding to 1 ton of dry cocoa could be dried within 24 hours with a consumption of 155 1 of diesel oil and 33 kWh of electricity. Studies have been made of cocoa drying with an oil fired platfrom dryer erected in a building which permitted recirculation of hot air. A procedure was worked out for producing one ton of dry cocoa every 24 hours. Assuming an output of 100 tons of dry cocoa per year the cost of drying would be about 9 Pound Sterling per ton. Though the cost of drying in the apparatus was not much lower than that of sun-drying, avoidance of weather risks and lower labour requirements make the installation of a dryer of this type an attractive proposition
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5420
Author: Allotey, J.; Kumar, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Competition between Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) and Ephestia cautella (Walker) in cocoa beans
Journal: Insect Science and its Application
Volume: 6
Issue: 5
Pages: 627-632
Keywords: Lepidoptera; Stored-products; Corcyra-cephalonica; Competition-; Ephestia-cautella;
Ghana;
Abstract: Competition between the pyralids Corcyra cephalonica and Ephestia cautella was studied in broken cocoa beans using the 2 species alone, introduced one before the other and together. The moths could not co-exist for an extended period, and when in competition E. cautella became extinct. The results offer an explanation for recent evidence that C. cephalonica is rapidly becoming the most important pest of stored cocoa beans in Ghana.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 936
Author: Almeida, L. C. C. de; Luz, E. D. M. N.
Year: 1986
Title: Action of wind in disseminating pink disease of cocoa
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 133-140.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Corticium-salmonicolor; Apllication-techniques; Trapping; Spores;
Brazil
Abstract: Dissemination of basidiopsores of Corticium salmonicolor was studied by installing cylindrical rods below and above the canopy of shaded and unshaded cocoa plants. More basidiospores were captured in the unshaded area, and the number was higher above than below the canopy. Sedimentation on slides was better than impaction on rods with respect to the total number of spores trapped and the effectiveness of sampling.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 948
Author: Almeida, H. A. de; Machado, R. C. R.; Villa Nova, N. A.; Silva, W. S. da
Year: 1987
Title: Influence of meteorological factors on leaf flush in cocoa
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 163-174
Keywords: Leaves-; Development-; Climate; Flushing; Growth
Abstract: Fifty 12-year-old trees spaced at 3 X 3 m were studied over 3 years, and the number of developing leaves/tree was determined weekly. The combined effect of solar energy and water was determined, including a corrected factor of water deficit in the degree-day expression. This gave a new function designated corrected degree day (CDD). The results indicated that a relationship between meteorological factors and flushing can be shown mainly through the CDD, although stored water in the soil and solar radiation also influence flushing.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2024
Author: Almeida, L. C. de; Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Rescuing cocoa plantations with a high incidence of witches' broom in Brasilian Amazonia
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Disease-Control; Cultural-methods;
Brazil;
Abstract: Phytosanitary control of Crinipellis perniciosa infection of cocoa by removal of the infected tissue is the only efficient method of controlling this disease. The efficiency and cost of this pratice depend on various factors, principally on the level of infection and the height of the plants, which determine the collection method used. In Oct. 1983, in the Belem-Para region a study was carried out in 8-year-old plantations, spacing 2.20 X 2.20 m, with 83 and 90% infection of pods and new growth, respectively. The control methods used were: (1) removal of infected tissues by selective pruning of the worst affected branches; (2) total lopping of the jorquette (30-40 cm); and (3) removal of only the infected tissue. In order to determine the cost reduction of control and production of inoculum as a function of the ultimate treatment of the removed infected material, the practices of piling up, cutting down and removal from within the plantation were adopted. Treatments 1 and 3 required 36 and 67, d respectively, and treatment 2, 25 d. The removal of infected tissues to outside the plantation required 46% more labour than piling up and cutting down these materials. In application of the treatments, it was found that there was total recuperation of the tree crowns in all 3 treatments and production increased by 200-680 kg/ha with 3% losses.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1987, 337-339; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 959
Author: Almeida, A. A. F. de; Valle, R. R.
Year: 1988
Title: Growth analysis of ten cocoa hybrids
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: 95-113
Keywords: Growth-analysis; Genetic-differences; Development; Varieties Ma15-; Crop-ecology; Selection
Brazil;
Abstract: Differences in several physiological parameters were assessed in greenhouse-grown hybrids harvested at 15 day intervals after emergence up to 8.5 months. Leaf area was the most important factor influencing total dry matter production rate (Ct), with intergenotypic variation being noted for these 2 parameters. However, significant intergenotypic differences in relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio (LAR) were not found. Pa150 X ICS1, SIC864 X UF613 and Pa150 X Ma15 had the highest Ct values. P12 X Ma15 had the highest LAR and specific leaf area values during most of the experimental period.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4428
Author: Almeida, L. C. de; Bastos, C. N.; Ferreira, N. P.; De Almeida, L. C.
Year: 1995
Title: Basidiocarp production of Crinipellis perniciosa in two systems of cacao plantation
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-64
Keywords: beverage-crops; plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; shading-; cultural-methods; plant-disease-control; inoculum-; control-; plant-pathology
Brazil-; Para-
Abstract: Basidiocarp production by C. perniciosa was evaluated in Para, Brazil, on infected cocoa tissues (hanged brooms and brooms on the ground) in 2 cocoa plantations: shaded growing plants with intercept canopies and low light penetration; and unshaded growing plants with no-intercept canopies and excess of light penetration. Basidiocarp production and the productive period of the brooms were improved in unshaded growing plants. Basidiocarp production in this system was earlier, more intensive and lasted for 10 months. In shaded growing plants, basidiocarp production was less intensive, lasting only for 3 months. The highest index of basidiocarp/broom/month in unshaded growing plants was in May on the hanged brooms and in Jun. on brooms on the ground, with indexes 23 and 23.5, respectively. In the shaded growing plants, the indexes were 9.3 and 16.8 on hanged brooms and brooms on the ground, respectively. High basidiocarp production in the 2 plantations occurred when the fruits were resistant (Jan.-Mar.) and inoculum produced was not important for the fruit yield.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4609
Author: Almeida, L. C. de; Bastos, C. N.; Ferreira, N. P.; De Almeida, L. C.
Year: 1995
Title: Basidiocarp production of Crinipellis perniciosa in two systems of cacao plantation
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-64
Keywords: beverage-crops; plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; shading-; cultural-methods; plant-disease-control; inoculum-; control-; plant-pathology
Brazil-; Para-
Abstract: Basidiocarp production by C. perniciosa was evaluated in Para, Brazil, on infected cocoa tissues (hanged brooms and brooms on the ground) in 2 cocoa plantations: shaded growing plants with intercept canopies and low light penetration; and unshaded growing plants with no-intercept canopies and excess of light penetration. Basidiocarp production and the productive period of the brooms were improved in unshaded growing plants. Basidiocarp production in this system was earlier, more intensive and lasted for 10 months. In shaded growing plants, basidiocarp production was less intensive, lasting only for 3 months. The highest index of basidiocarp/broom/month in unshaded growing plants was in May on the hanged brooms and in Jun. on brooms on the ground, with indexes 23 and 23.5, respectively. In the shaded growing plants, the indexes were 9.3 and 16.8 on hanged brooms and brooms on the ground, respectively. High basidiocarp production in the 2 plantations occurred when the fruits were resistant (Jan.-Mar.) and inoculum produced was not important for the fruit yield.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5502
Author: Almeida, D. A. A. de; Valle, R. R.
Year: 1995
Title: Growth analysis of pods and seeds of seven genotypes of Theobroma cacao l
Journal: Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira
Volume: 30
Issue: 7
Pages: 909-916
Keywords: Dry-matter; Clones; Growth-rates; Pods; Seeds
Brazil;
Abstract: Pod and seed growth of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones SIAL-169, SIAL-505, SIC-23, SIC-328, ICS-1, ICS-8 and the cultivar Catongo were studied under field conditions at the Cacao Research Center - CEPEC -, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil, to determine variations in the rates of dry matter accumulation. Ten to 15 adult trees of these genotypes were hand pollinated to mantain a pod set of 20 pods per tree. During pod ontogenesis, 14 samplings were taken at regular intervals in the 202 days of the experiment. The sampling began 35 days after pollination. At the end of the experimental period, ICS-8 and ICS-I showed the highest values of total dry matter accumulation and rates of pod growth. The clones SIC-23 and SIC-328 had the lowest values. There were variations in width and hight of the curves of total dry matter accumulation rates of pods and seeds of the different genotypes. The maximum hight and width were found in ICS-8 and in ICS-I and were lowest in SIC-328. The highest increment in pod and seed dry matter of those genotypes was attributed to their higher accumulation rates and greater filling periods.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Jul )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4535
Author: Almeida, Cmvc de; De Almeida, Cmvc
Year: 1996
Title: Ecological and evolutionary aspects of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Brazilian Amazon
Journal: Agrotropica
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-14
Keywords: gene-flow; population-genetics; geographical-distribution; wild-plants; surveys-; distribution-; ; plant-genetic-resources
Brazil-; Amazonia-; Rondonia-
Abstract: Natural populations of cocoa in the Brazilian Amazon are widespread and adapted to a great diversity of physical and biotic environments. Cocoa trees show a pattern of random or aggregated distribution forming groups with heterogeneous density and spatial distribution. The groups may vary from a few plants confined to well restricted areas to thousands of single plants spread over large areas resulting in sometimes numerous sites of connected subpopulations. The system of reproduction assumes characteristics of intermediate species due to variations caused by several factors. The occurrence of isolated single or multi-trunked plants, of adjacent plants with the same genotype, and the high seminal reproductive potential probably represent adaptative strategies of the species for its own preservation. Gene flow over short and long distances, the difficulties in establishing the degree of domestication of the natural populations and the level and distribution of variability in these populations are emphasized.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
66ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 874
Author: Almeida-Ribeiro, N. C. de; Lopez, A. S.
Year: 1983
Title: (Acid producing fungi isolated during the fermentation and drying of cacao)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 293-301.
Keywords: Fermentation; fungi-; acidity-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The role of the fungi in the fermentation and drying of cacao with emphasis on acid producing fungi was studied. Fungi were found in relatively small numbers during the entire period of fermentation. Acid producing strains appeared after 24 hours and increased to 5% of the fungal population at the end of fermentation. The growth characteristics of Aspergillus niger in relation to fermentation conditions were examined and the importance of the fungi in relation to preservation of quality is discussed. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4758
Author: Almengor, A. A.
Year: 1939
Title: The cultivation of cacao in SuchitepÈquez
Journal: Guatemala Sec. de Agr., Revista Agric
Volume: 16
Pages: 150-154
Keywords: Regional;
America; Guatemala
Abstract: Handbook for Guatemala.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2101
Author: Aloalii, I.
Year: 1986
Title: The leucaena psyllid in Western Samoa
Journal: Proceedings of a workshop on biological and genetic control strategies for the leucaena psyllid, November
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 8
Keywords: Broadleaves Insect-pests; Damage; Heteropsylla; Control; Heteropsylla-cubana; Shade-trees;
Western-Samoa;
Abstract: Heteropsylla cubana was first discovered on Leucaena leucocephala (used as shade trees for cocoa) in Western Samoa in 1985. Partial control was achieved by using demethoate [dimethoate], and psyllid infestation in 1986 was reduced. However, L. leucocephala is regarded as a weed tree in Western Samoa, and its use as a shade tree for cocoa is no longer recommended; suggested substitutes are coconuts [Cocos nucifera] or Sesbania grandiflora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3-7 [], Molokai and Honolulu, Hawaii, sponsored by NFTA and Winrock International-F/FRED [edited by Withington, D.; Brewbaker, J.L.]. Leucaena-Research-Reports. 1987


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5616
Author: Aloba, O.
Year: 1988
Title: Spatial variation in rural transportation in the Nigeria cocoa belt
Journal: National Geographical Journal of India
Volume: 34
Issue: 2
Pages: 145-155
Keywords: road-networks; geographical-distribution; social-conditions; economic-conditions; models-
Nigeria, Ife
Abstract: One of the problems facing rural areas in Nigeria is that of transportation. The introduction of a cash crop economy (cacao) into the south-west region has led to the establishment of many settlements and a network of routes of varying qualities. To understand the current difficulties facing this area, this paper examines the relationship between the transport network and socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the region. Employing a regression model the total of roads and the total length of tarred roads are analysed with 5 socio-economic variables. The analysis shows that these variables have a varying degree of influence on the total length of tarred roads. While the spatial distribution in general is explained by the 5 independent variables, the distribution of tarred roads is influenced by purely economic factors. A rural transport policy programme is needed to improve the existing roads to enable the rural population to participate in the national economy.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pt. p. Jun, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1978
Author: Alpizar, L.; Fassbender, H. W.; Heuveldop, J.; Folster, H.; Enriquez, G.
Year: 1986
Title: Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica. 1. Inventory of organic matter and nutrients
Journal: Agroforestry Systems
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 175-189
Keywords: Intercropping-; Utilization-; Nitrogen-; Absorption-; Calcium-; Potassium-; Magnesium-; Phosphorus-; Nutrients-; Uptake-; Cropping-systems; Agroforestry-; Plant-nutrition; Cordia; P-; C-; K-; Ca Mg-; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Models-; Shade-trees; Nutrient-cycling
Costa-Rica
Abstract: Organic matter and nutrients were analysed in soil (clay loam), litter and plant parts (leaves, branches, trunks and roots). Models for organic matter and nutrient cycles in both shade systems are discussed. A considerable proportion of the elements retained in the branches and leaves of E. poeppigiana was returned to circulation by pruning. N, P and Ca accumulation in cocoa was similar in both systems but more K and Mg were accumulated under C. alliodora. In both systems elements were accumulated in cocoa in the descending order: N > Ca > K > Mg > P.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4261
Author: Alston, R. A.
Year: 1925
Title: Report on a visit to Jamaica, Costa Rica and Trinidad
Journal: Brit. Guiana. Bd. Agr. J.
Volume: 18
Pages: 2-19
Keywords: Regional
Costa-Rica
Abstract: Includes brief account of cacao cultivation in Costa RiCa by United Fruit Company.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2706
Author: Altman, D. R.; Chiaramonte, L. T.
Year: 1996
Title: Public perception of food allergy
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume: 97
Issue: 6
Pages: 1247-1251.
Keywords: milk-; chocolate-; shellfish-; fruit-; vegetables-; food-allergies; epidemiology-; self-perception
usa-
Abstract: This paper examined the American public's belief in food allergy by surveying a large, demographically balanced population. A simple question about food allergy was included in a broad, self-reported, consumer questionnaire, which was mailed to 5000 demographically representative American households in 1989, 1992 and 1993. The response rates were 79, 75 and 74%, respectively and of the responding households, 16.2, 16.6 and 13.9%, respectively, reported an average of 1.17 household members with food allergy. In general, individuals who reported that they were allergic to certain foods were more likely to be adult women. Male individuals with reported food allergy tended to be young, whereas no such skew was noted among female subjects. Differences in respect to geographical location were noted, with the highest rate of food allergy occurring in the Pacific region. The foods most frequently implicated in food allergy were milk and chocolate. The trends were consistent over the study period. It was concluded that perceived food allergy is widespread and persistent in the USA, however, this is not supported by actual prevalence data derived through the use of double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1097
Author: Alvares-Afonso, F. M.
Year: 1967
Title: Administarive problems related to replanting of cocoa
Journal: MS thesis, Turrialba, Costa Rica, IICA, 152p
Keywords: Rehabilitation;
America;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3389
Author: Alvarez-Aparicio, J. de
Year: 1943
Title: Absorption of gaseous desinfectants by cocoa beans
Journal: Spain. Dir. de Agr. de los Ter. Expah. del Golfo de Guinea. B. Agr. P.
Keywords: Storage; Fumigation; Quality; Residues; Biocides; Pesticides; Fumigants; Carbon-disulfide; Hydrocyanic-acid-gas; Sulfur-dioxide
Abstract: Effects of fumigation with carbon disulfide, hydrocyanic acid gas, and sulfur dioxide.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3124
Author: Alves, M. C.
Year: 1990
Title: The role of cocoa plantations in the conservation of the Atlantic forests of southern Bahia, Brazil
Journal: M. S. thesis. Univ. of Florida. Gainseville, Florida. 84p.
Keywords: Nature; Conservation; Biodiversity;
Brazil; Bahia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2315
Author: Alvim, P. de- T.
Year: 1956
Title: Factors that control flushing of cacao
Journal: Conferencia Interamericana de cacao 6a, Salvador, Bahia, Br
Pages: 117-125
Keywords: Flushing; Temperature; Sunshine; Temperature-range; Rainfall;
Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Forthnightly records were kept at La Lola, during three successive years, of the number of buds and flushes on 80 cacao trees, aged 37 years, five branches on each tree. The numerical results obtained, expressed as percentages of the total number of shoots under observation, were statistically compared with data for air temperature, rainfall and hours of sunshine. A highly significant degree of positive correlation (r= +0.468) was found to occur between leaf flushing and the magnitude of the daily range of air temperature four weeks before, that is, between temperature range and actual bud bursting. Ohter positive correlations wwre also established between leaf-flushing and hours of sunshine, and between leaf flushing and maximum air temperature, though the latter was not statistically significant.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bahia, Brasil, Instituto de Cacao de Bahia, 1957, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2336
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1956
Title: A simple method to describe
Journal: Turrialba: [s.n.]
Issue: 151
Pages: 193-195
Keywords: Climate; Description;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 p. - (Serie. Reimpresos del Instituto interamericano de ciencias agricolas, Turrialba, Costa Rica - Overdr.: Reunion del Comite tecnico interamericano de cacao, 6a, 20 a 27 de Mayo de 1956 Bahia, Brasil, blz


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2365
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1956
Title: Correlation between rainfall, temperature and yield in cacao
Journal: Bahia
Volume: 4
Keywords: Fluhing; Environment; Rainfall, Temperature; Production; yields; Yield-forecasting;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Repr.: Reuniao do Comite tecnico interamericano de cacau, 6o, Maio


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2259
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1960
Title: A simple method of conserving the germinating power of cacao seeds
Journal: East Malling: [s.n.]
Pages: 3857
Keywords: Viability; Storage; Seeds;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5 p. - (Query. Commonwealth bureau of horticulture and plantation crops


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1872
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1964
Title: Soil fertility survey of the cacao region of Bahia by means of microplot tests
Journal: 1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome
Volume: 64
Pages: 24
Keywords: Nutrition;
America; Brazil; Bahia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-11 Sept. Paper CA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2320
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1968
Journal: Itabuna: [s.n.]
Pages: 20
Keywords: Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
8 p. - (Comunicacao tecnica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 781
Author: Alvim, R.; Alvim, P. de T.; Lorenzi, R.; Saunders, P. F.
Year: 1974
Title: The possible role of abscisic acid and cytokinins in growth rhythms of Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 3-12.
Keywords: Plant-growth-regulators; Abscisic-acid; Cytokinins; Flushing; Flowering;
Brazil
Abstract: The possible relations between abscisic acid and cytokinins are described in some detail. In particular, the effect of soil moisture stress on ABA levels is discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 783
Author: Alvim, P. de T.; Machado, A. D.; Vello, F.
Year: 1974
Title: Physiological responses of cacao to environmental factors
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 3-25.
Keywords: Climate; Soils
Abstract: Effects of environmental factors on leaf water potential, growth rhythms, flowering, fruit setting, fruit development and seasonal changes in fruit load are discussed in the light of recent research in Brazil and elsewhere. Some plant factors, such as age and internal competition between fruits and flowers interact with environmental factors. Flushing and leaf abscission were found to be correlated with each other. Among environmental factors acting on flushing, moisture stress appeared to be the most critical one, both for bud break (flushing initiation) and leaf abscission. No support has been found for earlier theories according to which flushing would be controlled by changes in air temperature. Flowering seems to be controlled internally by competition with fruits (fruit load) and externally by a succession of dry-wet periods. Flowering is inhibited by extended dry periods as well as by excessive soil moisture.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1099
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1975
Title: A new dendrometer for monitoring cambium activity and changes in the internal water staus of the plant
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 25
Pages: 445-447
Keywords: Water-stress
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1883
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1975
Title: A graphic system for presentation of fertility of cocoa soils
Journal: Cocoa Growers' Bulletin. no.
Volume: 22
Pages: 25-28
Keywords: Soil-Fertility; Extension-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The characterization of low-, medium- and high-fertility Brazilian cacao soils is presented in diagrams.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Mar, table


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 815
Author: Alvim, R.; Alvim, P. de T.; Leite, R. M. de O.
Year: 1978
Title: Mechanical injury of wind to recently transplanted cacao seedlings as related to the shade problem
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 117-124.
Keywords: Climate; Wind; Wind-damage; Radiation; Shading
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The beneficial effect of shade in newly planted cacao was found to be due not only to reduced exposure to solar radiation but also to the prevention of mechanical injury.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 323
Author: Alvim, R.; Lima-Filho, J. M. P.; Afonso, C. A.
Year: 1981
Title: Viability of bare-root cacao transplanting
Journal: In Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: Propagation; Seedlings; transplanting;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: This paper describes findings which demonstrate the viability of bare-root transplanting of cacao (Theobroma cacao) separated from its ball of earth either by washing or direct extraction, using processes involving application of an antitranspirant (Mobileaf) to the foliage and previous reduction in the number of leaves. Mean survival rates of over 90% were obtained when a 10% Mobileaf emulsion was applied to the foliage and the transpiratory surface area reduced to a single pair of fully formed new leaves. Use of a substance (Agricol) recommended for its capacity to reduce water loss through the root system did not lower the mortality rate of the seedlings after transplanting. The possible economic benefits of the bare-root transplanting method are discussed. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 21-26, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 850
Author: Alvim, R.; Lima-Filho, J. M. P.; Afonso, C. A.
Year: 1982
Title: Possibility of transplanting cacao plants with bare roots
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-28.
Keywords: Propagation; Seedlings; transplanting;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Cacao seedlings were removed from their polyethylene containers and the roots were freed by either gently washing the soil loose or simply lifting the plants directly. Transpiration was controlled by application of an antitranspirant (Mobileaf) or leaf removal. Survival rates higher than 90% were obtained following transplant when the foliage was treated with a 10% emulsion of the antitranspirant or when only the two topmost fully matured leaves were left on the seedlings. A root-coating substance (Agricol) capable of reducing root moisture losses did not effectively increase survival rates of bare-root seedlings. Possible advantages of the bare-root technique are discussed. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2000
Author: Alvim, R.
Year: 1987
Title: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in agrosilvicultural systems
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Cultural-methods; Agroforestry-; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Development-; Shade-trees; Taungya-system;
Brazil
Abstract: Cocoa is normally cultivated in association with other species such as food crops and taller trees, which provide temporary and permanent shade, respectively, to protect the crop during its juvenile and productive phases. Several multiple land management systems have been used with cocoa as the primary crop. Except for a few cases, however, such systems have been empirically developed and some of the major advantages of agroforestry still remain poorly exploited in cocoa cultivation. The search for associated species capable of providing both adequate shade and valuable products to increase the farmer's income, for example, has been one of the most attractive ways of improving the economics of production. There exists an unlimited opportunity for innovative research in this field. This paper presents information on and proposals for the development of more efficient agroforestry or agrosilvicultural cropping systems for cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 3-14; 15 fig. London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2007
Author: Alvim, P. de T.
Year: 1987
Title: Relationship between climatic factors and cocoa yield
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Climate-; Requirements-; Flowers-; Development-; Temperature-; Drought-; Responses-; Conferences-; Growth-; Environment-; Water-stress; Brazil-; Soil-water-regimes
Brazil
Abstract: Cocoa is grown in the humid tropics where the climate shows relatively little variation throughout the year, especially in terms of temperature, solar radiation and day length. In the majority of producer regions the pluviometric regime is the factor showing the greatest degree of variation in a year and is the major influence on growth, flowering and distribution of harvests. In studies of annual yield distribution, it was found that seasonal variations in both rainfall and temperature influenced pod setting. In Bahia, where there is no clearly defined dry season, the relatively low temperatures during the months of June through August are responsible for the lack of a harvest during the period January to March, i.e. 7 months after the cool period (mean temperatures lower than 23C). Experimental data are presented showing that low temperatures have an inhibiting effect on cambium growth, which is linked to flowering, and that this is the reason for low yields 7 months later. In Rondonia and southern Para in the Amazon Region, where temperatures are higher, harvests are mainly influenced by rainfall distribution, and an interval of approximately 7 months was observed between cause and effect. A similar situation is found in Ghana and Nigeria. It is suggested that water deficit, especially when more pronounced, reduces pod setting by inhibiting flowering and by causing loss of young pods through physiological wilt.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 159-167; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 690
Author: Alvim, R.; Virgens, A. de- C.; Araujo, A. C.
Year: 1989
Title: Agrosilviculture as the science of earning money from the soil: anticipated recuperation and remuneration of capital in establishing perennial tree crops
Journal: Boletim Tecnico Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira
Issue: 161
Keywords: Intercropping-; Cropping-systems; Monoculture-; Broadleaves Agroforestry-; Economics
Brazil-;
Abstract: To reduce the period of economic immaturity in rubber, oil palm and cocoa plantations, each crop was interplanted in the following way: rubber with Pueraria phaseoloides, bananas or Euterpe oleracea; oil palm with Manihot esculenta, pineapples, Piper nigrum or Gliricidia sepium; and cocoa with bananas, Bactris gasipaes or P. nigrum. This method gave a more efficient use of the land compared with monoculture of each main crop.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
36p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5361
Author: Amarjit, Kaur
Year: 1993
Title: The origins of cocoa cultivation in Malaysia
Journal: Contribution to the conference of the history of cocoa held in London by SOAS and LSE
Keywords: History; distribution; production;
Malaysia; Asia; South-East-Asia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15-17 Sept


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 301
Author: Amefia, Y. K.; Brunel, J.; Delecolle, B.; Partiot, M.
Year: 1979
Title: (Swollen shoot disease: importance of host plants)
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: viral-diseases; swollen-shoot-virus; host-plants
Togo
Abstract: A comparative study of the flora associated with healthy and diseased cacao plantations is in progress. This should make it possible to identify those plants which are liable to harbour the virus and to be the source of the first foci of infection. A study carried out on Commelina, a plant difficult to eradicate, has led to planning a particular method of management of plantations. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 387-388


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1343
Author: Amefia, Y. K.; Cilas, C.; Djiekpor, E. K.; Partiot, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Study of enzyme polymorphism in cacao. 1. Establishing an extraction method and evidence of a locus coding for an esterase
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 89-94
Keywords: Plant-composition; Esterase; Genetics
Togo
Abstract: The material studied comprised 2056 hybrids from 175 crosses among 35 clones of the Upper Amazonian, Trinitario and Amelonado types. The enzymes were extracted from leaves aged 4-5 months. Electrophoresis revealed three esterase phenotypes characteristic of one gene coding for a dimeric enzyme with two independent alleles at a single locus, EST-A. The Upper Amazonian material was of one phenotype, designated A1A2, whereas Amelonado and Trinitario material of the SNK type had the phenotype designated A1A1; the clones ICS100 and ICS45, classified as Criollo, had the phenotype A1A2.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1346
Author: Amefia, Y. K.; Cilas, C.; Djiekpor, E. K.; Partiot, M.
Year: 1985
Title: Cocoa vegetative propagation. Note on a method of obtaining cuttings with orthotropic rooting
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ. 29
Pages: 83-88.
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation; Cuttings; Sources; Cultural-methods; Treatment; Growth-regulators; NAA; Responses; Exuberone; Rooting
Togo
Abstract: Seedling plants were bent to obtain orthotropic shoots from which cuttings were taken, dipped in NAA or Exuberone, and rooted in sawdust-filled plastic bags. The best results were obtained with cuttings from seedling plants grown under shade (compared with no shade) and NAA at 10-5 g/ml or Exuberone. Rooted cuttings showed good taproot development unlike rooted cuttings obtained from plagiotropic shoots. Bending plagiotropic rooted cuttings led to the formation of an orthotropic shoot at the base of the cutting. Plants obtained from orthotropic cuttings had a vertical habit and showed early crown formation.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1391
Author: Amefia, Y. K.; Adibolo, Y.; Cilas, C.
Year: 1988
Title: Use of electrophoretic profiles to develop a method of diagnosing swollen shoot of cocoa
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 32
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-10
Keywords: Diseases; Cacao-swollen-shoot-virus; Diagnosis-; Enzymes-; Techniques-; Viruses-; Unclassified-viruses
Togo
Abstract: Peroxidase activity increases in tissues infected by cacao swollen shoot virus, resulting in more intense bands for diseased plants. Polyphenol oxidase activity is also higher and an extra band is produced. As for malate dehydrogenase, the presence of the virus modifies the migration of the bands and thus the structures of the isoenzymes. These changes can be explained by the action of new genes which affect either the regulation of enzyme activity or the production of new enzymatic proteins.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4531
Author: Amin, I.; Jinap, Selamat; Jamilah, B.
Year: 1997
Title: Vicilin-class globulins and their degradation during cocoa fermentation
Journal: Food Chemistry
Volume: 59
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-5.
Keywords: cocoa-beans; composition-; globulins-; albumins-; proteolysis-; polypeptides-; fermentation-; proteins-; metabolism-;
Malaysia-
Abstract: Cocoa beans (cv. PBC 140, from Sabak Bernam, Selangor, Malasia) were fermented for 144 h using shallow wooden boxes at ambient temperature. They were turned manually every 48 h. Samples were taken from the fermentation boxes at the beginning and every 24 h for analysis. Two major polypeptides were detected: a storage protein and an albumin fraction. The storage protein comprised 2 vicilin fractions with MW of 47.1 and 39.2 kDa, and the albumin fraction had a MW of 21.1 kDa. The degradation of vicilin fractions during the course of fermentation was visually detected by SDS-PAGE. The albumin fraction was found to be the most resistant to proteolysis during fermentation. At the end of fermentation, the 39.2-kDa polypeptide was completely degraded but the 47.1-kDa polypeptide was still present in small amounts. The protein concentrations of 47.1- and 39.2-kDa polypeptides decreased from 1.74 to 0.03 Êg and from 0.93 to 0.02 Êg, respectively. The protein concentrations of 46- and 46.5-kDa polypeptides (which appeared after 96 and 144 h of fermentation) increased from 0.06 to 0.34 Êg and from 0.03 to 0.23 Êg, respectively. This could be due to degradation of the 47.1-kDa polypeptide.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5689
Author: Amoah, F. M.
Year: 1988
Title: Studies on the rapid propagation of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Index to Theses Accepted for Higher Degrees in the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland
Volume: 37
Issue: 1
Pages: 262
Keywords: England;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 578
Author: Amoah, J. E. K.
Year: 1995
Title: Cocoa Outline Series. 1. Development of consumption, commercial production and marketing
Journal: Jemre Enterprises Ltd. Accra North, Ghana. 114p.
Keywords: Botany; Culitvation; Marketing; Stock-market;
Ghana;
Abstract: This book is the first in the Cocoa Outline Series, it focuses on where cocoa came from, how it developed from a luxury to a mass consumption product and how it is commercially produced and marketed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2611
Author: Amoah, J. E. K.
Year: 1995
Title: Possible effects of increased concentration in cocoa trading and chocolate manufacturing activities on the world cocoa market
Journal: In: Eighth meeting of the advisory group on the world cocoa economy, 26th 30th June
Pages: 231-238
Keywords: cocoa-industry; production-structure; interest-groups; private-firms; international-trade; world-markets
Abstract: Recent concentration in cocoa trading and chocolate manufacturing activities is backed by economic reasons and profit motives. The cocoa consumption (in beans equivalent) of 5 multinational companies constituted about 50% of world grindings in 1990, and yet these companies showed further tendencies for acquiring other manufacturing companies and businesses. The implications of increased concentration in cocoa trading and chocolate manufacturing vary from being largely positive for manufacturers to adversely affecting the bargaining power of producers. In addition, recent changes in marketing structures in a number of producing countries have resulted in an unsustainable situation in terms of maintaining high quality standards and expertise in marketing. This situation was worsened by the improved bargaining position of major buyers overseas through mergers and take-overs. This produced "unfair bargaining" for sales of cocoa from a number of producing countries where several exporters of cocoa of the same origin competed among themselves and collectively were faced by a few large traders from importing countries. There is, therefore, a need to review the balance in the bargaining position of producing and consuming parties with any form of reorganization of market structures in both producing and consuming countries. From author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Yaounde. 1995, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5505
Author: Amoah, F. M.; Nuertey, B. N.; Baidooaddo, K.; Oseibonsu, K.; Asamoah, T. E. O.
Year: 1995
Title: Underplanting oil palm with cocoa in ghana
Journal: Agroforestry Systems
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 289-299
Keywords: Bunch-weight; Blackpod; Underplanting; Growth; Yield; Intercropping; Planting-density; agrosilvicultural-systems; agroforestry-systems; cultural-control; slashing-; NPK-fertilizers; plant-diseases; fungal-diseases; damage-; underplanting-; intercropping-; weed-control; yields-; spacing-; diseases-;
Ghana
Abstract: Mature oil palms at the Oil Palm Research Institute at Kusi, Ghana were underplanted with cocoa to study the feasibility of mixed cropping of the two crops under West African conditions. The oil palm trees used in this trial were planted in 1970 and had achieved maximum canopy formation. Three triangular spacings of the oil palms used were 8.7, 9.9 and 10.5 m. The cocoa was underplanted in June 1988 at a spacing of 2.4 m triangular using mixed hybrids. There were no significant differences in oil palm yield between plots with cocoa and the controls. There was no appreciable damage to the cocoa trees from falling palm fronds and fruits during harvesting or pruning. Cocoa seedling growth and yield were significantly better under the oil palm spaced at 9.9 or 10.5 m triangular than under oil palm spaced at 8.7 m triangular.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 577
Author: Amoah, J. E. K.
Year: 1996
Title: Cocoa Outline Series. 1. Marketing of Ghana cocoa 1885-1992
Journal: Jemre Enterprises Ltd. Accra North, Ghana. 208p.
Keywords: Marketing; Internal-marketing; Stock-market; Cocobod; Cadburry; Production; Trade;
Ghana;
Abstract: This book is the second in the Cocoa Outline Series and it provides basic information on the Ghana cocoa industry and describes how Ghana cocoa is marketed internationally.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4491
Author: Amoah, F. M.; Osei Bonsu, K.; Oppong, F. K.
Year: 1997
Title: Response of improved robusta coffee to location and management practices in Ghana
Journal: Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 103-111
Keywords: management-; shade-; spacing-; plant-density; shade-trees; irregular-bearing; planting-; shade-plants; shading-; techniques-; ;
Ghana-
Abstract: Studies were carried out at three locations in Ghana to investigate the effects of Glyricidia [Gliricidia] maculata shade intensity and of the spacing of coffee on the growth and yield of improved robusta coffee. The three locations selected fall within ecological zones which could be described as suitable, moderately and marginally suitable in terms of rainfall availability and soil conditions. The experimental design was a split plot with shade as the main plot and coffee spacing as the sub-plot. The four levels of shade were: no shade, and G. maculata at densities of 70, 90 and 185/ha corresponding to sparse, moderate and heavy shade conditions. The coffee spacings were 3 X 2 m, 3 X 2.2 m, 3.5 X 2 m and 3.5 X 2.5 m giving plant populations of 1670, 1520, 1430 and 1140 per hectare, respectively. There were no effects of shade or spacing on coffee seedling growth at all locations during establishment. Sparse shade gave higher yields in the suitable areas. Moderate shade was required for the moderately and marginally suitable areas. In general, closely spaced coffee gave higher yields than the widely spaced coffee in the suitable and moderately suitable areas whilst there was virtually no response to coffee spacing in the marginally suitable area. There were no interaction effects of shade and spacing on coffee growth or yield. Biennial alternation of coffee-bearing associated with seedling materials was observed in this study.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4536
Author: Amoah, F. M.; Fordham, R.
Year: 1997
Title: A new technique for raising young cocoa plants
Journal: Plantations
Volume: Recherche
Issue: Developpement, 4
Pages: 15-24.
Keywords: vegetative-propagation; cuttings-; nutrient-film-techniques; rooting-; bench-grafts; soilless-culture; systems-; growing-media;
Abstract: Details are presented of experiments using the nutrient film technique (NFT) to grow cocoa seedlings, root cuttings and establish bench grafts. Seedling growth was greater with NFT than when grown in compost, which caused leaf scorching. Rooting of cuttings was greater with NFT than under mist. Grafting success did not differ significantly between NFT and mist systems.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 154
Author: Amorim, S. M. C. de; Valle, R. R.
Year: 1993
Title: Absorption and water movement resistance in cocoa
Journal: Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira (Brazil)
Volume: 28
Issue: 8
Pages: 907-913; Aug, figs, summaries
Keywords: water-potential; transpiration-; photosynthesis-; soil-temperature
Brazil, Bahia
Abstract: The effects of root temperature on water movement resistance were studied in cocoa seedlings under greenhouse conditions in Bahia, Brazil, at root temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40degC. Observations were made of leaves covered with foil and black plastic bags, and of uncovered leaves. The leaves were located at the base, at the intermediate part, and at the apex of the stem. Measurements of water potential and its components, transpiration, photosynthesis, temperature, and stomatal conductance were done by psychrometry in the uncovered leaves adjacent to the covered leaves. The resistance to water movement did not depend on the position of the leaves on the stem, but depended on the transpirational flux. The water potential gradients across the plant varied at temperatures higher than 30degC. Gas exchanges at different root temperatures depended on the water status of the plant. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 289
Author: Ampofo, S. T.; Bonaparte, E. E. N. A.
Year: 1979
Title: Flushing, flowering and pod-setting of hybrid cocoa in a cocoa shade/spacing/cultivar experiment
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: Shade; Spacing; Varieties; Growth; Flushing; Flowering; Periodicity;
Ghana
Abstract: The cacao cultivar T85/799 x S84 tended to flush with a similar periodicity from year to year but the periods of flushing peaks differed slightly from year to year. Intensity of flushing also differed from year to year. There were generally five flushing peaks in a year. The pattern of pod-setting closely followed that of flower production. The effect of shade and spacing on the periodicity of flushing, flowering and pod-setting was negligible but the onset of flushing was delayed slightly by shade. Shading and close spacing suppressed both flowering and pod-setting.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 103-108, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3586
Author: Ampofo, S. T.
Year: 1990
Title: Farmer-extension linkages
Keywords: Extension;
Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 639
Author: Amson, F. W. van; Lems, G.
Year: 1963
Title: Effect of soil factors on pod yield in a clonal trial with cacao
Journal: Mededeling. Landbouwproefstation Suriname
Volume: 33
Keywords: Soil-characteristics; Interaction; Yields; Clones;
Surinam
Abstract: A trial to compare the performance of cuttings of 8 ICS cacao clones was established on a clay soil in the coastal strip of Surinam in 1955. The 1958-62 yield data indicated a marked inhomogeneity of the soil; detailed studies showed that pod yields per tree increased with the organic-matter content and were inversely related with the pH and the degree of base saturation of the soil. Relatively high yields were obtained where the pH was not higher than 4.5, while the top 20 cm of soil had to contain 4% or more of organic matter and less than 10 maeq./100 g dry soil of exchangeable bases. The highest yielding clone (ICS 95) proved to react much less to differences in soil properties than the second highest yielder (ICS 40).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
29p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3368
Author: Amuh, I. K. A.
Year: 1962
Title: The effect of methyl bromide on the fungi occurring on prepared cocoa beans
Journal: Publ. Ghana Agr. Prod. Marketing Board Insect Control Unit
Volume: 17
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: Storage; Moulds; Fumigation; Methyl-bromide;
Ghana
Abstract: Because pyrethrum and methyl bromide are the only chemicals allowed to be used for the disinfection of cocoa in Ghana, all fungicidal treatments being proscribed, the ettect of methyl bromide on external mould was investigated by exposing beans to concentrations of 16, 32 and 48 mg/1 for 24 hours and subsequently storing them at relative humidifies of 75, 80, 90 and 100%. Fumigation retarded the germination of mould spores to a degree increasing with the gas concentration. Mycelium appeared on untreated beans after 3 days' storage at a r.h. of 100 %, after 14 days at a r.h. of 75 %; treatment with the commercially used methyl bromide concentration of 16 mg/1 increased these times to 5 and 32 days, respectively. The viability of the spores was not affected.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 864
Author: Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1983
Title: Witches' broom disease of Theobroma cacao in Brazil. 1. Inoculation of ungerminated seeds
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 47-49.
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; seed-inoculation; screening-methods
Brazil; Para
Abstract: Ungerminated seeds of cacao, infiltrated under vacuum with a spore suspension of the witches' broom fungus Crinipellis perniciosa and then pre-germinated before planting, produced hypertrophied hypocotyls and developed hypertrophied axillary buds. This inoculation technique could be useful in mass-screening of individual plants for their reaction to infection by C. perniciosa. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 459
Author: Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions of isolates of Crinipellis perniciosa, causative agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Pages: 363-366
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Isolates; Biochemical-reactions; Virulence; Compatibility;
Brazil;
Abstract: Dry vegetative brooms were collected from commercial farms in 12 localities in Brazil and also from other hosts in the Amazon region. Basidiocarps produced by these brooms were used to form mycelial cultures for studies of growth-rates, compatibility studies and biochemical reactions. The isolates were classified into 4 groups: Group 1-Cocoal and Castanhal; Group 2-Ouro Preto D'Oeste and Jaru; Group 3-Cameta; and Group 4-the remainder. The isolates from other hosts showed different reactions when compared with isolates from cocoa with the exception of liana. Isolates from Theobroma grandiflorum and Solanacea rigosum were identical. Pathogenicity tests done by inoculating pre-germinated seeds were not conclusive but the isolate from Santarem (Group 4) was more virulent than Cameta (Group 3).
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1987


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2034
Author: Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1987
Title: Rain-water as a factor in the dissemination of basidiospores of Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer within cocoa trees
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Rain; Spore-dispersal; Witches-broom; Epidemiology
Brazil
Abstract: Wind has been considered to be the only means of dissemination of basidiospores of C. perniciosa. Highly infected progenies of the cross IMC67 X Catongo had a high inter-tree correlation (r=0.79) between the number of cushion infections and the dry vegetative brooms in the canopy. It was concluded that this relationship could have resulted from the dissemination of inoculum within trees by rain-water. Chambers made of an aluminium sheet were fitted around the trunks of cocoa trees with a large number of vegetative brooms and pre-germinated seeds of Catongo cocoa placed in the chambers. As a control other seeds were placed in the chambers on trunks of uninfected trees. During a 3-d period, the presence of basidiocarps was observed on the infected trees to ascertain the presence of inoculum. After this period the seeds were planted in plastic bags in the greenhouse. After 8 weeks symptoms of infection characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia were observed below the cotyledonary node. No infection was found in seeds which were located in trees free of sources of inoculum. This is the first report of the role of rain-water in the dissemination of basidiospores of C. perniciosa and its implication for control strategies is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1987, 367-369; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3871
Author: Andebrhan, T.; Furtek, D. B.
Year: 1994
Title: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Crinipellis perniciosa isolates from different hosts
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 43
Issue: 6
Pages: 1020-1027
Keywords: diseases; plant-pathogens; pathogenic-fungi; genetic-variation; molecular-genetics; RAPD; DNA; pathology; Breeding; Genetics;
Brazil-; Para-
Abstract: DNA sequence polymorphisms among isolates of C. perniciosa, causing witches' broom disease in several genera and species in the Sterculiaceae, Solanaceae and Bixaceae, were revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) banding patterns. Comparisons were made among isolates from Theobroma cacao (cocoa cvs SCA6 and SVB), T. grandiflorum, T. obovatum, T. subincanum, Herrania sp. (all collected near Belem, Brazil, at 3 plots within 2 km of each other), and Bixa orellana and Solanum rugosum (150 and 1440 km from Belem, respectively). Genetic similarities, as determined by Sorensen's coefficient (Scij; fraction of shared bands), ranged from 1.00 (T. cacao cv. SCA6 and T. grandiflorum) to 0.56 (S. rugosum and T. subincanum). Results indicated that proximity was more important than host species for determining the genetic relationships among isolates, that there were 2 independent sources of inoculum at the site near Belem and that the isolate from B. orellana was most closely related to the isolate from T. cacao cv. SVB. Comparisons were also made among multispore cultures from different basidiocarps on the same T. cacao SVB broom, as well as monospore cultures from the same S. rugosum basidiocarp. Banding patterns were similar among basidiocarps on the same broom, but differences were detected among monospore cultures from the same basidiocarp.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2739
Author: Andebrhan, T.; Hammerstone, J. F.; Romanczyk, L. J.; Furtek, D. B.
Year: 1995
Title: Sensitivity of Crinipellis perniciosa to procyanidins from Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 1995
Volume: 46
Issue: 5
Pages: 339-348.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom-disease; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Resistance; Polyphenols; Tannins; Germination; Variability;
Brazil
Abstract: Basidiospores from four geographic isolates of Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, the pathogen causing witches' broom disease in various members of the Sterculiaceae, Solanaceae and Bixaceae, were exposed to different concentrations of partially-purified oligomeric procyanidins (condensed tannins), (-)-epicatechin/(+)-catechin, and anthocyanins extracted from cocoa seeds. The effectiveness of the test compounds for inhibiting basidiospore germination and germ tube elongation was: a mixture of procyanidins with 5-8 monomeric units (n = 3-5) > a mixture of procyanidins with 3- 5 monomeric units (n = 3-5) > a mixture of the B2 dimer of (-)-epicatechin and the B5 dimer of (-)- epicatechin and (+)-catechin > (-)-epicatechin/(+)- catechin greater than or equal to anthocyanins. Sensitivity to test compounds also varied among isolates, and could be used as a criterion to distinguish the isolates. A total procyanidin fraction had little or no effect on the growth rates of dikaryotic (saprophytic) mycelial cultures.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2468
Author: Andersen, G.; Giesen, H.
Year: 1964
Journal: 3rd Edition. Halle: Condetta
Volume: 58
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3176
Author: Anderson, D. A.
Year: 1968
Title: A study of the carbohydrates of cocoa beans by gas chromatography
Journal: M.S. Thesis, Purdue university
Keywords: Reserves; Carbohydrates; Beans;
usa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1416
Author: Andoh, S. K.; Gately, D.
Year: 1989
Title: The US demand for cocoa: exploring the apparent insignificance of income growth
Journal: Applied Economics
Volume: 21
Issue: 11
Pages: 1421-1432.
Keywords: Demand-elasticities; Income; Trade;
usa
Abstract: In general per capita cocoa demand is highly correlated with per capita income, but in the USA the income elasticity of demand is either zero or negative. However, when the price of confectionery and the percentage of children in the population are taken into account, the estimated effects and statistical significance of income and cocoa price are consistent with expectations. These results are moderately encouraging for the growth of US cocoa demand. With modest income growth and constant real prices for cocoa and confectionery to the year 2000, total cocoa demand can be expected to grow by about 30%.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1312
Author: Andrade, F. M. de; Barroco, H. E.
Year: 1989
Title: Cacao/chocolate ratio of chocolate products exported from Brazil during the period 1970-1985
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 542-548.
Keywords: Product-properties; Chocolate-; Cocoa-solids;
Brazil
Abstract: The nature of Brazilian products exported as chocolate is discussed and the cacao/chocolate ratio is defined. The methodology employed for the different types of chocolate aggregation is a discussion of the nature and subsequent adoption of the conversion factors employed by the International Cocoa Organization. The data refer to the period 1970 to 1985. After a review of the literature dealing with chocolate and its classification (according to the Brazilian Commodities Nomenclature), only some of the products classified in this publication as chocolates were selected. With the subsequent application of the conversion factors a growing tendency of cacao utilization in chocolate manufacturing was observed. This has led to the conclusion that Brazilian policies on export incentives should take into acount the cacao/chocolate ratio in export products with a view to establishing objectives, together with a means of assuring the improvement of rules and standards in line with chocolate production laws. From authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5610
Author: Andrews, L.
Year: 1987
Title: The Cocoa Rehabilitation Project in Western Samoa: need for attention to social context and institutional incentives
Journal: Islands/Australia Working Paper Australian National University
Issue: 2
Keywords: cacao-; rehabilitation-; innovation-adoption; government-policy; production-function; socio-economic-factors; smallholders-
Pacific; Western-Samoa
Abstract: During 1983, cacao represented 15% of Samoa's exports. Exports of cacao have declined in the last 10 years, as has the quality of the cacao produced. Reasons for this decline include poor cultural practices; too little replanting and cultivation of low-yielding varieties. This paper analyses the incentives and disincentives for smallholders in adopting the recommended cacao variety Amelonado and improved cultivation methods. It is found that rates of return are virtually similar (17.9%/year) for both the high-input/high return management approach being promoted by the Rehabilitation Project and the low-input/low return approach which farmers seem to prefer. A Cocoa Suspensory Loan Scheme, utilizing aid funds, increases the rate of return for farmers from the high-input/high-return approach; but a series of social and economic factors are analysed which may justify the apparent preference for the low-input/low-return approach. From author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
50 p., figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 46
Author: Andry, N.
Year: 1713
Journal: Paris, J.B. Coignard
Volume: 2
Keywords: Medicine
France;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Vol


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4490
Author: Aneja, M.; Gianfagna, T.; Ng, E.
Year: 1996
Title: Abscisic acid metabolism and episodic growth in cocoa
Journal: Plant Growth Regulation
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 209-214
Keywords: growth-; plant-development; dormancy-; plant-growth-regulators; abscisic-acid; metabolism-; endogenous-growth-regulators; growth-inhibitors
Abstract: Abscisic acid (ABA) levels and metabolism were investigated in relation to shoot growth in greenhouse-grown cocoa cv. Amelonado trees (6-8 years old). ABA content was high (14 nmoles/g FW) in young flush leaves during shoot growth but gradually declined during the subsequent dormant period. ABA content was low (1-2 nmoles/g FW) in mature leaves when the terminal bud re-initiated growth. ABA-glucose ester (ABA-glu) content was low (3-4 nmoles/g FW) in the flush leaves during shoot growth and dormancy, but increased more than 7-fold in these same leaves during the next flush cycle. ABA-glu levels then dropped significantly during the dormant period. Radiolabelled-ABA was metabolized to 3 products in cocoa leaves: ABA-glu, phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acid. Catabolism of radiolabelled ABA was significantly greater in mature leaves during the dormant period when endogenous levels of ABA were high than during the period of active shoot growth when endogenous levels of ABA in mature leaves were low.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 45
Author: Anfossi, G. B.
Year: 1773
Title: The use and abuse of chocolate
Journal: Rovigo, G. Miazzi, 8e, 7&100p
Keywords: History
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 44
Author: Anfossi, G. B.
Year: 1779
Title: The use and abuse of chocolate
Journal: Apresso Francesco Locatelli, a S. Bartolomeo. con Licenza de' Superiori. 100p.
Keywords: History
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1389
Author: Ang, B. B.; Lim, T. K.; Tee, S. K.
Year: 1987
Title: A sudden dieback of cocoa caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae
Journal: Planter
Volume: 63
Issue: 735
Pages: 228-234.
Keywords: Botryodiplodia-theobromae; Environmental-factors; Diseases
Malaysia
Abstract: In early 1982 and mid-1985 a sudden dieback was observed on 8-yr old and 4-yr old polyclonal cocoa trees, respectively, in an inland estate in Selangor, Malaysia following a period of intense drought. Similar symptoms were observed on budgrafted polybag seedlings which were cut back too severely during the dry months. B. theobromae was pathogenic on the seedlings when they were stressed for a few days without watering prior to wound inoculation. The role of prevailing environmental factors on disease incidence and control measures is discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1281
Author: Ang Boon, Beng; Lim Tong, Kwee; Tee Swee, Kee
Year: 1987
Title: A sudden dieback of cocoa caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae
Journal: Planter
Volume: 63
Issue: 735
Pages: 228-234
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Botryodiplodia-theobromae; disease-diagnosis
Malaysia; Selangor
Abstract: In early 1982 and mid-1985, a sudden dieback was observed on 8-year-old and 4-year-old polyclonal cacao trees, respectively, in an inland estate in Selangor (Malaysia), following a period of intense drought. Similar dieback symptoms were observed on budgrafted polybags which were cut back too severely during the dry months. Isolations from disease tissues consistently yielded the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae. The fungus was pathogenic on budgrafted seedlings when the seedlings were stressed a few days without watering prior to wound inoculation. The role of prevailing environmental factors on disease incidence and control measures are also discussed. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2008
Author: Angkapradipta, P.; Warsito, T.; Nurdin, M. S.
Year: 1988
Title: Response of Upper Amazon Hybrid bulk cocoa to N, P and K fertilizers on latosol
Journal: Menara Perkebunan
Volume: 56
Issue: 1
Pages: 2-8
Keywords: Nutrition-; Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-
Indonesia;
Abstract: The experiment was conducted at the Sumurbarang division of Wangunreja Estate in West Java on an acid latosol which had a high total P2O5 content and a high clay content (72.3%). The trees (from an F2 Upper Amazon Hybrid population), which had a spacing of 2 X 4 m, were shaded by Leucaena L2 trees. The initial fertilizer application rates were 0, 35 or 70 g urea/tree, 0, 35 or 70 g triple super phosphate/tree and 0, 30 or 60 g KCl/tree; these were were supplemented with further NPK applications at three different rates every 6 months. Plant height, stem length and stem girth were measured, soil and leaf samples were analysed and pod yields were determined at periodic intervals. The results indicated that this population of Upper Amazon Hybrids responded well to N and P fertilizers, the second levels of both were adequate and are therefore recommended. K application could be delayed until the end of the 'immature' period providing the leaf K content is around 2%.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2522
Author: Angladette, A.
Year: 1954
Title: Agronomic research related ot cocoa in the overseas territotires
Journal: Agron. Trop.
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 391-393
Keywords: Research;
France;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3944
Author: Angoulvant, G.
Year: 1932
Title: Cocoa cultivation in Ivory Coast
Journal: Rev. Internatl. des Prod. Colon.
Volume: 7
Pages: 325-330
Keywords: Regional;
Ivory-Coast;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4430
Author: Aniah, E. J.; Ekpoh, I. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Population and agricultural intensification in the tropical high forest of Cross River State, Nigeria
Journal: Working Paper Cross River State Forestry Project
Issue: 14
Keywords: migration-; rural-rural-migration; rural-economy; deforestation-; family-planning; forest-management; conservation-; land-use; plantations-; population-pressure;
Nigeria-
Abstract: A report of studies made of migration, rural population growth and deforestation in three areas (Akamkpa, Boki and Ikom Local Government Areas) of Cross River State, SE Nigeria. Annual population growth is about 3.3%, and migration into the study area is mainly a rural-rural type, due to land availability, and employment on cocoa and oil palm plantations. Annual deforestation rate varies for the 3 areas between 2.32 km2 and 15.57 km2. Recommendations of the study include family planning and child spacing programmes, education for the rational use of forest resources, empowerment of local communities through alternative money generating enterprises, and coordination of the activities of all agencies (internal, external, international, NGOs, etc.) engaged in forest conservation and protection.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
131 pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5717
Author: Animkwapong, G. J.; Teklehaimanot, Z.
Year: 1995
Title: Reclamation of degraded cocoa lands using Albizia zygia
Journal: Land Degradation and Rehabilitation
Volume: 6
Issue: 2
Pages: 109-123
Keywords: Coppicing; Regrowth; Deforestation; Degraded-soils; Fallow; Land-reclamation; Regeneration; Secondary-forest; Succession; Rehabilitation; Land-use; Shade-trees; Leguminous-trees;
Ghana
Abstract: The structure of the population of Albizia zygia and the regeneration potential of the species from seed were studied in three site conditions (mature cocoa stand, fallow and intact natural forest) in the moist semi-deciduous forest zone in Ghana. The potential of the species to regenerate vegetatively was also assessed. Different population structures and different natural regeneration status were observed for each site. Regeneration from seed appeared to be of a little importance in the fallow site, whereas vegetative regeneration was found to be a major mechanism of secondary succession in abandoned cocoa farms. The population of Albizia zygia in the forest appeared to be stable, while in the mature cocoa fields it was in decline. Efficient seed pretreatment techniques and vegetative propagation methods using juvenile cuttings, which are useful for enhanced management of the species, are also presented. Management strategies using the species for the rehabilitation of degraded cocoa farms are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Jun )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3578
Author: Anioay, D.
Year: 1934
Title: Some preliminary studies on the propagation of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) by stem cuttings and by graftage
Journal: Philippine Agr
Volume: 22
Pages: 813
Keywords: Propagation; Vegetative; Cuttings; Grafting;
Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5254
Author: Anklam, E.; Simoneau, C.
Year: 1996
Title: Task force meeting on the analysis of vegetable fats in chocolate
Journal: Food Control
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Keywords: Fats; Cocoa-butter; Chocolate; Regulations
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Apr )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5255
Author: Anklam, E.; Lipp, M.; Wagner, B.
Year: 1996
Title: HPLC with light scatter detector and chemometric data evaluation for the analysis of cocoa butter and vegetable fats
Journal: Fett - Lipid
Volume: 98
Issue: 2
Pages: 55-59
Keywords: Analytical-methods; Calibration; HPLC; vegetable-fats; cocoa-products; analysis;
Italy
Abstract: High performance liquid chromatography equipped with an evaporative light scatter detector was carried out in order to proof the authenticity of cocoa butter. Signals of 17 characteristic triglycerides have been used to develop two chemometric models. PLS was applied for quantitation while neural nets were used for classification. The sample pool was divided in a training set of 18 and a prediction set of 14 samples. The samples included mixtures of several vegetable fats with cocoa butter. A 15x4x1 feed forward net could be trained and within the prediction set only 2 samples were not correctly assigned. A PLS model with 9 factors was applied and the mean prediction error was found to be 2.5%. The small number of samples was found to be sufficient to show the potential of this data evaluation. Results are expected to improve with a greater data pool.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3329
Author: Anklam, E.; Bassani, M. R.; Eiberger, T.; Kriebel, S.; Lipp, M.; Matissek, R.
Year: 1997
Title: Characterization of cocoa butters and other vegetable fats by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry
Journal: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Volume: 357
Issue: 7
Pages: 981-984
Keywords: CBR; CBE; CBS; Cocoa-butter; Methods;
Italy;
Abstract: Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry (Py-MS) was used for the discrimination of cocoa butters from other vegetable fats. Mass spectra ranging from 50 amu to 250 amu were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and with neural nets. The application of neural nets leads to a good discrimination between the two classes. Detailed analysis of the nets revealed that only the first 60 masses were used within the net. The use of PCA requires a careful selection of the number of masses included in the calculation. Canonical variance analysis was applied to determine the significant masses. Optimal performance of PCA was observed only using the first 22 significant masses. Most of these masses were different from the ones used by the neural net. It seems that the mass spectra obtained by Py-MS contain sufficient information for the discrimination of pure cocoa butter from other vegetable fats, but none of the methods seems to be able to extract all information available. Neural net provides a very robust method for this task and no prior data selection was necessary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2745
Author: Anoe
Year: 1903
Title: Pruning of cocoa
Journal: Cultuurgids
Volume: 5
Pages: 415-421
Keywords: Pruning
Asia; Indonesia;
Abstract: Gives the number of primary branches in Criollo and Djatti Roenggo hybrids.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/04


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3840
Author: Anon
Year: 1359
Title: The value of Java-cocoa for the cocoa industry
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 4
Pages: 1359-1360
Keywords: Indonesia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3823
Author: Anon
Year: 1411
Title: Transportation of cocoa plant material from Surinam to Java
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 10
Pages: 1411-1412
Keywords: Germplasm; Exchange; Distribution;
Indonesia; Surinam;
Abstract: Transportation of seedlings from Surinam to Java in Wardian cases.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4003
Author: Anon
Year: 1528
Title: Grading of commercial cocoa in the producing countries
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 64
Pages: 545-7
Keywords: Grading; Quality
Brazil; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: An outline of the criteria for grades of commercial cocoa, and of systems of marking cocoa bags according to grades, currently used in Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Ivory Coast, compared with uniform systems of grading proposed by the Cocoa Association of London and the FAO Cocoa Study Group.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 40
Author: Anon
Year: 1692
Journal: Paris
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 41
Author: Anon
Year: 1692
Journal: Paris
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 39
Author: Anon
Year: 1693
Journal: Paris
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 37
Author: Anon
Year: 1715
Journal: d.d.
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
25 VI. Paris, 4e, 8p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 38
Author: Anon
Year: 1715
Journal: Paris
Keywords: History; Legislation; Regulations
France
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 47
Author: Anon
Year: 1882
Title: Adultaration and fasification of food products and other important materials. Vol. 4. Coffee, Tea, chocolate, Pepper etc
Journal: Milano
Keywords: Adultaration; Quality;
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3587
Author: Anon
Year: 1931
Title: Guide to the Experimental Plantation, Serdang
Journal: STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Serdang
Volume: 141
Keywords: Research;
Malaysia; Serdang;
Abstract: Brief account of unsuccessful experimental plantings of cacao at Serdang in 1923 and 1927, p. 30-31.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3936
Author: Anon
Year: 1931
Title: Internation Colonial expo, 1931
Journal: Paris. Exposition Coloniale Internationale
Volume: 16
Keywords: Regional;
West-Africa;
Abstract: History and general information on cacao culture in French West Africa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
COMMISSARIAT DE L'AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE FRANCAISE. Le cacao. Rochefort-sur-mer, 1931. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4162
Author: Anon
Year: 1933
Title: The cacao coast of Bahia
Journal: Trop. Life
Volume: 29
Pages: 160-163
Keywords: Transport; Roads;
Brazil
Abstract: Brief descriptions of the principal cacao zones and transportation facilities.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4047
Author: Anon
Year: 1936
Title: Cocoa from Ecuador
Journal: Chacra 6(66):55-59
Volume: 64
Issue: 67
Pages: 82-85; (69):35-38,
Keywords: Regional
Ecuador
Abstract: Based on book, Cultivo del Cacao, by R. Vignes, published in Ecuador in 1931


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2212
Author: Anon
Year: 1937
Title: The cocoa industry of the Gold Coast
Journal: Geogr. Mag.
Volume: 5
Pages: 153-168
Keywords: Regional;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3666
Author: Anon
Year: 1939
Title: Annual report for 1938
Journal: Director of Agriculture Borneo
Volume: 16
Keywords: Research;
Abstract: Mentions existing and new plantings of cacao at Agricultural Experiment Station, Sandakan. Earlier reports are similar.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3828
Author: Anon
Year: 1939
Title: Semiannual report
Journal: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE. Semiannual report, January
Volume: 1
Issue: 30
Keywords: Research
Philippines;
Abstract: Earlier annual reports occasionally mention cacao; later reports not available.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
to Manila, 1939. 119 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3829
Author: Anon
Year: 1939
Title: The cacao industry in the Philippines
Journal: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE, Manila
Volume: 11
Keywords: Regional;
Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4067
Author: Anon
Year: 1939
Title: The cocoa industry in the nNorthern Cauca valley
Journal: Agricultura [Bogota]
Volume: 11
Pages: 628-633
Keywords: Regional;
Colombia
Abstract: Summary of descriptions of the various areas and of work accomplished under Government agronomists.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1496
Author: anon
Year: 1942
Title: Cocoa in Suriname
Journal: Bull. Dep. Landb. Proefst. No.
Volume: 57
Pages: 49-50
Keywords: Regional;
Suriname;
Abstract: Bried review of economic species in Suriname.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1493
Author: Anon
Year: 1945
Title: Cacao rehabilitation scheme of 1944
Journal: Proc. Agric. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago
Volume: 45
Pages: 37
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Subsidies;
Trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3910
Author: Anon
Year: 1946
Title: Discussion on cocoa-surveys and swollen shoot disease of cocoa at Aburi, 2nd. January, 1946
Journal: WEST AFRICAN CACAO RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Tafo
Volume: 11
Keywords: Swollen-shoot;
Ghana
Abstract: Statement of policy and -administrative measures to be taken.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4149
Author: Anon
Year: 1946
Title: Plan to expand cocoa production in Brazil
Journal: Braz. B.
Volume: 3
Issue: 50
Pages: 1-2.
Keywords: Expansion;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Program of Instituto do Cacau da Bahia.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 744
Author: Anon
Year: 1947
Title: Costa Rican cacao industry
Journal: Foreign Commerce weekly
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 17
Keywords: Export;
Abstract: Export from Costa Rica:
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3860
Author: Anon
Year: 1947
Title: Administrative report, 1947
Journal: CEYLON, DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Administrative report
Volume: 121
Keywords: Research;
Sri-Lanka;
Abstract: Report for 1946 includes brief notes on diseases of cacao, p. D8-Dg. Earlier reports occasionally mention cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Colombo, 1949. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3907
Author: Anon
Year: 1947
Title: Report on a visit to the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria and Southern Cameroons
Journal: WEST AFRICAN CACAO RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Tafo, Gold Coast
Volume: 14
Keywords: Country; Propects;
Nigeria;
Abstract: History of cultivation, the existing native industry, and possibilities for improvement.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1606
Author: Anon
Year: 1948
Title: Annual-reports
Journal: INSTITUT NATIONAL POUR L'ETUDE AGRONOMIQUE DU CONGO BELGE. Rapport annuel pour l'exercise
Volume: 290
Keywords: Research;
Zaire;
Abstract: Section on cacao (p. 99-101) reports work in selection, cultural methods, and supplying seed for planting. Earlier reports contain similar material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3908
Author: Anon
Year: 1948
Title: Annual report ... for the year 1948
Journal: NIGERIA. AGRICULTURAL DEPT. Annual report ... for the year
Volume: 75
Keywords: Research; Survey;
Nigeria;
Abstract: Includes brief reports of Nigerian Cocoa Survey (p. 33-37), and other administrative and experimental work dealing with cacao. 1947 report includes data on improvement of quality through grading. 1946 includes tables showing size of beans from 6 selected clones and seasonal variation in bean weight (p. 28). Earlier reports contain similar material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Lagos, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3928
Author: Anon
Year: 1948
Title: Year reports
Journal: Gold Coast. Dept. Of Agriculture
Keywords: Research; Production; Diseases; Rehabilitation; Inspection; Grading; Marketing.
Ghana;
Abstract: Includes reports on cacao production, disease control and rehabilitation, and inspection, grading, and marketing. Earlier reports contain similar material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3961
Author: Anon
Year: 1948
Title: Annual reports
Journal: ZANZIBAR PROTECTORATE. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Annual report
Volume: 51
Keywords: Regional;
Zanzibar
Abstract: Includes reports on condition of cacao plantings, experimental work, and distribution of seedlings. Earlier reports are similar.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Zanzibar. 1949. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4
Author: Anon
Year: 1949
Title: The classification of cacao research
Journal: Cacao Inform. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 26
Pages: 1-7
Keywords: Research; Research-classification;
Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Outline of cocoa research proposed by Inter-American Cacao Center.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 533
Author: Anon
Year: 1952
Title: Notes on cocoa cultivation
Journal: Cacao en Colombia
Volume: 1
Pages: 107-118
Keywords: Colombia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4812
Author: Anon
Year: 1963
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Nigeria Trade J.
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 69-73.
Keywords: Planted-area; Marketing;
Nigeria;
Abstract: Apart from a few young plantations totalling about 4,000 ha it is estimated that cacao is cultivated in Nigeria by more than 300,000 farmers in the Western Region, Eastern Region and part of the Northern Region, on small farms occupying some 240,000 ha. The cocoa produced by the farmers is bought by the Cocoa Marketing Board, which also supports the activities of the West African Cocoa Research Institute with regard to crop protection and breeding. Each season the Marketing Boards publish a list of licensed buying agents (in Western Nigeria also co-operative unions). The Boards indicate the official buying stations to which cocoa must be delivered for inspection and grading. Almost the whole of the cocoa crop passes through the port of Lagos, where the overseas sale is negotiated by the Nigerian Produce Marketing Company Ltd.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 105
Author: Anon
Year: 1964
Title: Rat control in cacao fields
Journal: Cacau Atualidades
Volume: 1
Issue: 6
Pages: 8-9
Keywords: Vertebrae-pests; Rats; Rat-control; Warfarin;
Brazil;
Abstract: Cocoa planters in the Brazilian State of Bahia are advised to control rats by the destruction of nests, the protection of snakes, and birds of prey, and the use of poisoned baits. Baits can be prepared from maize meal, rice plus 2% groundnut oil, or fruits, poisoned with one of the common rodenticides such as warfarin. About 20 bamboo joints provided with 200 g of bait, or 20-30 poisoned fruits are required per ha. A simple, effective bait may be prepared by sticking matches into bananas; after 24 hours the matches and a slice of the peel are removed, and the banana is tied in the fork of a cocoa tree.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 530
Author: Anon
Year: 1964
Title: Trinitario-Forastero hybrids the hope of cocoa production in Peru
Journal: In: Paper 1st Sess, Techn. Working Party on Cocoa Prod, Rome
Volume: 64
Issue: 15
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: Breeding-programs; Witches-broom;
Peru;
Abstract: Six hybrid cocoa progenies resulting from crosses between Trinitario and Upper Amazon clones were observed at Tingo Maria, Peru, during their first 4 years of life. They showed a high yielding capacity apparently due partly to hybrid vigour, a satisfactory bean size, and a high to fairly high resistance to whitches broom disease.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-11 Sept Working Paper (Ca) p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3994
Author: Anon
Year: 1964
Title: Estimates of the incidence of pod rot and of the profit resulting from its chemical control
Journal: Cacau Atualidades
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 2-3
Keywords: Diseases; Fungi; Phytophthora; Yield-losses; Economics;
Brazil;
Abstract: The proportion of cacao pods lost as a result of pod rot on 19 estates in the State of Bahia (Brazil) which sprayed their trees against the disease was 5.5 % whereas it was 14.3% on 19 comparable estates that did not spray. At the normal yield level the difference corresponds to 200 kg of commercial cocoa per ha, which fetches more than 3 times the cost of the 6 sprayings with a copper fungicide currently recommended for pod rot control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4051
Author: Anon
Year: 1968
Title: Planting 20,000 ha of cocoa in Uraba and Antiguo Caldas. An investment of 130 million pesos in 5 years
Journal: Arroz
Volume: 17
Issue: 180
Pages: 12
Keywords: Projects; Development; Planting;
Colombia;
Abstract: A cocoa development project is being planned for several regions in Colombia. The establishment of 20,000 ha of cocoa in Uraba and in the district of Antiguo Caldas is the first stage of this project. The main purpose is to provide employment and an improved living standard to farmers. Of the 130 million pesos to be invested within a period of 5 years, 20 million pesos will be used the first year for granting loans to the farmers who will cultivate the new lands.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4818
Author: Anon
Year: 1968
Title: Renewal has hardly started)
Journal: Coopercotia
Volume: 25
Issue: 226
Pages: 18-21
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Projects; Landownership;
Brazil; Bahia;
Abstract: About 60% of the cocoa plantations in the State of Bahia in Brazil are over 50 years of age. Mean yields per ha declined from 654 kg in 1939 to 315 kg nowadays. Absenteeism of landowners and traditionalism hampers technical improvements. An integrated programme of technical assistance and rural welfare was started some years ago. Plantations oldert han 40 years are uprooted and rejuvenated by planting new trees of better quality. Preference is given to a variety with white cotyledoned seeds, resistant to Phytophthora and yielding around 1,200 kg/ha on farm level. Scarcity of plant material has limited the rate of renovation. Within 5 years 50,000 ha will be replanted, representing 33 % of the total area required. Landownership, social conditions in rural areas, and the techniques of the renovation of the old cocoa plantations are briefly discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3843
Author: Anon
Year: 1983
Title: Ghana: The cocoa sector
Journal: Background paper No
Issue: 4702
Keywords: Regional; Structural-adjusment-programme;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1 of 4. Prepared for Ghana Policies and programme for adjustment Report, GH., World Bank, Washington D.C


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3983
Author: Anon
Year: 1997
Title: Roasting plant for coffee or e.g. cocoa beans, cereal or nuts minimises emissions and fuel consumption - by direct heat utilisation from roasting and cooling gases using modular concentric heat exchanger system around heater whilst removing odours e.g. catalytic oxidation and increasing quality (Ger)
Journal: Food Control (Elsevier)
Volume: 8
Issue: 3
Pages: 162.
Keywords: Roasting; Roaster; Efficiency; Emissions; Patent;
Germany;
Abstract: Full Title: Roasting plant for coffee or e.g. cocoa beans, cereal or nuts minimises emissions


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 719
Author: Anon
Year: 1998
Title: Trade-Cote D'IVOIRE: Bitter Taste of European Chocolates
Journal: Inter Press Service
Pages: SEP-98
Keywords: Socio-economics; Marketing; Prices; Quality; Liberalisation; SAP;
Ivory-Coast;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3303
Author: Anonnymous
Year: 1961
Title: The capsid control scheme
Journal: Ghana. Rep. Techn. Conf. Dir. Agr. Senior Officers Overseas Dep. Agr. and Agr. Inst. Wye College, Kent, Sept
Volume: 2
Pages: 69-73
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Chemical-control; mist-blowers;
Ghana;
Abstract: After swollen shoot disease, capsids are the most serious problem of cacao in Ghana. The development of the knapsack mistblower in 1954 opened new possibilities; promising results were obtained with gamma BHC. In 1956 a saturation spraying scheme was started on 37,000 ha of cacao with outstanding success. This led to the adoption of a mature cacao extension spraying scheme for 300,000 ha, which was completed in 1958, but which was afterwards extended to 400,000 ha. All this work was free of cost to the farmers. In 1959 a new capsid-control scheme became effective; it placed the responsibility on the farmer. An extensive advisory, distribution and maintenance organisation was created; in 1961 40,000 mistblowers, 27,000 hand sprayers and 2.7 million 1 of concentrated insecticides were sold. The important production increase of the last two years is credited to a large extent to the capsid-control scheme.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Misc. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3363
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1522
Title: Bags for cocoa beans
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 64
Pages: 319-2a
Keywords: Packaging; Jute-bags; Labelling;
Abstract: Most cocoa producing countries ship the beans in jute bags with an empty weight of 600 g. Sisal bags with a weight of 900-1,000 g. as used in some S. American countries, allow insufficiently dried beans to lose moisture during transportation, but are more prone to insect infestation. Whether plastic liners are advisable is still uncertain. The contents of a bag vary from 50 to 90 kg of beans according to the country of origin. Ghana, Nigeria, the Ivory Coast and Ecuador mark the bags according to the grade of cocoa; the meaning of the symbols and abbreviations used for this purpose is explained. Metal or plastic tags are undesirable because they may become mixed with the cocoa beans on opening the bags. The FAO Cocoa Study Group has recommended a standard weight of 50-kg beans per bag, and a uniform system of markings.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1543
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1925
Title: The West African cacao industry. How to make it a gilt-edged security
Journal: Trop. Life
Volume: 21
Pages: 99-101
Keywords: Fertilizers;
West-Africa;
Abstract: Need for fertilizers and for experiments on use of fertilizers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3748
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1929
Title: Cocoa; selection and use of heavy-bearing strains
Journal: Gt. Brit. Imp. Inst. B.
Volume: 27
Pages: 461-469
Keywords: Reviews;
Trinidad; indonesia; Ghana;
Abstract: Summary of literature reporting work in Trinidad, Java, and Gold Coast.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2914
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1930
Title: Culitvation of cocoa
Journal: Mongrapha elaborata pelo Servico de inspecao e Fomento Agricolas, Rio de Janeiro
Keywords: Cultivation; Cultivars; Cacao-commum; Cacao-de-Para; Cacao-de-maranao
Brazil
Abstract: Popular accoutn on the cultivation of cocoa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
50p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3386
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1930
Title: Research on infestation of stored products
Journal: Ann. Appl. Biol.
Volume: 17
Pages: 400-407
Keywords: Storage; Insects; Moulds;
Abstract: Proceedings of meeting of Association of Economic Biologists, 22, 1929, dealing chiefly with storage problems of cacao beans.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3403
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1930
Title: Instructions for making a three-section fermenting box
Journal: VENEZUELA. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA. OFICINA DE DIVULGACION. Caracas?
Keywords: Fermentation;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
193-? 4 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1557
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1932
Title: Ferilizers for cocoa
Journal: Off. Internatl. des Fabric. de Choc. et de Cacao. B. Off.
Volume: 2
Pages: 385-393
Keywords: Fertilizers;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3387
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1938
Title: Neem leaves as insecticide
Journal: Gold Coast Farmer
Volume: 6
Pages: 190
Keywords: Storage; Packing; Insect-control;
Ghana;
Abstract: For use in packing cacao beans.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1563
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1939
Title: Tafo station soils
Journal: Gold Coast Farmer
Volume: 8
Pages: 105-106
Keywords: Soil-survey;
Tafo;
Abstract: Table II gives analysis figures for a number of surface samples; Table III refers to samples from a profile pit.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3148
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1939
Title: Insects infesting cacao beans, including their life history and methods of control. References covering the period 1930-1938
Journal: Sci. Mus., London, Sci. Libr. Bibliog. Ser.
Volume: 494
Issue: 5
Keywords: Bibliography; Insect-pests; Whare-house-pests; Storage-pests;
England
Abstract: Covers chiefly storage insects.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3789
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1940
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Landbouw
Volume: 16
Pages: 763-764
Keywords: Propagation; Seedlings;
Indonesia;
Abstract: Raising cacao seedlings.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3799
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1944
Title: Importance of Ampola for cocoa
Journal: Dominican Repub. Sec. de Estado de Agr. y Riego. Rev. de Agr
Volume: 35
Pages: 178
Keywords: Shade; Shade-trees
Dominican-Republic;
Abstract: Erythrina micropteryx as shade for cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3794
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1945
Title: New tree for shade of cacao
Journal: Agr. in the Americas
Volume: 5
Pages: 117
Keywords: Shade-tree; Clitoria-racemosa;
Brazil;
Abstract: Clitoria recemosa is a quick growing tree, with a well spread canopy, possibly a source for edible vegetable oil. According to a ref in Trop. Agr. (Trinidad), 1946, 23:35 was the introduction of this species recommended by the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3003
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1947
Title: References on cacao
Journal: Inetr American Inst. of Agric. Sci. Orton Memorial Library. References on cacao. Turrialba, Costa Rica
Volume: 15
Keywords: Bibliography;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3410
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1947
Title: The preparation and quality of cocoa
Journal: In Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance. Report of the Cocoa Conference
Keywords: Fermentation; Drying; quality
Abstract: Recommendations for West African, West Indian, and Criollo beans.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. 62-63. London, 1949


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3426
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1947
Title: The fermentation of small samples
Journal: In Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance. Report of the Cocoa Conference
Pages: 59-62
Keywords: Fermentation; Samples;
Ghana;
Abstract: Suggests standard procedure for preparing small samples of beans, in connection with evaluating flavor and quality of new clones.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3394
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1948
Title: Literature survey on cacao curing
Journal: Cacao Inform. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 10
Pages: 1-2
Keywords: Review; Fermentation; Drying; Microbiology; Biochemisstry;
Abstract: Consists of summary and conclusions from a report on the curing of cacao issued by the Research and Development Department of General Foods Corporation (Pt. 29 Chemistry of cacao and related problems), with interpretive comments.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3274
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1949
Title: Notes on cacao virus disease in Trinidad
Journal: Agr. Soc. Trinidad & Tobago. Proc.
Volume: 49
Pages: 64-65
Keywords: Virus-diseases;
Trinidad;
Abstract: Includes plans for study of effect of virus infection on yield and for isolation of infected areas.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3787
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1949
Title: Raising of cocoa seedlings
Journal: Landbouw
Volume: 21
Pages: 67-68
Keywords: Propagation;
Abstract: Cultural directions for cacao seedlings.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3359
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1962
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Mem. Gerente Gen. Banco Centr. Ecuador
Pages: 20-36
Keywords: Production; Consumption; Exports; Trade; Prices; Cocoa-agreement;
Ecuador
Abstract: Review of the production, consumption. exports. trade, prices, and perspectives of cocoa in Ecuador. A domestic cocoa-processing industry has been developed, enabling the country to start exporting cocoa products instead of importing them. The world position of cocoa is surveyed, indicating a balanced situation between production and consumption. The position of Ecuador in the planned International Cocoa Agreement is also dealt with.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3306
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1964
Title: Cacao planting material in Trinidad
Journal: J. Agr. Soc. Trinidad Tobago
Volume: 64
Issue: 1
Pages: 119-124
Keywords: Planting-material; Precocity; Yields;
Trinidad;
Abstract: A report on a visit to 2 cacao estates in Trinidad, presenting yield data from trials with Upper Amazon x ICS clones and seedling progenies of crosses between these hybrid clones, established on several estates. In a trial on the Poole Syndicate plantations, the best hybrid clone yielded 3.27 kg of dry cocoa per tree at the age of 5 years; in a collection of 100 clones on San Leon Grande Estate, the best clone yielded 2.84 kg per tree at the same age. Most hybrid clones start bearing at a much lower age than the old ICS clones; they are completely or almost completely resistant to witches' broom. The average yield of the seedling progenies on 4 estates was markedly lower than of the clones; the best clones considerably outyielded the best seedling progenies. Several estates now spray their trees with a mixture of copper, urea and an insecticide 4-6 times a year, this treatment in one case increased the yield of clone ICS 1 from 450 to 670-780 kg per ha.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p.155, 117


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 970
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1969
Title: Study-days on the cocoa mirids in West Africa, Yaounde, 16-19 Aorocniaolz
Journal: Cafe Cacao The
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 201-205
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3531
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1971
Title: Recommended methods for the detection and measurement of resistance of agricultural pests to pesticides. Tentative method for nymphs of cocoa mirids (Distantiella theobroma Dist. and Sahlbergella singularis Hagl)
Journal: FAO Plant Prot. Bull.
Volume: 19
Issue: 3
Pages: 62-65
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Distantiella-theobroma; Sahlbergella-singularis;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3530
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1977
Title: Capsids threaten world cocoa production [Distantiella theobroma, Sahlbergella singularis]
Journal: Chemagro Cour
Volume: 2
Pages: 24-25
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Distantiella-theobroma; Sahlbergella-singularis;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2977
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1989
Title: This land is my land
Journal: Spore
Volume: 21
Pages: 5
Keywords: Agricultural-development; Land-tenure; land-ownership; land-reform; crop-diversification; integrated-approach; development-strategy
West-Indies; Dominica; Grenada;
Abstract: Ownership of land can be a powerful incentive to increase agricultural production. In the majority of Caribbean countries, widespread land ownership is very recent but, in countries where land reform has begun, the benefits are argued to be evident. The effects of land distribution, supported by other services such as credit, technical advice, etc., in Grenada and Dominica are reviewed. In Grenada, former banana, cacao and nutmeg estates were divided and given to young settlers. They were encouraged to continue growing the plantation crops but also to diversify and produce for home consumption and the local market. In Dominica, the main plantation crops were bananas and limes. Here, too, farmers have diversified into vegetables, fruit trees and flowers. In both countries, land distribution has had positive results. The fact that an integrated approach was used is argued to have been decisive.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3012
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1998
Title: Chocolate lovers could save rain forest
Journal: http://www.enn.com/enn news archive
Volume: 06
Issue: 060498
Keywords: Conservation; Atlantic-rainforest; Biodiversity;
Brazil; Bahia;
Abstract: By leaving the original forest canopy intact to shade the cacao trees, the "cabruca" preserves plant diversity.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
/cacao.asp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3177
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1998
Title: Development of cocoa in Vietnam, new project aims to control cocoa supply
Journal: Sweet Journal
Volume: 6
Pages: 6
Keywords: Projects;
Vietnam;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1104
Author: Anselmi, J. A.; Nam, L. S.; Hain, M. C.
Year: 1974
Title: The barico cocoa dryer
Journal: Planter
Volume: 50
Issue: 578
Pages: 144-151
Keywords: Drying; Dryers;
Malaysia; Sabah
Abstract: Description of a low capital cost and low labour cost cocoa dryer used at an estate in Malaysia. The barico dryer is built entirely of local materials. A costs calculation is presented of processing with the dryer working at full capacity. However, the system is flexible and will cope with a wide range of daily intakes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 43
Author: Anstie, F. E.
Year: 1864
Title: Stimulants and narcotics their mutual relations
Journal: london, Macmillan & Co., 8e, 23+489p
Keywords: Drugs; Medicine;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2587
Author: Anten, N. P. R.; Gerritsma, W.; Wessel, M.
Year: 1993
Title: Modelling as a tool for cocoa research, preliminary results
Journal: Proceedings 11th Int. Cocoa Res. Conf.
Pages: 709-714
Keywords: Netherlands;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-24 Jul. Yamoussoukro, CÙte d'Ivoire, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5291
Author: Antheaume, B.
Year: 1985
Title: Complementarity and conflicts. Relations between grazers and agriculturists on the Akposso plateau (west central Togo)
Journal: Cahiers-ORSTOM.-Serie-Sciences-Humaines (France).
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 433-449.
Keywords: Agricultural-history; socio-economic-factors; migrant-farmers; labour
Togo


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5526
Author: Antongiovanni, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Estimates of energy and nitrogen requirements of Appenninica lambs by means of the comparative slaughter technique
Journal: Small Ruminant Research
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 237-241
Keywords: energy-retention; nitrogen-retention; energy-requirements; protein-requirement; estimation-; sheep-
Abstract: Total body energy and nitrogen retentions were measured in experiments with 108 growing Appenninica ram lambs kept indoors in individual pens and freely fed on 36 pelleted complete diets ( based on lucerne hay, wheat straw, maize gluten feed, cocoa husks or ammonia-treated straw), with 3 replicates per diet. From 50 to 100 days old, lambs were given dietary nitrogen increasing from 17 to 43 g/kg DM. Energy retention (ER) and N retention (NR) were estimated by the comparative slaughter technique and scaled to the metabolic liveweight (kg0.75). Individual DM intakes were recorded daily. Linear regression equations between daily ER (kJ/kg0.75) or daily NR (mg/kg0.75) mean values and average daily weight gains (BWG g/day) were calculated: ER = 1.255 BWG - 9.186, r=0.93, rsd=36.548; NR = 2.109 BWG + 113.208, r=0.95, rsd=52.499. The equations were used for estimating energy and N requirements of lambs, expressed as daily retainable energy (RE kJ/kg0.75) and daily retainable N (RN, mg/kg0.75). Energy and N contents of diets were expressed in the same units: kJ of RE per kg DM or mg of RN per kg DM, according to performance obtained. It is suggested that the ratio between RE and RN can be a suitable indicator of the diet balance in terms of energy:N ratio.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1651
Author: Anuar, A. R.; Yaacob, O.; Pushparajah, E.
Year: 1994
Title: Management of nutrients and residues in perennial tree crop systems of Malaysia
Journal: Lefroy RDB
Pages: 56
Keywords: legumes-; soil-fertility; management-; cover-crops; fertilizers-; agricultural-wastes; Agroforestry;
Malaysia-; Peninsular-Malaysia
Abstract: Legume cover crops have long been an important part of soil management for plantation crops (rubber, oil palm and cocoa) in Peninsular Malaysia. Initially, they were used to provide effective cover against soil erosion in newly planted or replanted crops on steep terrain, and later to supply additional N. The non-shade cover crops can contribute about 226 to 353 kg/ha over a period of 5 years, while for shade tolerant crops it can be as high as 694 kg/ha from the third to the eighth year of growth. The recycling of agro-wastes from plantation crop processing in perennial plantations has proven to be so beneficial that almost all the wastes from oil palm, rubber and cocoa are utilized. Together with the use of inorganic fertilizers where necessary, the use of agricultural wastes has enabled the plantation sector to be more profitable, competitive, able to prevent pollution, and above all make the industry environmentally friendly and sustainable.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
24-26 August 1995, 56-62; ACIAR Proceedings


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4864
Author: Anwar, S.; Hutomo, T.
Year: 1982
Title: Effects of air drying and storage on the germination and growth of cocoa seeds
Journal: Buletin Balai Penelitian Perkebunan Medan
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 89-98
Keywords: Seeds-; Storage-; Humidity-; Germination-
Indonesia;
Abstract: Cocoa seeds were air-dried for 0-72 h and kept in charcoal for 0-6 weeks. Air drying reduced the numbers of seeds that germinated prematurely during storage, but seed viability declined as the air-drying and storage periods increased.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4, 64, 11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2082
Author: Anwar, S.; Hutomo, T.
Year: 1988
Title: The effects of pruning and manuring on cocoa yield
Journal: Buletin Perkebunan
Volume: 19
Issue: 1
Pages: 15-20
Keywords: Pruning-; Systems Assessment-; Manures-
Indonesia;
Abstract: Seven-year-old trees, pruned 2 (Mar. and Sep)., 3 (Mar., July and Nov.) or 4 (Mar., July, Sep. and Dec.) times per year, were manured 2 (Apr. and Aug.) or 3 (Apr., Aug. and Dec.) times per year. Five-year (1983-87) data (with English headings) are tabulated on dried bean and pod yields. No appreciable differences between the treatments were observed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 441
Author: Anwar, S.; Lubis, S.; Napitupulu, L. A.
Year: 1990
Title: Intercropping of cacao and coconut
Journal: Buletin Perkebunan
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Pages: 159-174
Keywords: Intercropping;
Indonesia
Abstract: Intercropping of cacao and coconut in Indonesia is reviewed. Coconut provides shade during all seasons, can withstand strong wind, provides a crop of its own and is the host of the ant Dolichoderus thoracicus, a natural enemy of the insect pest Helopeltis sp. In order to obtain the optimum production of cacao and coconut planting density and other cultural practices should be adapted.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1678
Author: Anwar, N.
Year: 1992
Title: Correlation between soil boron extraction methods and cocoa leaf boron content
Journal: Buletin Perkebunan
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-26
Keywords: Boron-; soil-; determination-; extractants-; comparisons-; leaves-; Leaf-analysis;
Indonesia;
Abstract: The hot water method extracted the most boron from soil. Correlation coefficients between quantities extracted by hot water, CaCl2 and the Morgan-Wolf methods and the leaf boron content were 0.9961, 0.9211 and 0.8472, resp. The hot water method was also the cheapest and most rapid.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3865
Author: Anyane, S. L.
Year: 1962
Title: Agriculture in the economy
Journal: In: J.B. Wills
Keywords: PLanted-area
Ghana
Abstract: Indicated that the acreage under cocoa in 1903 was about 80,000 ha.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4715
Author: Aoyama, T.; Fukui, K.; Taniguchi, K.; Nagaoka, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Hashimoto, Y.
Year: 1995
Title: Effect of dietary calcium on the absorption of triglycerides esterified at 1,2 and 1,3 positions of glycerol with long chain saturated fatty acids in rats
Journal: Nutrition Research
Volume: 15
Issue: 7
Pages: 1005-1018
Keywords: minerals-; saturated-fatty-acids; glycerol-; long-chain-fatty-acids; triacylglycerols-; absorption-; calcium-; supplements-
Abstract: The effect of dietary calcium on the absorption of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol (POP), 1(3),2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl glycerol (PPO), cocoa butter (CB) which contained 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl glycerol (POS) as major triglycerides, chocolate (Choco) made from cocoa butter and maize oil was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing 10% of one of the above lipids for 7 days. The apparent absorption efficiency of nutrients, especially fat, were lower in rats fed on CB+Ca or POP+Ca diet than those fed on CB or PPO+Ca diet. The low apparent absorption efficiency of fat was due to the low absorption efficiency of palmitic and stearic acids. Absorbed fat energy was 10% lower in CB+Ca diet group than in the CB diet group, and was 18% lower in Choco+Ca diet group than in the maize oil diet group. Although the apparent absorption efficiency of energy was lower in the Choco diet group than in the maize oil diet group, the apparent absorption efficiency of palmitic and stearic acids in Choco were larger than those in cocoa butter even when Ca was fortified. The apparent absorption efficiency of Ca were lower in rats fed on Ca-fortified diets than in Ca-non-fortified groups; however, absolute amounts of absorbed Ca were not different among all the groups. The present results suggest that Ca fortification decreased the apparent absorption efficiency of fat with long chain saturated fatty acids, particularly at 1,3 positions of glyceride, and the apparent absorption efficiency of saturated fatty acids in foodstuff such as chocolate were also decreased by Ca fortification.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5079
Author: Apgar, J. L.; Shively, C. A.; Tarka, S. M., Jr.
Year: 1987
Title: Digestibility of cocoa butter and corn oil and their influence on fatty acid distribution in rats
Journal: Journal of Nutrition
Volume: 117
Issue: 4
Pages: 660-665
Keywords: Cocoa-butter; Digestibility-; Rats-; Maize-oil; Fatty-acids; Tissues-; Diets-
Abstract: The comparative bioavailability of cocoa butter (a predominantly saturated fat) and maize oil (a predominantly unsaturated fat) was estimated in male Sprague-Dawley rats by analysis of total faecal lipids after feeding to appetite for 2 weeks on purified diets containing 5, 10 or 20% cocoa butter or maize oil. Faecal lipid elimination was significantly increased in each cocoa butter group when compared with the corresponding maize oil group, resulting in lower digestibility coefficients for cocoa butter (59 to 72%) than for maize oil (93 to 97%). Body weight gain and food intake were similar among all treatment groups. Faecal fatty acid profiles in rats fed on maize oil diets consisted primarily of 27 to 34% palmitic acid, 22 to 32% stearic acid and 25 to 37% oleic acid. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were also the primary fatty acids stored in epididymal fat tissue from maize oil-fed rats. In contrast, faecal fatty acids in rats fed on cocoa butter diets consisted of 31 to 37% palmitic acid and 58 to 64% stearic acid; oleic acid was the major fatty acid stored in epididymal fat tissue. The results indicate that the decreased digestibility of cocoa butter is largely a result of its fatty acid composition. This reduced bioavailability of cocoa butter may be at least partly responsible for its previously described neutral effect on serum cholesterol.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1886
Author: Appiah, M. R.
Year: 1975
Title: Organic phosphorus and phosphatase activity in cocoa soils of Ghana
Journal: Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 45-50.
Keywords: Fertility; Soil-Biology; Phosphorus;
Ghana
Abstract: Organic P and phosphatase activity of soils cropped to cocoa and of adjacent soils under bush fallow were determined. The cocoa cultivated soils generally had lower organic P content than their adjacent uncropped soils. The average phosphatase activities were 449 microg phenol/g soil, range (198-954), and 526 microg phenol/g soil, range (279-972), for the cocoa and uncultivated soils, respectively. Phosphatase activity correlated significantly with organic C, total N and organic P in the bush samples but not in the cocoa soils. The phosphatase activity assumed to be of microbial origin, decreased substantially with increasing incubation temperature with activity ceasing at 100oC. The larger proportion of activity detected was attributed to acid and neutral phosphatases in most of the samples. Alkaline phosphatases were dominant in Okroase soil.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1897
Author: Appiah, M. R.
Year: 1975
Title: Note on the determination of organic phosphorus in some cocoa cultivated soils of Ghana
Journal: Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 159-162.
Keywords: Soil-Chemistry; Analytical-Chemistry; phosphorus;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Results of the 'ignition' and 'extraction' methods for estimating organic P in cacao growing soils of Ghana are reported for 20 soil samples. There were no significant differences between the ignition methods and the extraction methods using HCl/NaOH as extractants. Na2EDTA/NaOH extraction method gave the lowest values for almost all the samples. The ignition method at 550 degC is selected for routine analysis of cacao growing soils.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 398
Author: Appiah, V.; Odamtten, G. T.; Langerak, D. I.
Year: 1981
Title: Studies on the possibility of using a combination of moist heat and radiation to control mouldiness in dried cocoa beans
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Pages: 769-776
Keywords: storage-diseases; Aspergillus-flavus; disease-control; heat-treatment; irradiated-foods; Irradiation;
Netherlands
Abstract: Dried cacao beans inoculated with A. flavus were treated with a combination of moist heat applied at 80 degC and low or high humidity in a specially designed heat treatment chamber for 30 min, followed by gamma irradiation. Conclusions are that moist heat, 80 degC applied for 30 min under high humidity (>85% RH) conditions was better than the same treatment under low humidity (<40% RH) conditions. The combination of heating at 80% degC for 30 min under high humidity conditions prior to gamma irradiation with 4.0 kGy gave the most effective control of A. flavus. This combination can therefore be used to prevent mouldiness of cacao beans but the effectiveness of this treatment is augmented by good storage management practices. For effective control the beans have to be stored after the prescribed treatment at less than 80% relative humidity.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 399
Author: Appiah, V.; Odamtten, G. T.; Langerak, D. I.
Year: 1981
Title: The evaluation of some quality parameters of cocoa after the combination treatment of heat and radiation
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: processing-quality; Sensory-properties; heat-treatment; irradiated-foods;
Netherlands
Abstract: Healthy dried cacao beans were heated at 80 degC in a specially designed heat treatment chamber at either low (<40%) or high humidity (>85%) for 30 minutes followed by gamma irradiation with 4.0 kGy. The solidifying curves of the cocoa butter from the treated beans were compared to the control. The combination treatment did not cause any change in the quality of the cocoa butter from the beans. The combination treatment of heat applied for 30 minutes at 80 degC high humidity prior to gamma radiation with 4.0 kGy has been found to control mouldiness in cacao beans and since the perscribed treatment has no adverse effect on the quality of the beans, this method, of preservation can be applied to cacao beans and they will still remain acceptable to the consumer.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 777-781, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1984
Author: Appiah, M. R.; Halm, B. J.; Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1985
Title: Phosphatase activity of soil as affected by cocoa pod ash
Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 1985
Volume: 17
Issue: 6
Pages: 823-826.
Keywords: Enzymes-; Phosphatases-; Potassium-bicarbonate; Cocoa-soils; Cocoa-pod-ash; Amendments-; Soil-types-cultural
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The effects of cocoa pod ash and KHCO3 on phosphatase activity of some cocoa soils of Ghana were investigated. Phosphatase activity of control soils generally decreased with increased duration of incubation. Higher rates of the ash application, regardless of incubation time, resulted in a lower phosphatase activity than the control. This inhibition, among other factors, may be due to the presence of high available P and certain cations such as Mn and Zn. The KHCO3 increased the activity of the phosphatase in all soils when compared with the control.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2012
Author: Appiah, M. R.; Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1989
Title: Arylsulphatase activity of different latosol soils of Ghana cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora var. robusta)
Journal: Biology and Fertility of Soils
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 186-190
Keywords: Enzymes-; Arylsulfatase-; Soil-; Chemical-properties; Cocoa-soils; Coffee-soils; Soil-chemistry; Soil-types-cultural; Sample-processing; Preheating-;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: A study was undertaken to investigate arylsulfatase activity in 15 soils cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora var. robusta) in Ghana. The arylsulfatase activity was correlated positively and significantly with organic C, total N, and cation exchange capacity, and correlated negatively with acetate soluble sulfate. The enzyme was deactivated at an incubation temperature of over 60C. Preheating and oven-drying of soils decreased arylsulfatase activity. Addition of 1.0 ml toluene during the assay resulted in a sharp decline in arylsulfatase activity. The addition of trace elements at a concentration of 1 ppm caused a reduction in soil arylsulfatase activity compared with that of the untreated samples.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1 fig., 3 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2017
Author: Appiah, M. R.; Ahenkorah, Y.
Year: 1989
Title: Determination of available sulphate in some soils of Ghana using five extraction methods
Journal: Biology and Fertility of Soils
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 80-86
Keywords: Sulfur-; Sulphate-; Availability-; Soils; Determination-; Coffee-soils; Extraction-methods; Soil-types-cultural
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: The sulphate-S in some representative soils cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora) was measured in Ghana using five extraction methods at two soil-extractant ratios. The least extracting power was shown by 0.1 N HCl. A soil-extractant ratio of 1:10 extracted higher amounts of SO42- -S than a 1:5 ratio. There were highly significant differences among the extractants and among the soils. From the 15 soil samples, the highest amount of SO42- -S was extracted at the 1:5 ratio and at the 1:10 ratio by H2O and the KH2PO4- extracting solution, respectively. There was no correlation between arylsulphatase activity and the various amounts of extractable SO42- -S, and thus soil arylsulphatase activity is less appropriate as an indicator of plant-available inorganic SO42- -S. In the three soil profiles analysed, the amounts of H2O-extractable SO42- -S decreased with depth while those extracted by sodium acetate buffer increased with depth. The extractable SO42- -S in the subsoils should be considered along with the SO42- -S in the surface samples, if the available-S status of cocoa and coffee rooting zones is to be assessed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2032
Author: Aragundi, J.; Frias, G.; Solorzano, G.; Schmidt, R.; Purdy, L. H.
Year: 1987
Title: Studies of degrees of infection by and dispersal of witches broom disease of cocoa in Ecuador
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Volume: 1987
Pages: 375-379
Keywords: Plant-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Spore-dispersal; Epidemiology
Ecuador
Abstract: A curtain of 3000 brooms was used as an inoculum source and was watered daily to stimulate basidiocarp production. Approx. 1000 2-month-old cocoa plants of clones EET-19 and ICS-95 were arranged in equal numbers 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 285 m away in a strip of level, uncultivated ground, perpendicular to the inoculum source. After 21 d of exposure, the plants were transferred to the greenhouse to measure disease intensity. A second group of 800 5-month-old plants, with the terminal bud removed to obtain uniform sprouting, received the same treatment except that they remained in the field for a period of 90 d. During the study the number of basidiocarps in the broom curtain and in the air was estimated at 5 distances. Wind speed and direction were also measured. A weekly av. of 0.6 basidiocarps/broom was recorded during the exposure period of the plants, infection in clones EET-19 and ICS-95 at 0 m was 56.8 and 56.3% respectively, while in these clones only 6.8 and 8.6% fo those placed at a 285 m distance developed symptoms. In the second group the degree of infection was less pronounced for both clone types. This difference might be caused by the prevailing wind speed and direction. The basidiospore trap showed a degree of dispersal very similar to that of infection, which suggests that the basidiospores do not lose their viability when carried up to 285 m from the inoculum source. The results suggest that C. perniciosa has considerable potential for dispersal over large distances.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 119
Author: Arana, O.
Year: 1965
Title: Cocoa, a pre-Colombian food
Journal: Agricultura Trop
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Pages: 179-182
Keywords: Regional; Germplasm; Diseases-incidence; Monliophthora-pod-rot;
Colombia
Abstract: Colombia has the 2nd largest per capita cocoa consumption in the world. The total annual consumption is about 30,000 tons; the annual production is only 17.000 tons. About 35,000 ha are planted with cocoa, yielding an average of 400-600 kg/ha/y. The varieties planted are Trinitarios and Amazon Forasteros 91.5%, locally selected clones 5%, imported hybrids 2.5%, and Criollo 1%. Potentially Colombia could be a cocoa exporting country instead a cocoa importing country. low yields are the result of deficient management, particularly control of pests and diseases. Monilia alone causes a estimated reduction of 30-40%. There is no official marketing organisation for the product. A national committee has suggested the establishment of a programme of support to the cocoa growers. Regions suitable for an expansion of the industry are enumerated.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1932
Author: Aranguren, J.; Escalante, G.; Herrera, R.
Year: 1982
Title: Nitrogen cycle of tropical perennial crops under shade trees. 2. Cacao
Journal: Plant & Soil (Netherlands) (Nitrogen Cycling in Ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean). 1982
Volume: 67
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 259-269.
Keywords: Nitrogen-cycle; shade-trees; organic-matter; nutrient-distribution; Nutrient-cycling
Venezuela
Abstract: A cacao plantation under shade trees was studied in order to estimate N stores in the soil and plantation trees and N fluxes associated with litterfall, decomposition and harvest. The cacao plants contained 302 kg N/ha, of which woody above-ground parts made up 50% and roots and leaves ca. 60 kg N. Litter on the soil surface contained on average 37 kg N/ha. Shade tree leaves made up 61% of the total N in the litter on the soil. Mineral soil stores of total nitrogen were 35 t N/ha, 40% of which was found in the first 20 cm depth. Litterfall rats were 20.9 t dry litter/ha/year. The rate of N transfer with litterfall was 321 kg N/ha/yr. N output by harvest was ca. 45 kg N/ha/yr, with some 20 kg N/ha/yr returned to the field with pod shells after processing. The net harvest output can be amply compensated for by inputs of shade-tree leaf litter. Much of this may be from deeper soil horizons than those exploited by cacao.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4180
Author: Aranto-Pinho, X. W. de
Year: 1169
Title: Note on cocoa growing in she State of Bahia (Brazil)
Journal: Internatl. Rev. Sci. & Pract. Agr.
Volume: 13
Pages: 1169-1181
Keywords: Regional;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4518
Author: Aranzazu Hernandez, F.
Year: 1996
Title: Behaviour of Rosellinia pepo Pat. on cocoa roots
Journal: Fitopatologia Colombiana
Volume: 20
Pages: 1-2
Keywords: plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; control-; roots-; pathogenicity-; plant-pathology
Colombia-
Abstract: In Colombia, the capacity of R. pepo to infect cocoa roots was studied by inoculations on live and dead roots and through pruning 12, 6 and 2 months before and during inoculation using natural inoculum or inoculum produced in the lab. in 2 experiments, each conducted over 7 months. The results showed that R. pepo had more saprophytic than parasitic capacity and its inoculum lost its pathogenicity with time. Its status as a facultative parasite was confirmed. Implications of the results for disease control using cultural practices and fungal antagonists are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-10


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 351
Author: Aranzazu-H, F.
Year: 1981
Title: (Some aspects of the biology of Crinipellis perniciosa in the Uraba Region (Colombia))
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; microbiology-
Colombia
Abstract: Witches' broom disease is considered the main cacao disease in Colombia. It was found that the broom length varied over the year according to the physiological state of the cacao tree. The average time during which the brooms remained in the green state was five weeks; the withering period averaged one week. The minimum time recorded for the start of basidiocarp production was eleven weeks from the time the broom withered. Maximum production of basidiocarps was recorded in the last three months of the rainy season. Among the possible factors, the presence and abundance of saprophytic bodies in competition with the C. perniciosa mycelium at certain times of the year should be considered. Generally speaking, the results obtained correspond with the Trinidad reports, based on research carried out more than 40 years ago.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 323-328, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 360
Author: Aranzazu-H, F.
Year: 1981
Title: (Analysis of the evolution and variation in the incidence of witches' broom disease in the Uraba region (Colombia))
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; epidemiology-
Colombia
Abstract: Witches' broom disease is of major concern in Colombia, as it causes heavy losses in yield. High levels of disease were found in trees over 7 years of age, but the incidence could be stabilized at a tolerable level by frequently applied control measures and through isolation of the plantation. The monthly average of broom formation showed a peak in December and January and a minimum in May and June, indicating that the disease follows a well defined annual cycle, broadly influenced by rain distribution, the physiological state of the tree and maximum and minimum periods of basidiocarp formation. Generally speaking, it is possible to make a plan for the integrated control of this disease using self-compatible material with limited and synchronized shooting characteristics, specific times for the collection of brooms, applying systemic fungicides, encouraging saprophytic bodies hostile to the C. perniciosa mycelium, and proper application of farming practices.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 387-393, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5194
Author: Aranzazu-Hernandez, F.
Year: 1987
Title: The effect of leaving cocoa pods affected by Monilia rot lying on the ground
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Diseases; Soil-; Moniliophthora-roreri; Inoculum-;
Colombia-;
Abstract: The effect of leaving cocoa pods infected by M. [Moniliophthora] roreri on the soil surface within the growing area, either uncovered or covered with leaf debris was determined in Colombia. After 2 years, no significant differences were found in the percentage of infection in the 3 treatments evaluated: the percentage of infection did not exceed 5% and did not affect dry cocoa yields, which were c. 1500 kg/ha each year. A few pods reached sporulation stage in the first week after being placed on the ground, mainly in the area of the pod which was in contact with the soil. Owing to the high humidity at soil level, however, the conidia presented a compact density making attachment difficult and facilitating their rapid contamination and degradation. It was concluded that pods affected by patches of Monilia rot when left on the ground within the growing area, do not constitute a major inoculum source particularly in plantations which in themselves have variable levels of Monilia pod rot.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1987, 457-460; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2658
Author: Aranzazu-Hernandez, F.
Year: 1997
Title: Control of a root disease caused by Rosellinia pepo Pat
Journal: Fitopatologia Colombiana
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-9.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Plant-pathogens; Rosellinia-pepo; Xylariaceae; Xylariales; soil-solarization; cultural-control; Disease-control;
Colombia-
Abstract: Root pruning, and chopping and exposing soil to the sun were practised for control of R. pepo on cocoa in Colombia and the results are summarized.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2253
Author: Archibald, J. F.
Year: 1955
Title: The propagation of cacao by cuttings
Journal: London: [s.n.]
Pages: 3
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 p. - (Technical bulletin. West African cocoa research institute


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3707
Author: Archilla, M. A.
Year: 1933
Title: Diseases of cocoa
Journal: Guatemala Sec. de Agr. Rev. Agr.
Volume: 11
Pages: 190-193
Keywords: Diseases; Disease-control;
Guatemala;
Abstract: Symptoms and control measures
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 427
Author: Ardila, N.; Cubillos, G.
Year: 1987
Title: (Control of Phytophthora bark canker of cacao using metalaxyl)
Journal: Cacaotero-Colombiano (Colombia)
Volume: 10
Issue: 34
Pages: 32-36; Jun,
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-control-chemical; crop-surveillance; varieties-
Colombia
Abstract: In Columbia, an investigation was performed on the bark canker (BC) of cacao, which is caused by Phytophthora spp. and has been reported in great parts of cacao areas of the country. Traditionally, the control of BC has been effectuated by excision of the diseased tissue, but this method has been replaced by scraping away the bark cover and around the canker patches, followed by painting with a 0.25% Ridomil (metalaxyl) suspension. The curative treatments with Ridomil, proved to be effective, and small lesions were able to recover quickly.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 113
Author: Are, L.
Year: 1964
Title: Observations on the effects of gibberellic acid on the growth of cocoa seedlings
Journal: Nigerian agricultural journal
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 26-29
Keywords: Growth-regulators; Gibberilines; GA; Hormones; Growth; Elongation;
nigeria;
Abstract: In Nigeria 20-day-old seedlings of Upper Amazon cocoa were sprayed with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1,000 p.p.m. During 4 weeks after treatment the chemical increased the rate of elongation of the stem and the rate of maturation of new leaves, the effect increasing with the concentration. After that time the effect of gibberellic acid gradually decreased. No differences in the number or size of leaves were observed between treated and untreated plants
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 546
Author: Are, L. A.
Year: 1964
Title: Drying treatments to keep cocoa seeds viable in storage
Journal: 1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome
Volume: 64
Pages: 4
Keywords: Propagation; Seeds; Viability; Seed-storage
Africa; Nigeria
Abstract: In trials conducted in Nigeria, mucilage-free cocoa seed dried at 29 C for 8 hours, treated with captan at a rate of 1g/100 seeds, and stored in dry charcoal at a temperature of 21 C showed 35% germination after 4 weeks storage and 14%, after 8 weeks storage. Drying at temperatures of 23-29 C for more than 10 hours resulted in much lower germination percentages. The viability of the seeds was rapidly destroyed in a sawdust NaCl medium after drying, and by storage at temperatures below freezing point either without or after drying.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-11 Sept. Paper CA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2293
Author: Are, L.
Year: 1965
Title: Performance of cacao budlings from roughly handled rootstocks grown under different conditions
Journal: Ibadan: [s.n.]
Volume: 2
Issue: 1965
Pages: 61-65
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation;
Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5 p. - Overdr. Nigerian agricultural journal, 2, - Journal of the agricultural society of Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1472
Author: Are, L. A.
Year: 1976
Title: Cocoa production in Sierra Leone
Journal: Sierra Leone Agricultural Journal
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 24-30
Keywords: Regional; Production; Climate; Soils; Pests; Diseases; Agronomy; Varieties; Phytophthora; Prices; Smuggling;
Sierra Leone
Abstract: Various aspects of cacao production are discussed. These are climate, cultivation, diseases, marketing, research and extension. It is concluded that cacao cultivation is not expanding at the same rate as in Ghana or Nigeria. The poor yield per ha (324.80 kg dry beans) and the low total cacao output can be increased by improving farm management, replacing some of the old neglected plantings and reducing the present high level of crop losses by effectively controlling the black pod (Phytophthora palmivora) disease, monkeys and capsids. Moreover, the amount of cacao smuggled into Liberia can be considerably reduced if the producer price could be raised and announced before the crop is harvested.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5281
Author: Aremu, C. Y.; Agiang, M. A.; Ayatse, J. O. I.
Year: 1995
Title: Nutrient and antinutrient profiles of raw and fermented cocoa beans
Journal: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
Volume: 48
Issue: 3
Pages: 217-223
Keywords: Composition; Nutrients; Beans; Nitrogen; Proteins; Lipids; Ash; Fibre;
Nigeria
Abstract: Freshly harvested cocoa bean was subjected to natural fermentation for 3, 6, 9 or 12 days. The proximate, mineral, hydrocyanate (HCN), oxalate and theobromine levels in the products were determined and compared with those of raw (unfermented) cocoa. The latter sample had the following composition: protein (N x 6.25), 17.5; lipid, 62.9; ash, 4.4; fibre, 5.91 and nitrogen-free extract (NFE), 9.3% dry matter. The effect of fermentation was variable, depending on duration and the nutrient under consideration. At day 3, protein content (17.6) was not different, but at day 6 (19.8) was higher (p<0.01), while days 9 and 12 (14.6 and 15.2, respectively) were lower (p<0.01) in comparison with the raw value. Inorganic P steadily decreased From 201.0 (raw) to 102.0 mg/100 g dry matter (day 12) but only the days 9 and 12 values were significantly different (p<0.05), whereas Ca increased from 29.2 (raw) up to 60.4 mg/100 g dry matter (day 3). The antinutrients, HCN, oxalate, and theobromine decreased with increasing duration of fermentation. The decreases for days 6, 9 and 12 were significant (p<0.05). The results are discussed with regard to optimization of the duration of cocoa Fermentation for improved nutrient profile.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5283
Author: Aremu, C. Y.; Agiang, M. A.; Ayatse, J. O. I.
Year: 1995
Title: Protein profiles and organoleptic properties of bread from wheat flour and full-fat or defatted fermented cocoa bean powder
Journal: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
Volume: 48
Issue: 4
Keywords: Cocoa-powder; Wheat; Bread; Protein
Nigeria
Abstract: This study has shown that the protein in bread may be quantitatively increased significantly by addition of full-fat or defatted cocoa powder to white flour. The recipe in which white flour is incorporated with up to 10 percent defatted cocoa powder gives bread that is nearly as well accepted as white bread, but with a significantly higher protein content than the latter. However, organoleptic acceptability drops with increasing percentage of cocoa supplementation. The bitter taste of theobromine, which is normally present in high amounts in cocoa bean, is thought to be responsible for this problem of poor acceptability of high cocoa breads. This problem will have to be addressed in order to enhance the scope of increasing bread protein by cocoa supplementation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Dec )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1787
Author: Areola, O.
Year: 1984
Title: The characteristics and fertility status of the soils of the old cocoa farms of Ibadan region, Nigeria
Journal: Malaysian J. of Trop. Geography
Volume: 10
Pages: 1-11
Keywords: Africa; Nigeria
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1990
Author: Areola, O.
Year: 1987
Title: Extractable copper content of soils under peasant cocoa farms in Ibadan region, Nigeria
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 229-232
Keywords: Copper-; Soil-; Copper-fungicides; Cocoa-soils; Fungicides-; Soil-types-cultural
Nigeria-;
Abstract: With the widespread use of copper fungicides since 1960, the extractable-Cu contents of cocoa soils in Ibadan region, Nigeria, have increased and are significantly higher than those of soils under secondary forest in the same region. The cocoa topsoil copper levels range from 0.4 to 12.2 ppm with an overall mean of 2.68 ppm for all the 60 samples analysed. The mean copper level in the forest topsoil is only 1.37 ppm. The increase in copper levels in the cocoa soils is more significant in the top 15 cm than below where many soils show only traces of copper. The soil copper levels are significantly correlated with exchangeable Ca++, CEC and silt and clay contents whereas they are negatively correlated with sand content. The present soil copper levels do not appear to be toxic to the cocoa trees perhaps because of the moderate organic matter and nutrient status of the soils and their neutral-to-slightly acidic reaction.
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2 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2456
Author: Arevaldo Rojas, A.
Year: 1972
Title: Evaluation of four artificial pollination methods in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Turrrialba: O.E.A.
Volume: 39
Keywords: Pollination
Coast-Rica
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p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2662
Author: Arevalo, E.; Cerna, G.
Year: 1996
Title: Fungal antagonism to Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, the causal agent of the witches' broom in cacao
Journal: Biocontrol
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-16.
Keywords: biological-control; antagonists-; plant-disease-control; Fungal-diseases; plant-pathogens; antagonism-; Botryodiplodia-theobromae; Trichoderma; Fusarium-oxysporum; Fusarium-; Aspergillus-clavatus; Aspergillus-niger; Aspergillus-flavus; Phomopsis-; Aspergillus-terreus; Penicillium-; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Cladobotryum-amazonense; Hyphomycetes; mitosporic-fungi
Peru-
Abstract: Samples were collected from Tulumayo, Afiliador, Naranjillo and Tingo Maria, Peru, in cocoa plantations with a high incidence of witches' broom disease. The causal agent was identified as C. perniciosa. The effects of 28 fungal isolates on C. perniciosa were investigated in vitro. In vitro antagonism was most effective with Botryodiplodia theobromae, Trichoderma sp. (isolates 1 and 2), Cladobotryum amazonense, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus clavatus. Growth with these fungi resulted in radial growth rates of C. perniciosa of 0.55, 0.62, 0.80, 1.14, 1.22 and 2.11 mm/day, respectively, whereas the control with no antagonist present had a growth rate of 4.87 mm/day. Fungal filtrates had an in vitro inhibitory effect on the radial growth rate of C. perniciosa. There were significant differences in the percentages of the primordial openings in C. perniciosa when sprinkled with spores of A. niger, A. clavatus, A. flavus, A. candidus, Trichoderma spp. (isolates 1 and 2), Penicillium sp. or C. amazonense.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3897
Author: Arhin, K.; Hesp, P.; Laan, L. van-der
Year: 1985
Title: Marketing boards in tropical Africa
Journal: Monographs from the African Studies Centre, Leiden, 208p
Keywords: Marketing-boards; Marketing-;
Ghana;
Abstract: This volume is the outcome of an international seminar on marketing boards in tropical Africa, organized by the African Studies Centre of the Netherlands and held in Leiden in September 1983. Six papers from the seminar are published here, covering four countries in West Africa and two in East Africa. The chapters on Tanzania and Burkina Faso analyze grain marketing boards, those on Ghana and Senegal examines export boards, cocoa and groundnuts respectively, while those on Malawi and Nigeria deal with the whole range of crops handled by marketing boards. The case studies are preceded by a general chapter with a survey of current insights written by two of the editors, incorporating a large number of the ideas presented at the seminar.
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Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3585
Author: Arhin, K.
Year: 1988
Title: Economic differentiation among migrant Ghanaian cocoa farmers
Journal: Research Reviews NS
Volume: 4
Pages: 1
Keywords: Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4664
Author: Arias, M.; Lamberti, F.; Bello, A.; Radicci, V.; Espirito Santo, S. N.
Year: 1995
Title: Agroecological study of nematodes of the family Longidoridae in Sao Tome and Principe
Journal: Nematologia Mediterranea
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 167-175
Keywords: plant-parasitic-nematodes; hosts-; distribution-; geographical-distribution; nematology-
Sao-Tome-and-Principe
Abstract: A study of longidorid nematodes in Sao Tome and Principe revealed the presence of 1 species of Longidorus and 8 species of Xiphinema. Three faunistic components can be distinguished according to their distribution: a northern component represented by L. laevicapitatus, X. brasiliense, X. longicaudatum and X. setariae, a southern component represented by X. ifacolum and X. dihysterum; and a northwestern component represented by X. vulgare and X. insulanum, X. longicaudatum is the most frequent species in both islands; it was found in 50% of the samples collected from the rhizosphere of coffee but also in association with banana, cocoa, cassava and maize. L. laevicapitatus, the 2nd most common species, has a wider host range in cultivated and natural habitats. X. brasiliense occurred in the rhizosphere of coconut, papaya, Piper sp. and Podocarpus sp., X. setariae in the rhizosphere of peanut, coffee, cocoa and banana and X. vulgare in association with papaya and coffee. X. ifacolum and X. dihysterum were detected in Sao Tome only, in association with a wide range of plants. X. insulanum occurred only on the small island Das Cabras in the rhizosphere of Aminnocarpus longifolia and finally, Xiphinema sp. in association with cocoa in Principe and Piper sp. and citrus in Sao Tome. The presence of these species in the rhizosphere of cultivated plants might indicate some phytopathological significance; so far, only X. ifacolum has been reported to be of economic importance.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4684
Author: Arikiah, A.; Tan, Y. P.; Sharma, M.; Clapperton, J. F.
Year: 1994
Title: Experiments to determine influence of primary processing parameters and planting material on the flavour of cocoa beans in Malaysia
Journal: Cocoa Growers' Bulletin. No.
Volume: 48
Pages: 36-46
Keywords: maturity-; drying-; fermentation-; flavour-; pods-; processing-; quality-; storage-; processing-quality; Composition; Quality
Malaysia-
Abstract: The effects of pod ripeness, storage, drying and fermentation on cocoa flavour development were examined in a series of trials conducted in Malaysia. Pod storage was the single most important factor in improving flavour quality and was not effectively substituted by simple modification of the pulp prior to fermentation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5208
Author: Arishima, T.; Sugimoto, K.; Kiwata, R.; Mori, H.; Sato, K.
Year: 1996
Title: C-13 cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance of polymorphic forms of three triacylglycerols
Journal: Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society
Volume: 73
Issue: 10
Keywords: C-13 CP/MAS-NMR; chemical shift; cocoa butter; crystal structure; molecular conformation; polymorphism; solid fat; subcell structure; triacylglycerol
Abstract: The cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS-NMR) technique has been used to analyze the polymorphic forms of three triacylglycerols, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol (POP), 1,3-rac-palmitoyl-stearoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol (POS), and 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol (SOS). Specific attention has been paid to glycerol, carbonyl, olefinic, and methyl end carbon resonances. Many distinct differences were observed in each polymorphic form of SOS. In the alpha form, the saturated and unsaturated acyl chains exhibit liquid state-like conformations. However, olefinic conformations of the gamma and beta' forms were asymmetric with respect to the cis double bond. Spectral difference between beta(2) and beta(1) was observed only for the methylene carbon, and not in the other regions. Spectra of corresponding polymorphic forms oi POP and POS were almost identical to those of SOS. However, some spectral differences were observed in the glycerol and methyl regions or gamma and beta'. From the chemical shifts of the methylene carbons, the crystal structures of the polymorphic form have been discussed, particularly in terms of the sub- cell structures.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Oct )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 42
Author: Arisi, F.
Year: 1736
Journal: A. monsig. Illustribb. e Reverendibb Monsig. Alessandro Litta, Vescovo di Cremona, conte & c. In Cremona. Nella Stamperia di Pietro Ricchini. con Licenza de' Superiori. 4e, 7Ill., 65p.
Keywords: History
Italy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3879
Author: Arkcoll, D.
Year: 1988
Title: New crops from Brazil
Journal: Advances in new crops. Proceedings of the first national symposium 'New crops: research, development, economics', Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Pages: 367-371
Keywords: production-; Cuphea; Annona-muricata; Paullinia-cupana; Stevia-rebaudiana;
Brazil-
Abstract: Commercial production of Bactris gasipaes, Astrocaryum aculeatum, Acrocomia aculeata, Cuphea spp., Annona muricata, Eugenia stipitata, Psidium angulatum, Spondias lutea [S. mombin], Theobroma grandiflorum, Couepia longipendula, Couma utilis, Paullinia cupana, Stevia rebaudiana and Bixa orellana in Brazil is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
23-26 October 1990


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 147
Author: Armengaud, P.
Year: 1994
Title: (Phenolic compounds in Theobroma cacao leaves and attractiveness for mirids)
Volume: 40
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Miridae-; phenolic-compounds; pest-resistance;
Abstract: The chemistry of cocoa attractiveness to mirids was studied, following research on the activity of flavonols in the cocoa-mirid relationship. The phenolic profile of new clones of different sensitivities was characterized. A study on the basis of leaf age showed significant, characteristic variations in relation to leaf maturity. Flavanols and flavonol-type compounds are most abundant in anthocyaninated leaves. Acids-phenols reach a maximum in mature leaves. Comparative analysis of all clones indicates real polymorphism of the phenolic pool and higher contents of certain flavonols in the most attractive individuals.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5154
Author: Arnoldi, A.; Arnoldi, C.; Baldi, O.; Griffini, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Flavor components in the Maillard reaction of different amino acids with fructose in cocoa butter-water. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pyrazines
Journal: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Volume: 36
Issue: 5
Pages: 988-992
Keywords: Beans; Pyrazines; Quality; Composition;
Italy
Abstract: A total of 8 amino acids were reacted with fructose in deodorized cocoa butter-water as a model of the Maillard reaction in cocoa beans. Detailed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the volatile compounds obtained is reported with particular reference to similarities and differences in the patterns obtained with the amino acids. A quantitative analysis of pyrazines is described. Among the 22 pyrazines detected, 15 had been already reported in roasted cocoa beans. 2-(3-Methylbutyl)-3,6-dimethylpyrazine was formed in the reaction of leucine, while lysine gave three 2-methoxy-3-alkylpyrazines not reported in cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3529
Author: Aryeetey, E. A.; Kumar, R.
Year: 1973
Title: Structure and function of the dorsalabdominal gland and defence mechanism in cocoa-capsids (Miridae: Heteroptera)
Journal: Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond.
Volume: Ser. A. Gen. Entomol. 47
Issue: 2
Pages: 181-189.
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3706
Author: ArÛstegui, F.
Year: 1937
Title: Diseases and pests of the cocoa tree
Journal: Agr. Venezol.
Volume: 1
Issue: 9
Pages: 22-24
Keywords: Diseases; Pests;
Venezuela;
Abstract: Symptoms and control measures.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4767
Author: Asamoa, Y.; Wurziger, J.
Year: 1974
Title: Fatty acids in cocoa butter. The influence of the degree of ripeness of the beans and the length of fermentation on fatty acid composition
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 74
Issue: 9
Pages: 283-285
Keywords: Linoleic-acid; beans-; fatty-acids; composition-; fatty-acids-content
Abstract: Amelonado and Amazon cocoa beans harvested in Ghana were analysed. Differences in ripeness (green, yellow, orange or black) and in the duration of fermentation (5 or 10 days) had no effect on the fatty acid composition of either cv. Linoleic acid was present in higher amounts than expected from a literature survey.
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280


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4766
Author: Asamoa, Y.; Wurziger, J.
Year: 1976
Title: Caffeine content in cacao beans
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 76
Issue: 5
Pages: 140
Keywords: plant-composition; caffeine-; variety-classification; beans-
Abstract: By use of thin-layer chromatography, beans of Amazonian varieties were found to have twice the caffeine content of beans of Amelonado varieties. The caffeine content ranged from 0.07% to 1.7% in the varieties studied. Beans of varieties of African origin (Ghana, Nigeria and the Ivory Coast) and from Bahia (Brazil) could be classified as Amelonado, and Para, Arriba and Jamaican coffee beans could be classified as Amazonian. Those from Samoa and Maracaibo could be classified as Criollo and those from Puerto Cabello, Caracas (Venezuela), and some of those from Guinea, Samana and Grenada were hybrids of Criollo with Forastero.
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138


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1376
Author: Asare, B. D.
Year: 1987
Title: Urbanization and agricultural development: the cocoa economy in Ghana
Journal: Dissertation, Temple University, 386p
Keywords: Young-workers; Small-farms; Marketing-boards; Corruption-; Youth-; Rural-urban-migration; Urban-society; Population; Migration;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The dissertation describes the cocoa industry in Ghana and isolates factors which have culminated in the mass exodus of the youth from the cocoa farms to the city. The cocoa economy in Ghana is indigenously owned; close to 25% of the holdings are less than four acres in size. However, the economy is dominated by 4% of the farmers who control the total farm size and output of the industry, due to the nature of the land tenure system. The organization of production on the farms scares off potential farmers and farm workers. Their monetary income is generally deplorable. The State Cocoa Marketing Board has interceded between the world market price and price paid to the farmers. After meeting its operational expenses, the Board keeps the difference as a stabilizing fund. Buying agents of the Cocoa Marketing Board divert money into private concerns, including donations to political parties in power.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 706
Author: Asare-Nyako, A.
Year: 1974
Title: Towards an economic chemical control of the black pod disease of cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-23.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Ghana
Abstract: Basing the spraying schedule on the known black pod disease incidence curve in a plot yielding about 773.4 kg dry beans/ha, it was found economical to spray 6 times in the year with Kocide (micronized cupric hydroxide) at a concentration of 2.24 kg formulation in 222.4 dm3 water to the ha. Missing spray applications in periods when the disease was naturally on the decline did not affect the efficiency of the control but resulted in marked financial gains. Regardless of the level of yield, a crop saving of 201.7 kg, 252.2 kg and 369.9 kg dry beans/ha was the minimum required to break even costwise on spraying 5, 6 and 9 times, respectively, during the year with Kocide in the plots studied. Perecol (micronized copper oxychloride) was less persistent than Kocide but both fungicides significantly reduced the incidence of black pod disease. Sprayed plots gave significantly (P = 0.05) higher yields than unsprayed plots.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 307
Author: Asare-Nyako, A.; Owusu, G. K.
Year: 1979
Title: Meloidogyne incognita infection of cocoa seedlings
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: cacao-; nematodes-; Meloidogyne-incognita; pest-damage; seedling-; pest-resistance
Ghana
Abstract: Meloidogyne incognita infection of cacao seedlings in which there were above-ground hypocotyl swellings in addition to large swellings on tap roots and smaller swellings on feeding roots is reported. The disease, which was first observed on seedlings of T63/967 x Sca 6 in a field nursery, was found in gauzehouse inoculation tests to infect three other types of cacao studied (Wacri Series IIJ, Wacri Series IID and Amelonado), but differences in varietal susceptibility were discernible. In the gauzehouse tests, inter-callary and terminal swellings were produced on the tap roots and feeder roots of all the four types of cacao while hypocotyl swellings were produced in T63/967 x Sca 6, Series IIJ and Amelonado. There were significant reductions in root weight and seedling height which in Series IID were drastic. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 457-461, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 369
Author: Asare-Nyako, A.; Muller, R. A.; Blaha, G.
Year: 1981
Title: Some differences in isolates of the black pod disease organisms from six cocoa growing countries
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; microbiology-; temperature-; pathogenicity-; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
West Africa, Brazil
Abstract: Pathogenicity tests on pregerminated West African Amelonado seeds showed that virulence of 34 isolates from Sao Tome, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast and Brazil depended mainly on their ability to produce sporangia in darkness. The only Phytophthora drechsleri isolate tested produced sporangia in darkness and was also highly pathogenic. The ability to produce sporangia in darkness was not related to mating type nor to morphological types.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 461-471, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2117
Author: Asghar, M.; Fernando, L. H.
Year: 1989
Title: Climate and its effect on crop production in Western Samoa
Journal: Alafua Agricultural Bulletin
Volume: 14
Pages: 1-2
Keywords: Climate-; Production-possibilities; Cereals; Legumes; Bananas; Vegetables; Passion-fruits; Breadfruits; Citrus; Avocados; Mangoes; Pineapples; Macadamia; Agro-ecological-zones
Western-Samoa
Abstract: The climate of Western Samoa is described and its suitability for the cultivation of Alocasia macrorhiza, Colocasia esculenta, bananas, cocoa, coconuts, vegetables, cereals and grain legumes, passion fruits, pineapples, breadfruits, coffee, citrus, avocados, mangoes and macadamia nuts is outlined. The beneficial use of mulches is reviewed briefly.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
25-40


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3607
Author: Ashby, S. F.
Year: 1921
Title: Relation between cacao pod rot and coco-nut bud rot
Journal: Agr. News
Volume: 20
Pages: 318
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; Phytophthora-palmivora;
Abstract: Relation between Phytophthora faberi and P. palmivora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3608
Author: Ashby, S. F.
Year: 1922
Title: Oospores in cultures of Phytophthora faberi
Journal: Kew Roy. Bot. Gard. B. Misc. Inform.
Pages: 257-262
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3326
Author: Ashby, S. F.
Year: 1925
Title: Witch-broom disease of cocoa. The latest methods of control
Journal: West India Com. C.
Volume: 40
Pages: 529-531
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Witches-Broom;
Trinidad;
Abstract: Organism causing canker on cacao and other tropical plants.
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Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3606
Author: Ashby, S. F.
Year: 1929
Title: Strains and taxonomy of Phytophthora palmivora Butler (P. faberi Maubl.)
Journal: Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans.
Volume: 14
Pages: 18-38
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-pod-rot; Canker;
Abstract: Organism causing canker on cacao and other tropical plants.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 195
Author: Asiedu, J. J.
Year: 1991
Title: Processing tropical crops: a technological approach
Journal: Economie et Developpement
Volume: 335
Keywords: food-technology; equipment-; processing-; traditional-technology; industrial-crops
Abstract: This manual covers all aspects of the processing of cassava, cocoa, coconuts, coffee, groundnuts, maize, palm oil, sorghum, millet, soybeans and yams. Each product is examined in light of traditional processing methods. The technology and equipment used are discussed and the physical and chemical properties of the various products are considered. Modern processing methods are also reviewed.
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p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1765
Author: Asmar, S. R.
Year: 1976
Journal: Bahia: [s.n.]
Pages: 38
Keywords: Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
16 p. - (Boletin tecnico. Centro de pesquisas do cacau


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1524
Author: Asomaning, E. J. A.; Lockard, R. G.
Year: 1962
Title: Analysis of the growth of cocoa in sand culture: studies up to the jorquette stage
Journal: Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst.
Volume: 63
Pages: 85-88
Keywords: Disorders; Toxicities; Boron; Zinc; Urea; Manganese; Iron;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Observations of the growth of Amelonado cocoa seedlings in sand culture, conducted in Ghana, indicated that primary branching is not directly connected with the age or size of the plant. However, the number of weeks to branching was inversely related to the N concentration in the nutrient solution, and was higher in 30-1 pots than in 5-1 pots. Correlation's with relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio were not clear, but plants that formed primary branches had an initially high leaf area ratio which declined rapidly after the onset of branching. This suggests that primary branching is associated with an increase in the efficiency of dry-weight accumulation per unit of leaf area.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4017
Author: Asomaning, E. J. A.; Lockard, R. G.
Year: 1963
Title: Note on estimation of leaf areas of cocoa from leaf length data
Journal: Canadian J. Plant Sci.
Volume: 43
Issue: 2
Pages: 243-245.
Keywords: Growth; Leaf-area; Seedelings; Leaf-length; Allometry; Amelonado; measurement; Estimation
West-Africa
Abstract: According to growth-analysis studies on young cocoa seedlings in West Africa it became necessary to develop a rapid non-destructive method for estimating leaf areas. In this note a method is described based on the relationship between leaf length and leaf area. It was found that the area of the cocoa leaf can be described accurately in terms of length. The maximum width of the cocoa leaf may also bear a definite relationship to the area. However, leaf width is less readily determined in cocoa than leaf length and its measurement is subject to bias. While the relationship of leaf area to leaf length described was determined only for cocoa of the variety in question (Amelonado), it is expected that similar relationships would hold for other cocoa varieties.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1874
Author: Asomaning, E. J. A.; Acquaye, D. K.
Year: 1964
Title: Some observations on the shade, fertilizer and water requirements of cocoa (Theobroma-cacao) L.)
Journal: 1st Sess. FAO Tech. Wkg. party on Cocoa production. Rome
Volume: 64
Pages: 13
Keywords: Shade; Nutrition;
Africa; Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-11 Sept. Paper CA


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1615
Author: Asomaning, E. J. A.; Kwaka, R. S.
Year: 1965
Title: Physiology of cocoa. Effects of mineral nutrient toxicities on growth of cocoa seedlings
Journal: Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst.
Volume: 66
Pages: 101-106
Keywords: Disorders; Toxicities; Boron; Zinc; Urea; Manganese; Iron;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: In Ghana, mineral toxicity symptoms were induced in Amazon and Amelonado cocoa seedlings in sand cultures. Excess urea, Mn, B, Zn or Fe produced distinctivetoxicitysymptoms,whicharedescribed. No toxicity symptoms resulted from excess P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mo or Cu, but seedlings treated with excess N, P, K, Ca, Mg or S generally were bigger and greener than control plants which had normal complete nutrition. Excess Cu, Zn, B or Fe had depressing effects on growth of both Amazon and Amelonado plants. In all treatments, the Amazon plants generally showed higher dry weights, larger leaf areas, stem diameters, stem heights, and numbers of leaves, than the Amelonado plants.
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p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1614
Author: Asomaning, E. J. A.; Kwaka, R. S.
Year: 1966
Title: Physiology of cocoa. The potassium requirements of young cocoa plants
Journal: Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst.
Volume: 67
Pages: 87-92
Keywords: Potassium; Seedlings;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: A pot trial was conducted in Ghana to study the efrect of 5 different K levels, viz, 20, 60, 120, 180 and 240 p.p.m. in nutrient solutions, on the growth and dry weights of Amelonado and Nanay (Amazon) cocoa seedlings. From the results it was suggested that K requirements of the 2 varieties are quite different. Total dry weights of the Nanay plants were generally higher than those of the Amelonado plants at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 42 and 54 weeks after planting. Whereas the growth of Nanay plants at the highest K level was optimal at the first 4 harvests the lowest K level was even significantly sub-optimal for early growth of Amelonado plants. It seems that the higher K requirements of the Nanay plants cannot be attributed to the naturally bigger growth of these plants.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1618
Author: Asomaning, E. J. A.; Kwaka, R. S.
Year: 1967
Title: A note on boron deficiency and fruit malformation in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Ghana J. Sci.
Volume: 7
Pages: 3-4
Keywords: Disorders; Deficiencies; Boron;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Upper Amazon cocoa trees at Tafo, Ghana, whose leaves showed symptoms of B deficiency, produced distorted pods with a constriction in the middle and a woody core instead of seeds; when seeds were present they were small and often lacked an embryo. That these symptoms were a direct effect of B deficiency was proved by withholding B from 14-month-old trees in sand culture; B deficiency symptoms in the leaves appeared after 10 weeks, asymmetrical cherelles, often with a constriction, were formed subsequently. The symptoms have previously been ascribed to attack by Bathycoelia thalassina but it could be shown that this insect, which feeds upon developing seeds, only produces premature ripening of the cortex and no distortion of the pods.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. 126-9


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2103
Author: Asopa, V. N.; Narayanan, S.
Year: 1990
Title: Cocoa production and marketing in India
Keywords: Production-; Marketing-; Exports Policy;
India
Abstract: This study: (1) analyses the pattern of production and consumption of cocoa and its products in India; (2) examines export potential in the context of world supply and demand; and (3) examines factors influencing cocoa production, processing and marketing. Production of cocoa has been promoted without the creation of appropriate processing facilities, consequently cocoa prices faced a highly uncertain period from the end of 1979 to early 1986. This has since given way to hope in view of the rise in bean prices in the country. Issues including the pricing of beans and the resulting products, increasing the cultivation of additional areas, and a suitable government policy package deserve urgent attention.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xii + 124pp.; ISAE. New Delhi, India; Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5294
Author: Assoumou, J.
Year: 1977
Title: The economy of cacao. Agriculture for export and the struggle for development in tropical Africa
Journal: Paris
Volume: 351
Keywords: Development
Cameroon
Abstract: With the help of a detailed analysis of the economy of cacao (Theobroma cacao), and taking that as a model, thoughts are developed on the deficiency of dynamics of tropical economies, especially in Africa, resulting from lack of organization aiming at growth. This situation is then enhanced from the outside by industrial countries and their dominating marketing economies, and from the inside by the difficulties of taking measures necessary for development. It is concluded that underdevelopment is not a fatality, but that the will to develop must be there.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 788
Author: Atanda, O. A.; Jacob, V. J.
Year: 1975
Title: Yield characteristics of Theobroma cacao L. with special reference to studies in Nigeria
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 21-36.
Keywords: Yields; Yield-components; Pod-values; Pods; Seeds; Seed-weight; Seed-number;
Nigeria
Abstract: A review is given of data obtained regarding various characteristics of cured cocoa production, including pattern of pod production, effects of genotype and environment on pod production, prediction of potential pod yield, selection for high pod yield, pod value, bean weight, number of beans per pod, shell content, wet to dry bean conversion rate, efficiency index, butter fat content, and flavour. Differences between the yield characteristics of West African Amelonado, Trinitario, Criollo and Amazon cacao types are emphasized.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2606
Author: Atiemo, J. B.
Year: 1995
Title: Description and assessment of the experiences of individual producing countries in the re-organization of internal cocoa marketing systems particularly in the light of recent economic re-structuring activity: the experience of Ghana
Journal: In: Eighth meeting of the advisory group on the world cocoa economy, 26th 30th June
Pages: 173-177
Keywords: cocoa-beans; domestic-markets; trade-liberalization; structural-change; privatization-
Ghana
Abstract: The internal marketing arrangements which have been practised in Ghana during the period 1930 to 1993 are reviewed. The Ghanaian economic situation, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s, adversely affected cocoa production and marketing. The post-1980 economic recovery measures introduced efficiency in several sectors of the cocoa industry, including the internal marketing system. The current marketing arrangement involving the multiple buying system is being kept under constant observation, and the Cocoa Board has recently commissioned a review of the new system after 2 years of operation. Major problems associated with the operation of the current system include over-declaration of purchases by some Licence Buying Companies (LBCs), late submission of cocoa purchases returns by LBCs and unco-ordinated evacuation to the ports, leading to congestion at the ports and cash flow problems. Generally, there has been no discriminatory treatment of the private LBCs vis-a-vis the Produce Buying Company, a subsidiary of the Ghana Cocoa Board. An effective quality control system has been put in place whereby quality control checks are undertaken at up-country points as well as at the points of shipment to ensure the maintenance of high quality standards.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Yaounde 1995, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2948
Author: Atkinson, M. D.; Withers, L. A.; Simpson, M. J. A.
Year: 1986
Title: Characterisation of cacao germplasm using isoenzyme markers. 1. A preliminary survey of diversity using starch gel electrophoresis and standardisation of the procedure
Journal: Euphytica. 1986
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 741-750.
Keywords: Isoenzymes; Peroxidases; Diversity; Germplasm; Genebanks;
England
Abstract: A preliminary screening of isoenzymes has been carried out with a view to use the data in characterising cacao germplasm. Of 24 enzyme systems studied in the leaves of 65 seedlings of diverse genotypes, 7 showed reproducible variation in banding patterns. Peroxidase extracted from woody tissue also showed repeatable variation. It is suggested that screening for these 8 isoenzyme systems would yield useful information for identifying clonal material for breeding and for characterizing material in genebanks.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4984
Author: Atmawinata, O.; Winarno, F. G.; Nur, M. A.; Soekarto, S. T.; Hardjo, S.
Year: 1984
Title: Experiment on storage of cocoa beans
Journal: Menara Perkebunan
Volume: 52
Pages: 132-134
Keywords: Storage-; Humidity-; Temperature-; Cocoa-beans
Indonesia;
Abstract: Cocoa beans with moisture contents of 2.80, 6.83 and 8.73% could be stored at 30C and 74% RH or at 35 and 64% RH for 3 months without deterioration. Beans stored at 25 and 95% RH became mouldy [pathogen unspecified] within a month.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4a


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3866
Author: Atsu, S. Y.
Year: 1978
Title: Ahanti farm level studies: Interim report no. 1
Journal: ISSER, Univ. of Ghana, Legon
Keywords: Surveys; Farm-size;
Ghana; Ashanti
Abstract: The average number of farms per farmer was seven, with the number ranging from 1 to 19 in four villages in the Ashanti regions
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4011
Author: Attafuah, A.; et al.
Year: 1963
Title: Swollen-shoot disease of cocoa in Sierra Leone
Journal: Trop. Agr.
Volume: Trinidad
Issue: 40
Pages: 229-232.
Keywords: Diseases; Virusses; Swollen-shoot;
Sierra-Leone;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 64
Author: Aubert, G.; Moulinier, H.
Year: 1954
Title: Observations on some charateristics of cacao soils in Ivory Coast
Journal: L'Agron. Trop.
Volume: 4
Pages: 428-438
Keywords: Africa; Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2910
Author: Aublet, J. B. C. F.
Year: 1775
Title: Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Fracoise
Journal: Londres Paris
Pages: Londres-Paris
Keywords: Taxonomy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2895
Author: Aublet, F.
Year: 1783
Title: Cacao
Journal: In: C. de Lamarck
Volume: 1
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Paris


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3779
Author: Auchinleck, G. G.
Year: 1926
Title: Yields of cacao on experiment stations. (Summary to end of 1925.)
Journal: Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 4
Issue: 44
Keywords: Yields;
Ghana
Abstract: Reports field trials conducted by A. B. Culham and J. Steele, 1919-26.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3780
Author: Auchinleck, G. G.
Year: 1928
Title: Variations in the yields of cacao trees at Asuansi Experiment Station
Journal: Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 13
Pages: 67-73
Keywords: Yields;
Ghana
Abstract: Reports field trials conducted by A. B. Culham and J. Steele, 1919-26.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3474
Author: Auchinlek, G. G.
Year: 1929
Title: Local cacao prices and the standardization of quality. Gold Coast
Journal: Gold Coast. Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 16
Pages: 5-11
Keywords: Cooperatives; Fermentaries; Marketing; Quality; Grading;
Ghana;
Abstract: Presents plan for cooperative preparation and marketing units.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
map


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3673
Author: Auchinlek, G. G.
Year: 1929
Title: Problems concerning storage of cacao on the Gold Coast
Journal: Gold Coast. Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 22
Pages: 5-18
Keywords: Storage;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3933
Author: Auchinlek, G. G.; Chamney, N. P.
Year: 1929
Title: Provisional map showing distribution and exports of cacao in 1927 [Gold Coast]
Journal: Gold Coast. Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 16
Pages: 27-36
Keywords: Regional; Production;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
map


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 651
Author: Austin, G.
Year: 1800
Title: Mode of production or mode of cultivation: Explaining the failure of European cocoa planters in competition with African farmers in colonial Ghana
Journal: In: W.G. Clarence Smith
Pages: 154-175
Keywords: History; cocoa-industry; plantations; small-holders; trade;
Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
New York St. Martin's Press. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3659
Author: Averna-Sacca, R.
Year: 1920
Title: Fungal diseases of cocoa and coconut
Journal: Sao Paulo. B. de Agr
Volume: 21
Pages: 46-186
Keywords: Fungus-diseases;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 455
Author: Avila, A. D.
Year: 1991
Title: Efficacy of fungicides in the control of greenpoint cushion gall in cocoa seedling plants
Journal: Revista-de-la-Facultad-de-Agronomia,-Universidad-del-Zulia (Venezuela)
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 29-47; Jan, figs, photo, summaries
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Nectria-rigidiuscula; Fungicides; chemical-control
Venezuela
Abstract: A study was carried out in Zulia, Venezuela to compare fungicides for the control of greenpoint cushion gall (Fusarium rigidiuscula syn. Nectaria rigidiuscula) in inoculated seedling plants of cocoa. The fungicides tested were a mixture of benomyl + Daconil (chlorothalonil)(0.5 + 0.5 kg/ha), mancozeb (3 kg/ha), copper oxychloride (2.5 kg/ha), triadimefon (0.25 kg/ha), captafol (2 kg/ha), Bordeaux mixture (formula 1:2:6), metalaxyl (1 kg/ha) and captan (2.5 kg/ha). A hand sprayer was used. Only 1 application was made for each of the 3 stages of gall development. The effect of the fungicides was measured by the incidence of galls. The sprays of benomyl + Daconil and the Bordeaux mixture were the most effective for the control of the greenpoint cushion gall with a decrease in disease incidence of 70.43 to 90.77%. Mancozeb, triadimefon, copper oxychloride, captafol, metalaxyl and captan were not effective in controlling the disease.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4328
Author: Awad, A. H.
Year: 1994
Title: Small-scale food processing industries: a co-operative project proposal
Journal: Journal-of-Financial-Management-and-Analysis (India)
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 58-61; Jan,
Keywords: postharvest-equipment; dryers-; natural-drying; appropriate-technology; processing-; foods-
Nigeria
Abstract: Two prototypes of equipment used for small-scale processing of plant products in Nigeria are described and compared: a direct-heating electric dryer and a solar energy dryer. Both can be manufactured by local technicians using locally available materials. The prototypes were actually used for dehydration of yam and plantain, but both dryers can also handle other products (such as cassava and cocoa beans). With minor alterations, the systems can handle a variety of crops from maize to fish. The systems are easy to operate and do not require trained specialists. The electric system requires a power supply, and is more expensive to construct and to run. However, it is independent of the weather conditions, and in an 8-h shift it can process thrice the quantity processed daily in a solar dryer with favourable weather conditions. The product quality was equally acceptable in both systems.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1381
Author: Awang, A.; Muhamad, R.; Chong, K. K.
Year: 1988
Title: Comparative merits of cocoa pod and shoot as food sources of the mirid, Helopeltis theobromae Miller
Journal: Planter
Volume: 64
Issue: 744
Pages: 100-104
Keywords: Pests; Miridae-; Hemiptera; Nutrition-; Helopeltis-theivora; Biology-; Feeding-
Malaysia
Abstract: The development and survival rates, adult longevity and fecundity of Helopeltis theobromae [H. theivora theobromae] were compared on cocoa pods and shoots, using insects collected from the field in Malaysia. Third-, 4th- and 5th-instar nymphs developed faster on pods than on foliar shoots. Adult longevity and fecundity were also higher on pods than on shoots. Shoots were shown to be an inferior food source to pods, and it is suggested that the availability of pods is critical to the longevity and fecundity of adults.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1661
Author: Aweto, A. O.; Obe, O. A.
Year: 1993
Title: Comparative effects of a tree crop (cocoa) and shifting cultivation on a forest soil in Nigeria
Journal: Environmentalist. 1993
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 183-187.
Keywords: soil-conservation; nutrient-availability; soil-organic-matter; forest-soils; plantations-; shifting-cultivation; assessment-; methodology-; determination-; cropping-systems; maize-soils; nutrients-; land-use; rain-forests; soil-chemistry; soil-fertility; nutrient-cycling;
Nigeria; West-Africa;
Abstract: Organic matter and nutrient levels were determined in soils under a 26-year-old cocoa plantation and shifting cultivation farmlands cropped with cassava and maize in Nigeria. The characteristics of soils under the two contrasting agricultural systems were compared with those under rain forest. Relative to the forest soils, the soil organic matter and nutrient levels were not substantially reduced in soils under cocoa plantations which were considered to replicate the forest conditions. In contrast, organic matter and nutrient levels were lower in shifting cultivation farmlands since cassava and maize have more open ground cover and generate smaller amounts of litter than forest systems. Measurement parameters for assessing methods for conserving soil organic matter and nutrient status during shifting cultivation are discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1250
Author: Awolumate, E. C.
Year: 1983
Title: Chemical composition and potential uses of processing wastes from some Nigerian cash crops
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 33
Issue: 4
Pages: 381-386;
Keywords: by-products; coffee-; kola; cashew-; cacao-; chemical-composition
Nigeria
Abstract: The proximate composition of crude protein, crude fibre, ash, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and other trace elements of coffee pulp and parchment, kola pod husk, kola nut testa, cashew-apple pulp, cocoa-bean testa and cocoa pod husk are reported. The samples are high in moisture and crude fibre hence they may be of limited use for direct animal feeding but ensiling could improve their feeding value. The ashes are poor sources of Mn, Cu and Zn but rich in Ca, N, K, Na, P, Fe and Mg. Therefore, they could be useful in the local soap industry or as sources of organic fertilizer. Possible uses as raw materials for the production of pectin, jam and food colours are suggested. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1955
Author: Awolumate, E. O.
Year: 1983
Title: Chemical composition and potential uses of processing wastes from some Nigerian cash crops
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 33
Issue: 4
Pages: 381-386
Keywords: Plant-residues; Composition-; Cola; Cashews-; Utilization-; Fodder-; ; Fertilizers-; Food-additives; Manures-; Specific-; Crop-residues; Residues-
Nigeria
Abstract: Crude protein, crude fibre, ash, N, P, K, Na, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of coffee pulp and parchment, cola pod husk, cola nut testa, cashew apple pulp, cocoa bean testa and cocoa pod husk are tabulated. All the samples were high in moisture and crude fibre limiting their use as direct animal feeds, but ensiling could improve their feeding value. The ashes were rich in N, P, K, Na, Ca, Fe and Mg but poor in Mn, Cu and Zn, and could be used in the soap industry or as a source of organic fertilizer. The use of field and processing wastes for the production of pectin, jams and food colouring is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5394
Author: Awuah, R. T.
Year: 1994
Title: In vivo use of extracts from Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus against Phytophthora palmivora causing blackpod disease of cocoa
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 124
Issue: 1
Pages: 173-178
Keywords: Phytophthora-palmivora; plant-extracts; activity-; Ocimum-gratissimum; Cymbopogon-citratus; antifungal-agents; disease-control
Abstract: Crude steam distillate from O. gratissimum sprayed onto infection courts on detached cocoa pods moments after inoculation with P. palmivora completely inhibited the pathogen and blackpod lesion development on 75% of the infection courts. Disease suppression obtained with the extract was comparable to that obtained with a 2% Kocide 101 suspension. In the field, the O. gratissimum extract also suppressed lesion development although to a significantly lower (P=0.05) extent in comparison with Kocide 101. Blackpod lesion expansion rates of 3.80, 3.56, 2.71 and 0.78 cm/day, respectively, were associated with pods treated in the field with C. citratus extract, tap water, O. gratissimum extract and 2% Kocide 101. The extract from C. citratus was also ineffective on detached pods. Sporangia of P. palmivora from sporulating blackpod lesions on both detached and non-detached pods lost their infectivity within 1 h of treatment with the O. gratissimum extract. This effect was superior to that obtained with Kocide 101. Fungitoxicity of the extract on pods was, however, lost within 3 h of application. It is suggested that despite its in vivo effectiveness as an eradicant, the O. gratissimum extract, in its present form, has limited utility as a protectant fungicide.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3792
Author: Ayabar, Z. A.
Year: 1947
Journal: Dominican Repub. Sec. de Estado de Agr. Pecuaria y Colon. Agr.
Volume: 38
Issue: 171
Pages: 36-38
Keywords: Propagation;
Dominican-Republic;
Abstract: Brief instructions for Dominican Republic.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3793
Author: Ayala-Gonzalez, A.
Year: 1933
Title: New cultivars of cocoa in Ecuador
Journal: Ecuador. Dept. de Agr. Rev.
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-5
Keywords: Propagation; Seeds; Generative-propagation;
Ecuador;
Abstract: Instructions for making new plantings, using seed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1940
Author: Ayanlaja, S. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Rehabilitation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nigeria: physical and moisture retention properties of old cocoa soils
Journal: Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad)
Volume: 64
Issue: 3
Pages: 237-240.
Keywords: Soil-suitability; Soil-physics; Rainfall; Water-holding-capacity; Water-relations
Nigeria;
Abstract: To investigate the causes of the early decline of cacao trees, a study was made of the physical properties of the soils of 9 representative cacao farms in Southern Nigeria. The following aspects were evaluated: soil moisture retention; root-penetrable soil depth; soil texture; drainage and amount and distribution of rainfall. For only 5 out of the 9 farms investigated, these properties were suitable to support profitable cacao production. The other farms were sited on inferior soils, with physical properties that cannot support the healthy growth of cacao trees. Adequate determination of soil physical characteristics, to ascertain soil suitability, should precede the establishment or rehabilitation of cacao farms. From author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1511
Author: Ayanlaja, S. A.
Year: 1996
Title: A review of Nigerian research on cocoa soils 1940 to 1990 and present research needs
Journal: Cocoa Growers' Bulletin
Volume: 50
Pages: 7-16
Keywords: reviews-; soil-types; cocoa-soils; Fertilizers; Shade; Plant-Production
Nigeria
Abstract: Soil research on cocoa in Nigeria between 1940 and 1990 is reviewed. Before 1960, soil selection in Nigeria was based on visual observation, resulting in the establishment of some cocoa farms on substandard soils. Adequate data on soils to guide on the selection of good cocoa soils are now available, and a more advanced land resource survey technique is being developed. Despite the volume of soil research on cocoa in Nigeria, soil chemical and physical deterioration still causes drastic yield reductions. A farming system whereby organic matter is continually added to the soil needs to be developed. Shade or shelter tree species which improve soil productivity and yields and enhance cropping systems are also necessary. The major cause of tree death in Nigeria has been low available water in the soil especially during the long dry season. Future research should survey the possibility of storage and re-use of runoff water for tree irrigation. Nutrient recycling under specific shrub/cocoa combinations, soil water, rate of pruning, rate of decomposition of pruning, and the nutrient profile of pruning are areas which need to be investigated to give an agroforestry system for cocoa in which the soil productivity can be sustained and the gradual deterioration of soil properties halted.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1417
Author: Azam, J. P.; Besley, T.
Year: 1921
Title: General equilibrium with parallel markets for goods and foreign exchange: theory and applicability to Ghana
Journal: World Development Oxford
Volume: 17
Issue: 12
Pages: 1921-1930
Keywords: Cash-crops; Foreign-exchange; Trade-relations; Econometric-models; Economics
Ghana; Africa;
Abstract: This paper presents a simple model of a distorted economy with parallel markets which is motivated by the Ghanaian experience. The model has simultaneous illegal trade in goods and foreign exchange markets. Its general equilibrium determines the black market foreign exchange rate and the price of consumer goods. After determining some comparative statistics, the predictions are tested on Ghanaian monthly data from 1982/83. The smuggling is a two-way process; export crops (cocoa) are smuggled out and foreign exchange in.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4179
Author: Azevedo, A. de
Year: 1925
Title: Sanitary state of cocoa plants in Belmonte
Journal: Correlo Agr
Volume: 3
Pages: 249-252
Keywords: Pests; Diseases;
Brazil;
Abstract: Excerpts from a report on diseases and pests presented to the Mnisterio da Agricultura, Industria, e Commercio, Bahia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
270-274


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4644
Author: Azevedo, A. C. R.; Vilela, M. L.; Souza, N. A.; Andrade Coelho, C. A.; Barbosa, A. F.; Firmo, A. L. S.; Rangel, E. F.
Year: 1996
Title: The sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ilheus, State of Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Volume: 91
Issue: 1
Pages: 75-79
Keywords: disease-vectors; habitats-; dwellings-; population-ecology; cattle-housing; cutaneous-leishmaniasis; human-diseases; skin-diseases; synanthropy-; light-traps; surveys-; parasites-; plantations-
Brazil-; Bahia-
Abstract: Sandflies were collected at Ilheus, Bahia State, Brazil, between 18.00 and 20.00 h for 1 week each month in December 1990, February, March, September and October 1991, and March-August and November 1992, using aspirators in and outside houses and on horses, CDC light traps in animal housing, and Shannon traps and Falcao light traps in cocoa plantations 50 and 100 m away from dwellings. A total of 8695 specimens was collected, of which Lutzomyia whitmani comprised 8489 (97.7%). The next most frequent species were L. intermedia at 91 individuals (1.0%), L. fischeri at 48 (0.6%), L. misionensis at 20 (0.2%), L. migonei at 19 (0.2%) and L. sallesi, L. tupynambai, L. schreiberi, L. yuilli yuilli, L. pessoai and L. shannoni at 1-8 individuals each. L. whitmani predominated at all collection sites, but L. fischeri was particularly frequent (25%) in cowsheds. Most specimens (6327) were collected in and around dwellings. None of 225 specimens of L. whitmani examined was infected with Leishmania, but this species is thought to be the probable vector of Leishmania braziliensis in the area.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5006
Author: Azhar, I.; Wahi, S. M.; Norhazazi, M. A.; Murni, P.
Year: 1984
Title: Assessment of Brachyplatys vahlii F. (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) egg parasitism by chemical dissection method
Journal: Mardi Research Bulletin
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 230-233
Keywords: Hymenoptera; Scelionidae-; Natural-enemies; Brachyplatys-vahlii; Telenomus-; Parasites-; Hosts-; Techniques-; Detection-
Malaysia-;
Abstract: A chemical dissection method using 5 concentrations of sodium hydroxide was used to study egg parasites (especially Telenomus sp.) of the plataspidid Brachyplatys vahlii, an occasional pest of cocoa in Malaysia. The results suggested that 10, 20 and 30% were the most suitable for clearing host eggs. Parasites were identified based on their emergence holes and characteristic remains in the host eggs.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1 col. fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 550
Author: Azhar, I.; Sabudin, M. A.
Year: 1987
Title: A field evaluation of an EC formulation of chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin for the control of cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Snell.)
Journal: MARDI Research Journal
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 181-186
Keywords: Lepidoptera; Lepidoptera; Gracillariidae-; Insect-pests; Conopomorpha-cramerella; Control-; Insecticides With-chlorpyrifos; With-cypermethrin
Malaysia-;
Abstract: Nurelle D 505 EC, a formulation of chlorpyrifos at 500 and cypermethrin at 50 g a.i./litre, was tested in the field in Malaysia against Conopomorpha cramerella; the mixture was effective against the gracillariid at 0.36 litres/ha, 6 spray applications significantly reducing the mean number of eggs and percentage pod infestation on cocoa, and controlling populations for up to about 8 weeks after the last application.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 447
Author: Azhar, I.
Year: 1990
Title: Cocoa pollinators and approaches to enhance pollination in Malaysia
Journal: MARDI Report, no
Volume: 138
Keywords: Pollinators; pollination; Insects;
Malaysia
Abstract: The pollinator compositions and some of the problems associated with cacao pollination (the lack of phenological synchronization between the pollinators and flowering phenology, lack of breeding substrates and environmental heterogeneity for the development of pollinators, and a few dominant pollinating species) are discussed. Approaches to increase pollination in cacao including increasing the habitat heterogeneity, provision of optimal shade, manipulation of flowering pattern, planting of an optimal number of clones, and proper insecticide management are proposed. From author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1000
Author: Azhar, I.; Long, G. E.; Musa, M. J.
Year: 1995
Title: Qualitative and multivariate analyses of clonal cocoa resistance to cocoa pod borer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Journal: Planter
Volume: 71
Issue: 832
Pages: 307-321
Keywords: Gracillariidae; Lepidoptera; insect-pests; beverage-crops; analytical-methods; pest-resistance; varietal-resistance; plant-pests; varietal-susceptibility; clonal-variation; pest-control; control-; agricultural-entomology
Malaysia-
Abstract: Using morphological features, such as the husk thickness ratio, hardness and thickness of the sclerotic layer, average damage severity index and the number of eggs per pod, a resistance index to Conopomorpha cramerella was calculated for each of 53 cocoa clones in studies in Sabah, Malaysia. The clones were ranked and categorised into resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible classes. This qualitative grouping was then verified using linear discriminant analysis and classification and cluster analysis. A total of 11, 24 and 18 clones were qualitatively categorised as resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible, resp. The resistance index for the resistant category ranged from 4.2 for LAFI7 to 19.4 for NGK28; 20.2 for 1466 to 30.0 for NGK16 in the moderately resistant category; and 32.4 for NGK13 to 45.6 for ICS39 in the susceptible category. Two linear discriminant functions explained the total variation and correctly classified about 92.5% of the clones into their appropriate categories. Natural grouping using cluster analysis resulted in 22, 21 and 10 clones grouped into resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible categories, resp. This classification resulted in 52.8% being appropriately categorised into respective groups, qualitatively. There seemed to be slight discrepancies between the classification developed through the resistance index compared to that using the multivariate techniques. The classification of clones using the index into various resistant categories was justified as apparent error rate of reclassification using discriminant analysis and classification was very small (7.55%). Although correct classification of clones into respective categories using cluster analysis was low, this multivariate technique might be suitable for exploring the potential number of resistant groupings prior to the analysis using resistance index.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1002
Author: Azhar, I.
Year: 1995
Title: An overview on the management of key insect pests of cocoa with major emphasis on the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella
Journal: Planter
Volume: 71
Issue: 835
Pages: 469-480
Keywords: Gracillariidae; Lepidoptera; biological-control-agents; chemical-control; insecticides-; natural-enemies; parasitoids-; predators-; insect-control; insect-pests; plant-pests; pest-resistance; control-; biological-control; integrated-control; pest-control; agricultural-entomology; Conopomorpha-cramerella; arthropods-; trichogrammatoidea; Dolichoderus-thoracicus; Trichogrammatoidea-bactrae-fumata; dolichoderus; trichogrammatoidea-bactrae
Malaysia-
Abstract: The control of Conopomorpha cramerella on cocoa in Malaysia is discussed. The available management tactics include cultural and mechanical methods, and involve the concept of a host free period and pod sleeving, biological control with Dolichoderus thoracicus and the egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata, the use of resistant clones and the application of the chemicals.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5205
Author: Azhar, I.; Long, G. E.
Year: 1996
Title: Effect of cocoa pod age on egg distribution and egg parasitism of the cocoa pod borer in malaysia
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Volume: 81
Issue: 1
Pages: 81-89
Keywords: Lepidoptera; IPM-; Conopomorpha-cramerella; Gracillariidae; Trichogrammatoidea-bactrae Interaction; Insects; resistance; Biological-control; Parasitism;
Malaysia
Abstract: The effects of pod age on oviposition, and on egg and larval survival of the cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen), were investigated. CPB were allowed to oviposit on a batch of 50 pods for a period of 7 days over several exposure dates. Numbers of CPB eggs/pod and survival to larval emergence from the pods were recorded. Pods were harvested when ripe and analyzed for larval survival within the pod. The oviposition pattern varied with pod age. Older pods less than 7 weeks before ripening (WBR) were preferred, suggesting greater nutritional value or chemical attraction of the older pods. The proportion of eggs parasitized by Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata Nagaraja (TBF), the number of eggs lost and the proportion surviving to larval emergence from the pod were independent of pod age. Egg parasitism was low, implying that TBF was not an effective natural enemy. Mass-releases of TBF should be intensified during cropping periods with higher proportions of susceptible pods (<10 WBR). Survival of larvae in the presclerotic layer (preSCL) was high and independent of pod age. Larval mortality at the SCL (sclerotic layer) was dependent on pod age and was high in older pods. Larval density influenced the survival of larvae inside the pod and was dependent on pod age. Larval mortality associated with SCL hardness and thickness is one of the criteria for the selection of CPB resistant cocoa clones.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1263
Author: Azizah, Chulan; Aini, A.; Omar, M.
Year: 1985
Title: Growth response of mycorrhiza cocoa seedlings in soil; POME mixture
Journal: Planter
Volume: 61
Issue: 714
Pages: 409-416
Keywords: Mycorrhiza; NPK; industrial-wastes
Malaysia
Abstract: The ability of the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora calospora to improve growth in cacao seedlings was tested in 2 soil series, viz. Serdang and Mungchong. The soils were fertilized with palm oil mill effluent (POME), at rates of 0, 25, 50, 150, 250 or 400 g/3 kg of soil, or with NPK at 60-60-60 kg/ha (0.13-0.13-0.1 g/3 kg of soil). Seedlings responded well to POME and mycorrhizal treatments. Plants in the POME-Mungchong soil mixture gave a better response to mycorrhizal inoculation than plants in POME-Serdang soil. Application of 150 g POME to 3 kg of soil was found to be equivalent to NPK application at 60-60-60- kg/ha.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1739
Author: Azizah Chulan, H.
Year: 1991
Title: Effect of fertilizer and endomycorrhizal inoculum on growth and nutrient uptake of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings
Journal: Biology And Fertility Of Soils
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
Pages: 250-254
Keywords: Scutellospora-calospora; Oxisol; Palm-oil-mill-effluent; Ultisol; Nitrogen; Potassium; Phosphorus; POME; Mycorrhiza; Waste;
Malaysia
Abstract: A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on growth and nutrient uptake of cocoa seedlings treated with five levels of palm oil mill effluent, in an unsterilized Oxisol and an Ultisol, either with or without addition of the VAM fungus Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gred.) Walker and Sanders. Inoculation with the VAM fungi significantly increased nutrient uptake and plant growth in both soils. The dry matter yield, and the tissue N and K concentration in the plant tops increased significantly with increasing levels of palm oil mill effluent applied to both the oxisol and the Ultisol. The maximum tissue P concentration, however, was obtained from plants grown in the Ultisol that was given 50.0 g palm oil mill effluent per kg while the maximum P recovery of 26% was obtained from plants given only 16.7 g effluent per kg. Overall, the percentage of P recovery decreased with the addition of increasing levels of palm oil mill effluent. In the Oxisol, the tissue P concentration increased with the addition of increasing levels of palm oil mill effluent, but the maximum recovery of P was recorded from plants given only 0.3 g effluent per kg. The percentage P recovery decreased with subsequent additions of the effluent.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1870
Author: Azizah Chulan, H.; Martin, K.
Year: 1992
Title: The Vesicular-Arbuscular (VA) Mycorrhiza and its effects on growth of vegetatively propagated Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Plant and Soil
Volume: 144
Issue: 2
Pages: 227-233
Keywords: Vegetative-propagation; Budding; Marcotting; Cuttings; VAM; Mycorrhiza; Inoculation; Infection; Roots; Growth; Calcium
Malaysia
Abstract: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on growth and nutrient uptake of vegetatively propagated cocoa plants from the Sabah hybrid (NA 33 x PA 7) raised on unsterilized Munchong soils. Inoculation with mixed species of Scutellospora and Glomus, resulted in higher dry matter yield and stem diameter of mycorrhizal plants obtained through budding, air layering or marcotting (a form of asexual plant propagation using vegetative parts and the selection of a healthy branch and scraping off the bark at the lower end of the branch, forcing it to root by covering it with a ball of soil) and stem cutting. Budded and marcotted mycorrhizal plants gave a significant increase in P content of shoots. In contrast, only budded mycorrhizal plants (on both young and old rootstocks) gave a significantly higher Ca concentration in tops, compared to uninoculated plants.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(Aug )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1985
Author: Azizah-Chulan, H.; Ragu, P.
Year: 1986
Title: Growth response of Theobroma cacao L. seedlings to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Journal: Plant and Soil
Volume: 96
Issue: 2
Pages: 279-285
Keywords: Inoculation-; Mycorrhizal-fungi; Phosphorus-fertilizers; Mycorrhiza; Gigaspora; Nutrition-; Phosphorus-; Absorption-
Malaysia;
Abstract: The effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) on the growth and phosphorus uptake of cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao) grown for 100 days in polythene bags were studied at five levels of phosphorus fertilization in steamed and unsterile Bungor Series soil (a fine clayey, kaolinitic isohyperthermic Typic Paleudult). The cocoa seedlings responded well to phosphorus fertilization and mycorrhizal treatments. Plants inoculated with VAM fungi (Gigaspora spp.) gave the most vigorous growth and highest phosphorus levels in leaves. The mycorrhizal effect was significantly more pronounced in plants grown in steamed than in unsterile soil. High levels of phosphorus application depressed mycorrhizal development. Phosphorus fertilizer applied at rates of 250 and 500 mug g-1 soil gave maximum root colonization and spore counts in both soil types.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
5 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1800
Author: Azizah-Chulan, H.; Mohammad, Omar
Year: 1991
Title: Incidence of VAM spores in some Malaysian soils
Journal: Pertanika
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 133-137
Keywords: Soil-; Mycorrhiza; mycorrhizal-fungi; Acaulospora; Sclerocystis-; Glomus-; Gigaspora
Malaysia
Abstract: Spores of VAM fungi were present in all soils sampled from 4 areas of peninsular Malaysia. Spore numbers and types varied significantly with soil type, with the greatest number isolated from an organic soil under oil palm in Kelang. Acid soils supported mainly Glomus spp. with a few Acaulospora and Sclerocystis spp. A clay soil under cocoa supported mainly Gigaspora spp. while almost equal proportions of Acaulospora, Glomus and Gigaspora spp. were found in a sandy tin tailing.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4458
Author: Azpeitia Morales, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Aseptic in vitro establishment and shoot induction in zygotic embryos of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Agricultura Tecnica en Mexico
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-16
Keywords: organogenesis-; shoots-; roots-; tissue-culture; in-vitro-culture; explants-; sterilizing-; sources-; culture-media; plant-growth-regulators; benzyladenine-; gibberellic-acid; IBa; ;
Abstract: Cocoa explants (apical buds, axillary buds or zygotic embryos) were treated with sodium hypochlorite disinfectant at 50, 75 or 100% for 10, 15 or 20 min. then established on MS medium. The 100% NaOCl treatment for 15 min resulted in 100 and 72% aseptic cultures for zygotic embryos and apical buds, respectively, compared with 100% contamination in untreated controls. With axillary buds, none of the treatments resulted in aseptic cultures. In the second part of the experiment, shoot induction from zygotic embryos was compared on liquid and solid MS media supplemented with 0-4.0 mg BA, 0 or 0.1 mg IBA and 0 or 0.1 mg GA3/litre. (Apical and axillary buds were not used in this part of the experiment because of their higher contamination rates.) Little shoot development was observed in the liquid media, but of the solid media, that containing 1 mg BA + 0.1 mg IBA + 0.1 mg GA3 gave the best results in terms of shoot length and leaves/shoot. Root length was greatest on the medium containing 0.5 mg BA/litre.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 721
Author: Azzizah, H.; Mok, C. C.
Title: Endomycorrhiza for sustainable tropical agriculture
Journal: A.E. Johnston & J.K. Syers
Pages: 356-357
Keywords: VAM; Fungi; Mycorrhiza; Infection; Seedlings; Phosphorus; Phosphate-uptake; Water-stress; Water-uptake;
Malaysia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1124
Author: Babacauh, K. D.
Year: 1975
Title: (Evolution of black pod disease under natural conditions of the Ivory Coast cocoa plantations)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 19
Pages: 293-302.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases; Plant-Diseases
West-Africa; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: Phytophthora palmivora strains were systematically gathered in 7 cacao plantations. Greatest damage was caused by P. palmivora, except for 1 plantation where Trachysphaera fructigena (mealy pod disease) was the most damaging agent. Progression of the disease varies from one area to another. A correlation was established between rainfall and the development of rot between July and September. It is estimated that 2 to 4 fungicidal treatments should be sufficient during this short period of rains.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1133
Author: Babacauh, K. D.; Partiot, M.
Year: 1976
Title: (Phytophthora sp., a parasite of the cocoa tree in the Ivory Coast. First study of its morphological, physiological and pathogenic variability)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 20
Pages: 117-128.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases
West-Africa; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: The results reported in this article show that the populations of Phytophthora sp. are heterogeneous. It is therefore concluded that a simultaneous study of host and parasite is indispensable in resistance-breeding.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1218
Author: Babacauh, K. D.
Year: 1982
Title: (Role of insect communities and water in the dissemination of Phytophthora palmivora in cacao plantations in the Ivory Coast)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 26
Pages: 31-36.
Keywords: cacao-; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; disease-transmission; insect-vectors
West-Africa; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: The role of ants-scale insects communities, notably the association of Pheidole megacephala and Planococcoides njalensis in the spread of Phytophthora palmivora is examined on the basis of observations and experimental data. From foci installed in ant nests or on trees by inoculation of fruit, Pheidole megacephala spreads propagules vertically and horizontally. This activity is linked to the community life which they lead with the scale insects. These are systematically sought out and protected by shelters made of various materials including, on occasions, the propagules of the parasite. The epidemiological impact of associations of ants and scale insects is discussed. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1231
Author: Babacauh, K. D.
Year: 1983
Title: (Structure of populations of Phytophthora spp. parasites of cacao (Theobroma cacao) and other perennial crops in Ivory Coast)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 27
Pages: 41-56.
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; disease-diagnosis; cacao-; rubber-Hevea; mango-
West-Africa; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: Phytophthora populations from cacao, rubber and mango trees were studied in Ivory Coast. The study revealed that the conventional taxonomic criteria are not always equally reliable. The length/width ratio of the sporocysts is a clonal marker. The other criteria, including biochemical ones, enable the 2 species to be distinguished viz., P. palmivora sensu attacking both cacao and mango trees, and P. citrophthora parasitizing rubber, cacao and mango.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4861
Author: Babacauh, K. D.
Year: 1983
Title: Population structure of Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Journal: Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, Lettres Botaniques
Volume: 130
Issue: 1
Pages: 15-26
Keywords: Phytophthora-palmivora; Taxonomy-; Diseases;
Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: Some subpopulations are well adapted to environmental conditions; some have lost their sporogenetic ability and form only chlamydospores; others produce, in addition to sporangia and chlamydospores, conidium-like sporangia, indicating evolution in P. palmivora towards less water dependent forms, as exist in other Peronosporales. The new var. P. palmivora var. heterocystica is proposed to accommodate this form. the epidemiological consequences of this variation are discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1254
Author: Babacauh, K. D.
Year: 1984
Title: (Factors determining the localization of black pod disease lesions of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) 2. Determinisms involved)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 28
Pages: 111-122.
Keywords: cacao-; fungal-diseases; black-pod-disease; disease-incidence; plant-morphology; plant-physiology
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: Anatomical, morphological and physiological changes in space and in time largely explain why black pod disease (Phytophthora spp.) invades more readily the distal parts of young cacao pods, and the flancs of older pods.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4449
Author: Baconguis, S. R.
Year: 1996
Title: Impact of agroforestry and gully stabilization on the water budget of a secondary dipterocarp forest watershed, Norzagaray, Bulacan, Philippines
Journal: Sylvatrop
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-26
Keywords: fruit-trees; planting-; agrosilvicultural-systems; agroforestry-systems; water-balance; stream-flow; rain-; precipitation-; evapotranspiration-; soil-water-balance; groundwater-; storage-; gully-erosion; dams-; watershed-management; understorey-; vegetation-types; secondary-forests; watersheds-; hydrology-; erosion-control; agroforestry-;
Philippines-
Abstract: A detailed water budget analysis was made for 18 yr (1975-92) in a secondary dipterocarp forest of the Angat watershed (area 4.6 ha) in San Lorenzo, Philippines. The water balance was calculated from inputs, outputs and changes of water storage within the watershed (i.e data on rainfall, stream flow, evapotranspiration, and changes in soil water and groundwater storage). In the calibration phase of the study (1975-85), the area was protected and different water budget parameters were monitored. An agroforestry scheme and gully stabilization using rock check dams were implemented in the forest for the treatment period (1986-92). The scheme involved the removal of undesirable shrubs beneath the forest canopy, and their replacement by planted Theobroma cacao and Coffea. Annona muricata and other fruit trees were also planted where the ground was exposed to full sunlight. During the calibration period annual rainfall was broken down into the following components: 49% stream flow, 34% evapotranspiration and 17% recharge to groundwater. For the treatment period the annual rainfall breakdown was 48% stream flow, 32% evapotranspiration and 20% recharge to groundwater, i.e. no significant difference between the calibration and treatment water balance components.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5643
Author: Badowski, Z.
Year: 1986
Title: The conditions for achieving a surplus in foreign trade in agricultural and food produce. Warunki osiagania nadwyzki w handlu zagranicznym artykulami rolno-spozywczymi (II)
Journal: Wies Wspolczesna
Volume: 30
Issue: 12
Pages: 73-80
Keywords: Agricultural-trade; Balance-of-trade; Poland-; Economics-; Exports-; Imports-; Triticum-
Abstract: This paper looks at the external conditions determining Poland's balance of payments. During the past 15 years the terms of trade have acted against Poland. One of the main factors influencing this situation is the fact that dollar imports account for 70% of all Polish imports whilst dollar exports only account for 40% of exports. Furthermore in 1985 the price of exported agricultural produce fell by 14% on the previous year, whilst the cost of imported raw materials increased by 5.6%. Overall world prices for agricultural products, except fruit and vegetables, are falling. The prospects for increasing exports have been improving since the 1970s. Until 1983 Poland had been unable to export vegetable oils; the situation has now changed, but unfortunately world prices have fallen. There are possibilities for increasing potato exports. Likewise 15 000-20 000 more hams could be exported annually, but unfortunately this would aggravate shortages on the domestic market. In order to influence the balance of payments by decreasing imports, imports would have to be limited to produce difficult to cultivate under Polish conditions. Annual amounts of 2 Mt of high protein crops for fodder production 900 000 t of hard wheat, 800 000 t maize, 100 000-150 000 t vegetable oils, 100 000 t of rice, 30 000 t of coffee, cocoa and tea, 300 000 t of citrus fruits and 80 000 t of bananas are suggested. Conversely imports of animal fats, potatoes, cheeses and tomatoes would be severely restricted.
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358)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 443
Author: Baensch, W.
Year: 1991
Title: Wine and jam from cocoa or how to turn "waste" into food
Journal: Gate
Volume: 2
Pages: 7-10
Keywords: Waste-utilization; Byproducts; beverages; jam;
Dominican Republic
Abstract: The preparation of food and feed items from cacao materials considered as waste is described. The methods are easy, and marketable produce can be made without buying any major equipment. These methods have already been tried by women's groups in the Dominican Republic. The materials utilized are the fruity sweet pulp juice or puree of the cacao fruit and the fruit pods. The products prepared are drinks (refreshment drinks and fruit wine), vinegar, jam, animal feed and fertilizer. The collection of the pulp juice and quality control of the produce is also described.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 468
Author: Baeyens, J.
Year: 1938
Title: The soils of Central Africa and espaecially those of the Belgian Congo
Journal: Puble. INEAC, hors sÈrie
Keywords: Soil-requirements;
Zaire
Abstract: soil requiremetns of cocoa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4325
Author: Baeza-L, P.
Year: 1994
Title: A new plant disease: uniformity
Journal: Ceres
Volume: 150
Pages: 41-47
Keywords: genetic-variation; land-varieties; germplasm-conservation; plant-breeding
Abstract: The loss of plant genetic diversity (the funnel effect) is a serious threat to global agriculture. A very few cultivated plants dominate the bulk of land resources around the world, depriving other cultivated and other wild species of the means of survival. The topics discussed include the rise of agriculture, from rice and tea cultivation in China to diversified agricultural production systems, monocultural cash crops such as coffee, sugar cane, cocoa and tea, and modern monocultural systems. It is indicated that if pests and diseases attack the pure lines and hybrid seeds which form the backbone of modern agriculture, breeders can only save them by transferring genes contained in the traditional strains and varieties as a result of 1000 years of selection by farmers. The difference between modern and traditional varieties is that the former have a restricted genetic base and in time become vulnerable to pests and diseases.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4554
Author: Baffoe Bonnie, J.; Ashong, S. N.
Year: 1995
Title: The effect of government policies on agricultural prices and output in a developing country
Journal: Journal of Developing Areas
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 91-112
Keywords: agricultural-prices; World-Bank; economic-policy; agricultural-sector; structural-adjustment; economic-impact; simulation-models
Ghana-
Abstract: A model is developed for Ghana and is used to simulate the impact of alternative government policies (including those proposed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) on output and prices in the agricultural sector. Output in the agricultural sector depends on producer incentives. In particular, the ratio of producer prices in the cocoa and non-cocoa crop sectors is the mechanism by which resources and efforts are allocated to the two activities. Data for the model cover 18 calendar years, from 1965 to 1982, and are from diverse sources. The model adopted for the study reflects development in prices and output in the agricultural sector, especially during the turbulent era of the mid-1970s and early 1980s, quite adequately, and it serves as a useful and practical framework for evaluating the macroeconomic consequences of various government policies in the agricultural sector, including that: a fiscal policy that calls for a uniform cut in government spending is associated with an increase in production in the cocoa sector, and reduction in consumer prices and increased export earning, higher level of government revenues, and a reduction in inflation; however, this policy is associated with a reduction in output in the non-cocoa agricultural sector.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2072
Author: Bafor, M.; Stobart, A. K.; Stymne, S.
Year: 1990
Title: Properties of the glycerol acylating enzymes in microsomal preparations from the developing seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and turnip rape (Brassica campestris) and their ability to assemble cocoa-butter type fats
Journal: Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
Volume: 67
Issue: 4
Pages: 217-225
Keywords: Safflower-; Seeds Enzymes Rape-; Transferases Metabolism-; Fatty-acids; Enzyme-activity; Organic-acids; RAPE-
Sweden;
Abstract: Microsomal membrane preparations from developing seeds of safflower cv. Gila and turnip rape cv. Bele catalysed the assembly of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and acyl-CoA. The membrane preparations were used to assess the acyl specificity properties of the initial acylating enzymes glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase) that are responsible for the fatty acids at positions sn-1 and sn-2 of the sn-triacylglycerol, resp. In spectrophotometric assays it was possible to evaluate, to some extent, how these enzymes will utilize unusual and foreign fatty acids that are not normally found in these plant species. The acylating enzymes from both species used, to varying extents, a comprehensive range of acyl-CoA donor species and some kinetic properties of the substrates involved are presented. The enzymes from safflower were generally more selective, whereas rape could utilize a range of acyl substrates. The enzymes from both species hardly utilized erucate (C22:1), and the significance of this is discussed in terms of mechanisms which have evolved in order to exclude certain, perhaps detrimental, fatty acids from structural membrane lipids and dedicate them to storage lipid assembly. The ability of the microsomal preparations from the developing seeds of both species to synthesize cocoa-butter type fats was investigated. Microsomal membranes were incubated with glycerol 3-phosphate and equimolar amounts of palmitate, oleate and stearate. Safflower preparations catalysed the construction of sn-triacylglycerol with largely palmitate, oleate and stearate in positions sn-1, 2 and 3, resp. The selectivity for acyl species in rape was less pronounced but substantial saturated-unsaturated-saturated oils were still produced. The results are discussed in terms of the acyl selectivity properties of the glycerol acylating enzymes. It is evident that given the correct composition of fatty aci! ds, oil plants can produce cocoa-butter or other exotic fats.
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Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4877
Author: Baiardi, A.
Year: 1984
Title: Technological modernization and unemployment in Brazilian agriculture
Journal: Conferencia Latinoamericana de Economia Agricola, Piracicaba, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil
Volume: 28
Issue: 31
Keywords: Unemployment-; Rural-areas; Technical-progress; Agroindustrial-sector; Labour-requirements; Farming-systems; Innovation-adoption;
Brazil;
Abstract: The adoption of technological innovation in agriculture in Brazil is related to rural unemployment. The paper assumes that unemployment is an inherent phenomenon of capitalism. Three case studies of crops are considered: irrigated rice for the internal market; sugarcane for agro-industry; and cocoa, an export product. For each crop the most relevant management factor and new techniques are described for the years since 1960. The introduction of technical 'packages' is related to employment in production areas chosen as 'typical'. No inevitable relationship was found between technical innovation and unemployment: the balance between factors is dependent on the area (its biological potential, topography, etc.) and on the crop in question.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
a de maio de Vol. III. 1984, 32pp.; retained in IAAE archives, Oxford. Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de Sao Paulo, an


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2541
Author: Baillaud, E.
Year: 1943
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Les cahiers coloniaux, No
Pages: 117
Keywords: Regional;
Abstract: Production, marketing, research work in various countries.
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951-954,,p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2857
Author: Baillon, H.
Year: 1861
Journal: Adansonia
Volume: 2
Pages: 166-181
Keywords: Anatomy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
62)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2850
Author: Baillon, H.
Year: 1870
Journal: Adansonia
Volume: 9
Pages: 336-351
Keywords: Anatomy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2849
Author: Baillon, H.
Year: 1872
Journal: Paris
Volume: 4
Pages: 77-80
Keywords: Taxonomy;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4 vols., 131, figs. 124-125


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3670
Author: Bainbridge, J. S.; Davies, S. H.
Year: 1912
Title: The essential oil of cacao
Journal: J. Chem. Soc.
Volume: 28
Pages: 2209-2214
Keywords: Flavour; Aroma; Linalool;
Abstract: Linalool was determined as a flavour compound of cocoa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4675
Author: Bajaj, Y. P. S.
Year: 1995
Title: Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 30: Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed I
Volume: 472
Keywords: tissue-culture; artificial-seeds; forest-trees; Somatic-embryogenesis; in-vitro-Culture; Forestry-General; Vegetative-Propagation
Abstract: This book covers various basic and applied aspects of somatic embryogenesis and the technology of synthetic seed. It contains thirty-one chapters and is divided into the following three sections: I: Basic and fundamental aspects of somatic embryogenesis (cell's commitment to embryogenesis; early events and anatomy; molecular basis and gene expression; role of polyamines; machine vision analysis of somatic embryos). II: Applications of somatic embryos; synthetic seed; fluid drilling; micropropagation; genetic transformation through somatic embryos; cryopreservation. III: Somatic embryogenesis in tree species of Aesculus, Betula, Carica, Citrus, Cocos, Corylus, Elaeis, Hevea, Juglans, Larix, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Olea, Picea, Populus and Theobroma.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
xxii + pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3122
Author: Bakala, J.
Year: 1979
Title: Classification of morphological types of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) in Cameroon
Journal: Proceeding of the 7th International Cocoa Research Conference, Douala Cameroon
Pages: 297-301
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; Morphotypes;
Cameroon;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3121
Author: Bakala, J.; Kone, S.
Year: 1998
Title: Chemical control of Phytophthora pod rot; Forum R, a new fungicide for monthly application, the first results from Cameroon
Journal: Communication prÈsentee lors du SÈminaire international sur les maladies et les insectes nuisibles du Cacaoyer a Yamoussoukrou, CÙte d'Ivoire
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; Chemical-control; Fungicides; Application;
Cameroon;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19 - 24 janvier


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3323
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Crowdy, S. H.
Year: 1941
Title: Witches' broom disease investigations. I, Seasonal variations in intensity of infection and their effect on control methods
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 18
Pages: 107-116
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3803
Author: Baker, R. E. D.
Year: 1941
Title: Immortelle disease
Journal: Trop. Agr.
Volume: 18
Pages: 96-101
Keywords: Shade-trees; Diseases; Cilostilbe-striispora
Trinidad;
Abstract: Caused by Cilostilbe striispora on Erythrina micropteryx and E. glauca used as shade trees in Trinidad cacao plantations.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3322
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Crowdy, S. H.
Year: 1942
Title: Witches' broom disease investigations. II, Notes on the susceptibility of I.C. selections at River Estate to witches broom disease of cacao
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 19
Pages: 207-209
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3319
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; McKee, R. M.
Year: 1943
Title: Witches broom disease investigations, VI. The infection of flower cushions and pods of cacao by Marasmius perniciosus Stahel
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 20
Pages: 188-194
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3320
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Crowdy, S. H.
Year: 1943
Title: Witches' broom disease investigations. IV, Further notes on the susceptibility of I.C. selections at River Estate to witches broom disease of cacao
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 20
Pages: 156-158
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3321
Author: Baker, R. E. D.
Year: 1943
Title: Witches' broom disease investigations. III, Notes on the occurrence of witches broom disease of cacao at River Estate, 1939-42
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 20
Pages: 5-12
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3324
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Crommy, S. H.
Year: 1943
Title: Studies in the witches' broom disease of cacao caused by Marasmius perniciosus Stahel. Pt. I-II
Journal: Imp. Col. Trop. Agr. Trinidad. Dept. Mycol. & Bact. Mem.
Pages: 1943-1944
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Witches-Broom;
Abstract: Contents: Pt. 1, Introduction, symptoms and etiology; Pt. II, Field studies and control measures.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7-8, 2 pts


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3591
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Dale, W. T.
Year: 1944
Title: Witches' broom disease investigations VII: Observations on fan formation and loss of pods at River Estate from September 1942 to Spetemeber 1943
Journal: Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad)
Volume: 21
Issue: 9
Pages: 170-175
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Trinidad


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5239
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Dale, W. T.
Year: 1944
Title: Witches' broom disease investigations XI, Observations on the effect of planting interval on witches broom disease at River Estate
Journal: Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad)
Volume: 21
Issue: 9
Pages: 196-199.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa
Trinidad


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5240
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Dale, W. T.
Year: 1944
Title: Witches' broom disease investigations VIII, Observations on fan broom formation and loss of pods at River Estate from September 1942 to September 1943
Journal: Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad)
Volume: 21
Issue: 9
Pages: 170-174.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa
Trinidad


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5241
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Dale, W. T.
Year: 1944
Title: Witches' broom disease investigations IX: Loss of pods at River Estate. Results to April 1944
Journal: Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad)
Volume: 21
Issue: 9
Pages: 175-176.
Keywords: Witches-broom; Crinipellis-perniciosa
Trinidad


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2187
Author: Baker, R. E. D.
Year: 1945
Title: Cacao virus diseases
Journal: Agr. Soc. of Trinidad & Tobago. Proc.
Volume: 45
Pages: 289-294
Keywords: Virus-diseases;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2186
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Dale, W. T.
Year: 1947
Title: Notes on a virus diseases of cacao
Journal: Ann. Appl. Biol.
Volume: 34
Pages: 60-65
Keywords: Virus-diseases;
Trinidad
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5247
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Dale, W. T.
Year: 1947
Title: Virus diseases of cacao in Trinidad. II
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 24
Pages: 127-136
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Red-mottle
Trinidad
Abstract: Reports further experiments and observations supplementing Ann. Appl. Biol.,34:60-65.
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Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3325
Author: Baker, R. E. D.; Cope, F. W.
Year: 1949
Title: A report on witches' broom disease in Grenada
Journal: Caribbean Comn. Monthly B
Volume: 2
Pages: 327-328
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Witches-Broom;
Grenada;
Abstract: Includes suggested policy for control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2199
Author: Baker, G. L.
Year: 1976
Title: Cryptophlebia encarpa (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as a pest of cacao pods in the northern province of Papua New Guinea
Journal: Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal
Volume: 27
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 11-17.
Keywords: Insect-Pests; Lepidoptera; Tortricidae; Cryptophlebia-encarpa;
Papua New Guinea
Abstract: Control of common pod-damaging insects by insecticides resulted in increasingly more pod-damage by C. encarpa, which is usually of minor importance. High infestation levels are positively related to increasing seasonal abundance of pods. Details of the life-cycle are given and potential methods of control are discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3106
Author: Baker, R. P.; Hasenstein, K. H.; Zavada, M. S.
Year: 1994
Title: Self-incompatibility in Theobroma cacao: hormonal changes associated with the incompatibility response
Journal: Current topics in plant physiology
Volume: 12
Pages: ollen-pistil
Keywords: Pollination; Fertilization; Compatibility; Self-incompatibility; Regulation; Ethylene; Iaa; Quantitative-analysis; Abscisic-acid;
USA; Puerto-rico.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
interactions and pollen tube growth proceedings, ninth annual Penn State Symposium in Plant Physiology, May 19-21, p. 272-274


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2476
Author: Bakker, L.; Mes, G.
Year: 1988
Title: Cacao: proposal for rehabilitation and diversification in de San Jose de Apartado area, Uruba, Colombia
Journal: Bogota: CONIF Holanda
Volume: 35
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Diversification;
Colombia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 431
Author: Bala, G.
Year: 1988
Title: A review of plant-nematological research conducted in Trinidad and Tobago
Journal: Nematropica (USA)
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 75-85; Jun, table,
Keywords: nematodes-; ; industrial-crops; pest-incidence; pest-control; review-
Trinidad-and-Tobago
Abstract: Plant-nematological research, conducted in Trinidad and Tobago during 1932-1985 was reviewed. Red ring disease of coconut caused by Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus has been one of the most intensively researched nematode problems, and current approaches to control of this nematode by the use of attractants and biological agents are discussed. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is the most economically important nematode of vegetable crops. Research findings on cultural and chemical control of M. incognita are also presented. Important nematode pests of sugar-cane, fruit, root crops and legumes include M. incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, and Helicotylenchus dihystera. Results of a recent survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in forage crops are presented. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 675
Author: Balasimha, D.
Year: 1983
Title: Effect of abscisic acid and kinetin on growth and proline accumulation in cacao seedlings under water stress
Journal: Indian Journal of Plant Physiology
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 139-142
Keywords: Water-relations; Growth-regulators; Kinetin Responses ABA Leaves-; Development-; Drought-; Amino-acids; Metabolism-; Cytokinins-; Water-balance; Water-stress; Plant-water-relations
Abstract: Three-month-old Forastero seedlings were drenched with kinetin and/or ABA, each at 10 mg/litre, 15 days before stress induction and 4 more times at 3-day intervals. Water stress was induced by withholding irrigation for 7 days. During stress leaf growth was retarded most by ABA but it was faster in ABA-treated plants during recovery from stress. Leaf relative water content was higher during stress in the ABA-treated plants but leaf proline content was lower than in the other variants. The effects of kinetin were similar to those of the control and ABA + kinetin gave intermediate results.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4910
Author: Balasimha, D.; Subramonian, N.
Year: 1984
Title: Effect of cycocel on seedlings of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 34
Issue: 3
Pages: 385-387
Keywords: Water-relations; Growth-regulators; Chlormequat-; Responses-; Drought-; Seedlings-; Water-balance; Water-stress; Drought-resistance
Abstract: Three-month-old seedlings raised in polyethylene bags were treated 4 times at 3-day intervals with Cycocel [chlormequat] at 1000 p.p.m. before water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation for 7 days. Data are tabulated on relative water content, leaf expansion rate, proline content, and nitrate reductase activity during pre-stress, stress and recovery. The use of chlormequat on seedlings during drought is recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 676
Author: Balasimha, D.; Subramonian, N.; Subbaiah, C. C.; Chenchu-Subbaiah, C.
Year: 1985
Title: Leaf characteristics in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) accessions
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 29
Issue: 2
Pages: 95-98
Keywords: Leaves; Drought-resistance; Plant-water-relation; SLW; SLA; Specific-Leaf-Area; Wax; Cuticula; Leaf-thicknes
Asia; India;
Abstract: The third to fifth leaves of the mature flush of 40 accessions (10-12 years old) were sampled during July and August. There were significant differences among them for all the 8 characters (Stomatal frequency, Specific Leaf dry Weight, Epicuticular wax content, Thickness, Pallisade layer, Cuticular transpiration and Nitrate reductase activity) studied, except leaf area. It is suggested that screening for drought tolerance based on 2-3 morphological characters like SLW and Epiculticalr wax content, it is possible to screen out over 80% of the accesions in the preliminary screening programmes. The remaining can be evalauted in greater detail using biochemical parameters and field testing.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 694
Author: Balasimha, D.; Daniel, E. V.
Year: 1988
Title: A screening method for drought tolerance in cocoa
Journal: Current Science
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Pages: 395.
Keywords: Stress-resistance; Techniques Drought-resistance; Drought-; Resistance-; Tests Plant-water-relations; Ecology; Selection;
India
Abstract: A rapid method of screening for drought tolerance by measuring the water potential in excised leaves is described. The method successfully discriminated between 12 drought-tolerant and 4 drought-susceptible cacao accessions.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2151
Author: Balasimha, D.
Year: 1989
Title: Light penetration patterns through arecanut canopy and leaf physiological characteristics of intercrops
Journal: Journal of Plantation Crops. 1989
Volume: 16
Issue: Supplement
Pages: 61-67. Proceedings of the seventh symposium on plantation crops, Coonoor, India, 16-19 Oct. 1986.
Keywords: Cropping-systems; Nitrate-reductase; Intercropping; Light-transmission; Enzyme-activity; Shade-; Responses; Leaves; Nitrates; Metabolism; Radiation; Morphology; Shade-leaves; Sun-leaves; SLW; SLA;
India
Abstract: About 27% of PAR passed through the arecanut canopy. The leaves of 6 crops grown under the arecanuts were thinner, and had a higher chlorophyll content, than the leaves of crops grown in full light, but the nitrate reductase (NR) activity of the banana, clove [Syzygium aromaticum], cocoa, coffee and pepper [Piper nigrum] intercrops were unaffected, indicating their shade tolerance. The NR activity of pineapple leaves, however, was lower in shade. The distribution patterns of NR activity in the roots and leaves showed that all the intercrops except pepper and pineapple reduced NO3 - in their leaves to a considerable degree, but there were no direct relationships between endogenous NO3 - content and reduction by NR.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4689
Author: Balasimha, D.
Year: 1993
Title: Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in cocoa trees
Journal: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry New Delhi
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-18
Keywords: drought-resistance; leaf-conductance; water-use-efficiency; drought-; tolerance-; photosynthesis-; transpiration-; water-stress; stomata; movement-; ;
Karnataka-; India-
Abstract: The relationships between stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthesis (A) and transpiration rate (E) were studied in leaves of drought-tolerant and drought-susceptible accessions of cocoa. A did not differ significantly between the accession types. The A:gs ratio increased during dry months, accompanied by a decrease in intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). The depression in A was due to lower gs. The instantaneous water use efficiency (A/E) was positively correlated with A and was higher in drought-tolerant trees. The A:Ci ratio decreased in the dry season and was positively correlated with A/E. Thus, high A/E and A:Ci along with low gs and E during drought stress may be important factors contributing to drought-tolerance in cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4618
Author: Balasimha, D.; Daniel, E. V.
Year: 1995
Title: Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence during cocoa leaf development
Journal: Journal of Plantation Crops
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 64-65
Keywords: fluorescence-; leaves-; development-; biochemistry-; chlorophyll-; metabolism-; shade-plants; growth-; photosynthesis-; ;
Abstract: Studies conducted on 22-year-old cocoa trees cultivated under the shade of arecanut palms showed that chlorophyll synthesis increased after leaf expansion was complete. This increase in chlorophyll synthesis was matched by increases in fluorescence indices (F0, FV and FM) indicating enhanced rates of photosynthesis.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3942
Author: Balleyguier, A.
Year: 1949
Title: Swollen shoot disease in the Ivory Coast
Journal: In Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance. Report of the Cocoa Conference, London
Volume: 112
Pages: 112
Keywords: Diseases; Virusses; Swollen-shoot
Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: It was estimated that about 1.5 million trees needed to be destroyed, mainly in the Abengourou area where 2,000 acres are infected with the Swollen shoot.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3943
Author: Balleyguier, A.
Year: 1949
Title: French West African cocoa
Journal: In Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance. Report of the Cocoa Conference, London
Pages: 8-9
Keywords: Marketing; Production; Statistics;
Ivory-Coast; Cameroon; Gabon; Togo;
Abstract: Chiefly production and marketing. Production statistics 1937/38-1948/49
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2997
Author: Balou, H. A.
Year: 1922
Title: Mealybugs on cacao
Journal: Agr. News Barbadoes
Volume: 21
Pages: 74
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Homoptera; Pseudococcidae; Pseudococcus-citri; Pseudococcus-bromeliae; Philephedra-broadwayi
Grenada;
Abstract: Reported a collection of Pseudococcus citri, P. P. bromeliae, and Philephedra broadwayi on cacao in Grenada.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2998
Author: Balou, H. A.
Year: 1929
Title: Mealybugs on cacao
Journal: Agr. News Barbadoes
Volume: 21
Pages: 74
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Homoptera; Pseudococcidae; Pseudococcus-citri; Pseudococcus-bromeliae; Philephedra-broadwayi
Grenada;
Abstract: Reported a collection of Pseudococcus citri, P. P. bromeliae, and Philephedra broadwayi on cacao in Grenada.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2325
Author: Baltazar, E. P.; Ganay, M. A.
Year: 1954
Title: The future of cacao in the Philippines
Journal: Manila: [s.n.], [1954?]
Pages: 50
Keywords: Production; Potential; Development;
Philippines
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
49 p. - (Popular bulletin. Department of agriculture and natural resources Manila, Philippines


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5012
Author: Bandara, Jmrs; Chandrasena, G.; Abeykoon, A. M. D.
Year: 1985
Title: Compatibility and pathogenicity of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) on hosts of high intensity cropping systems in the upcountry of Sri Lanka
Journal: Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-48
Keywords: Diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Types-; Hosts-;
Sri-Lanka
Abstract: When 7 cocoa and rubber plantations were surveyed for P. palmivora infections in cocoa, rubber, Piper [nigrum] and cardomom [Elettaria cardamomum], 40 pathogenic isolates were obtained for lab. tests. Sporangial morphology and growth characters indicated 2 morphological forms; most cultures were MF1 but isolates from collar rot of P. nigrum were MF4. All isolates from Kandy and Mataly districts were of A2 compatibility type and no A1 types were detected. Self repulsive and stimulating types occurred among the MF1 types in 253 pairings. In pathogenicity tests isolates from P. nigrum were host specific whereas the cocoa isolate was also pathogenic on P. nigrum, pawpaw and cardamom. Clove seedlings were not susceptible to any of the isolates tested. The presence of the 2 morphotypes of A2 compatibility group in this region where intensive cocoa and black pepper cultivation is practised is discussed in relation to the possible evolution of more aggressive strs. under these cropping systems.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4893
Author: Banerji, R.; Chowdhury, A. R.; Misra, G.; Nigam, S. K.
Year: 1984
Title: Butter from plants
Journal: Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel
Volume: 86
Issue: 7
Pages: 279-284
Keywords: Plant-composition; Fats-; Oils-; Surveys-
India
Abstract: About 60 plants yielding vegetable fat are described and data are tabulated on their fatty acid composition. They include cocoa, coconut and oil palm, and many lesser-known species.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5668
Author: Banya, G. S.
Year: 1987
Title: Increased food production on the small farms, experience from Eastern IADP
Journal: Improving food crop production on small farms in Africa. FAO/SIDA seminar on increased food production through low cost food crops technology, held in Harare, Zimbabwe, March
Keywords: Rice-; Coffee-; Palm-oils; Production-; Projects-; Sierra-Leone; Trees-; Conferences-; Economics-; Agricultural-development; Tanzania; Oil-palm
Abstract: The paper first outlines the project's objectives, structure and farm services (technology and loan packages). It then discusses the farming practices that are being promoted for rice, coffee, cocoa and palm oil production. Finally the implementation strategies (organization of farmers, on-farm demonstrations, etc.) as well the project's impact at farm, regional and national levels are highlighted. The Eastern Integrated Agricultural Development Project also focuses on non-agricultural aspects of rural development, roads and health care in particular.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2-17, 1987, 178-191; 5 tab., Rome, Italy; Food and Agriculture Organization


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 720
Author: Baon, J. B.; Wibawa, A.
Title: Enhancing phosphate rock use in cofee and cocoa plantations by VA mycorrhiza in Indonesia
Journal: A.E. Johnston & J.K. Syers
Pages: 357-358
Keywords: VAM; Fungi; Mycorrhiza; Infection; Phosphorus; Phosphate-fertiliser; Rock-phosphate; Nutrient-uptake; Calcium; Managnese; Ca; Mn;
Indonesia; Kalimantan;
Abstract: The results showed that ther was little response by young cocoa to VAM inoculation on fertile soils, although the uptake of both micor- and macronutrients from PR was better by the mycorrhizal plants than by the uninfected ones. However in an experiment on an ultisol in South Kalimantan, plant growth was significantly increased by myorrhizal infection, with the PR being used more effectively. The greatest density of mycorrhixal spores was found in soil treated with PR. With Glomus fasiculatum there was both better growth and Calcium and Managnese uptake than with Acaulaspora delicata. inoculation of plants grown on a near neutral soil (a Fluventic Eutropept) treated with PR also enhanced growth and uptake of phosphate, magnesium and copper.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1975
Author: Baon, J. B.
Year: 1986
Title: Response of young cocoa to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation
Journal: Menara Perkebunan
Volume: 54
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-17
Keywords: Mycorrhiza; Gigaspora-margarita; Phosphorus-; Absorption-
Indonesia;
Abstract: In a greenhouse trial, cocoa (cv. ICS 6) grown in a latosol (analysis provided) with added rock phosphate of low solubility was inoculated or not with mycorrhizas (Gigaspora margarita). Root, shoot and total dry weights were not significantly greater in mycorrhizal plants but uptake of macro- and micronutrients, especially P, was better in the mycorrhizal plants.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1805
Author: Baon, J. B.; Soenaryo
Year: 1989
Title: Use of filter press cake as organic matter source for coffee and cocoa. II. Effect on coffee production
Journal: Pelita Perkebunan
Volume: 5
Issue: 2
Pages: 52-57
Keywords: manures-; soil-amendments; industrial-wastes; utilization-; Filter-cake;
Indonesia-
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1642
Author: Baon, J. B.
Year: 1994
Title: Growth of mycorrhizal cocoa on a red-yellow podzolic soil
Journal: Pelita-Perkebunan-Pusat-Penelitian-Kopi-dan-Kakao (Indonesia)
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 148-154; Jan, summaries In)
Keywords: phosphate-fertilizers; rock-phosphate; superphosphate-; mycorrhiza-;
Indonesia, Kalimantan
Abstract: Most red-yellow-podzolic soils have a poor supply of nutrients to support crop growth and production. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation, using spores of Gigaspora margarita, on the growth of cocoa in a red-yellow podzolic soil of South Kalimantan, Indonesia, was studied in a pot experiment. Plant growth was increased by mycorrhizal infection and P fertilizer. In soil with a low supply of P, mycorrhizal inoculation increased the growth of cocoa plants. Rock phosphate was effective when the plants were mycorrhizal. In unsterile soils, mycorrhizal inoculation did not have a significant effect, due to the presence of effective indigenous fungi in the soil. The highest density of mycorrhizal spores was found in soil treated with rock phosphate. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1531
Author: Baon, J. B.
Year: 1996
Title: Role of mycorrhizal fungus in Acrisol soil in increasing the growth of cocoa plants
Journal: Agrivita
Volume: 19
Issue: 3
Pages: 121-124.
Keywords: rock-phosphate; plant-development; mycorrhizas-; fertilizers-; phosphorus-; soil-sterilization; responses-; acrisols-; Gigaspora-margarita
Indonesia- RN: 7723-14-0
Abstract: In a trial carried out on cocoa plants growing on an Acrisol soil (low in nutrients, especially P) 3 factors were investigated in factorial combination: P fertilizer (rock phosphate or no additional P was supplied), soil sterilization and inoculation with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in increases in shoot dry weight, stem girth, plant height, leaf number and leaf area of plants grown in sterilized soil. Plant growth parameters were generally higher in unsterilized soil than in sterilized soil. Rock phosphate only increased growth parameters significantly when plants were inoculated with the mycorrhiza.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1633
Author: Baon, J. B.
Year: 1996
Title: Variation in growth response and nutrient efficiency of coffee cultivars infected by a mycorrhizal fungus
Journal: Pelita Perkebunan
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 36-47
Keywords: cultivars-; nutrient-uptake; magnesium-; manganese-; zinc-; copper-; hybrids-; plant-development; plant-height; mycorrhiza; nutrients-; uptake-; phosphorus-; plant-nutrition;
Indonesia-
Abstract: Seedlings of 2 arabica coffee cultivars (Kartika 1 and Kartika 2) and 2 robusta coffee hybrids (BP 358 X BP 42 and BP 42 X BP 358), grown in a low-P soil, were inoculated with Gigaspora margarita. Data are presented on plant height; shoot dry weight; P, Zn and Cu use efficiency and uptake efficiency; P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu uptake; root:shoot ratio; and mycorrhizal density. Under low-P conditions, plant height and shoot dry weight in all genotypes were increased by mycorrhizal infection. Most nutrient uptake efficiencies were decreased by mycorrhizal inoculation. From the results it was concluded that arabica coffee may make more use than robusta coffee of mycorrhizal fungi to increase the availability of P, especially on Andisols which have a high P fixing capacity and on which arabica coffee in Indonesia is mostly found.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2724
Author: Baon, J. B.; Priyono
Year: 1997
Title: Response of coffee and cocoa seedlings to fertilization with liquid water of tissue culture media
Journal: Pelita Perkebunan Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao (Indonesia)
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 24-32.
Keywords: Seedlings; Nurseries; culture-media; Wastes; fertilizers-; growth-;
Indonesia;
Abstract: The potential use of 2 kinds of liquid waste of tissue culture media (TCM), rooting and reproduction media, as fertilizers on growth and nutrient uptake of cocoa and coffee plants was examined in Indonesia. Application of liquid waste of TCM 5-50 ml/plant/2 weeks to coffee had a significant effect on shoot dry weight. The treatment differences to control were not significant in plants treated with rooting waste (ROW) compared with a commercial foliar feed (CFF). An increase in shoot dry weight occurred in coffee plants applied with an increased volume of reproduction waste (REW). No increase in shoot dry weight was observed from applying ROW to cocoa plants. Leaf area of coffee increased by raising the volume of REW applied. In the highest rate of waste applied (50 ml/plant/2 weeks), the leaf area of cocoa applied with both kinds of media waste was similar, whereas the coffee leaf area of plants treated with REW was higher than those with ROW, CFF and control. Coffee root dry weight seemed to be positively affected by the addition of ROW only up to 30 ml/plant/2 weeks. However, cocoa root dry weight was not affected by ROW. Application of REW suggested a significant trend toward greater N uptake by cocoa supplied with a greater amount of liquid waste. Treatment effects on K uptake were significant among ROW, CFF and control. It is suggested that the use of TCM waste as liquid fertilizer either as REW or ROW significantly affected coffee plants but not cocoa.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3255
Author: Baracat-Pereira, M. C.; Minussi, R. C.; Coelho, J. L. C.; Silva, D. O.
Year: 1997
Title: Tea extract as an inexpensive inducer of pectin lyase in Penicillium griseoroseum cultured on sucrose
Journal: Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 308-311
Keywords: pectin-lyase; sucrose-; tea; extracts-; induction-; fermentation-; enzymes-; biosynthesis-; moulds-;
Brazil;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 32
Author: Barber, C. A.
Year: 1927
Title: Tropical agricultural research in the Empire, with special reference to cacao, sugar cane, cotton and palms
Journal: Gt. Brit. Empire Mktg. Bd. [P.]
Volume: 2
Issue: 77
Keywords: Research;
Commonwealth
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2014
Author: Barbosa, R. C. M.; Souza Neves, A. D. de
Year: 1987
Title: Soils of Cacoal County
Journal: Boletim Tecnico, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Brazil
Issue: 155
Keywords: Soil-surveys;
America; Brazil; Ronchonia
Abstract: Eight soil units were identified and classified. They include Alfisols, Inceptisols, Ultisols and Oxisols. Representative profiles are described, and suitability for cocoa is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
28 pp.; 4 fig., 2 tab., 1 append


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3941
Author: Bardin, A.
Year: 1937
Title: Cocoa in Ivory-Coast
Journal: Ann. Agr. de L'Afrique Occident
Volume: 1
Pages: 135-150
Keywords: Regional;
Ivory-Coast;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1238
Author: Barel, M.; Guyot, B.; Vincent, J. C.
Year: 1983
Title: Cocoa protein fractions before and after roasting: influence of fermentation
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 27
Pages: 127-144.
Keywords: Protein-content; fermentation-
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: The influence of fermentation on the protein fraction in cacao beans was studied. The subjects covered were: the evolution of the protein fractions during fermentation, the origin of the amino acids concerned in the formation of aromatic compounds and the determination of the minimum duration of fermentation. The results of this study indicate that the total extractible protein content decreases linearly during fermentation; the majority of the free amino acids in the fermented cocoa comes from fractions A and E. Fraction F, which is particularly rich in glutamic acid, liberates amino acids on the third day of fermentation. Glutamic acid represents a large part of the amino acids in cacao. The influence of fermentation on the protein composition of the beans after roasting is clearly apparent. Fermentation duration of five days was sufficient to obtain a good quality product.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1267
Author: Barel, M.; Leon, D.; Vincent, J. C.
Year: 1985
Title: Influence of cacao fermentation time on the production of pyrazines in chocolate
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: 29
Issue: 4
Pages: 277-286.
Keywords: Fermentation; Chemical-composition; Flavour; Composition; pyrazines;
Abstract: The free amino acids, monosaccharides and other aroma precursors of pyrazines, which represent 25% of the compounds in the aromatic fraction of chocolate, are produced during fermentation. The effect of fermentation time on the presence of pyrazines, first, on green cacao and then on roasted cacao was studied. The UPA x Amelonado hybrids used for this study came from Bingerville in the Ivory Coast. The concentration of tetramethylpyrazine in green cacao reached its maximum on the 7th day of fermentation. In the case of roasted cacao, the changes in the 9 principal nitrogenous basic compounds (including 5 pyrazines) revealed show the link between the production of pyrazines by roasting and fermentation time. For the Ivory Coast hybrids investigated, the fermentation time giving the maximum concentration of pyrazines was obtained on the 6th day. From authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1279
Author: Barel, M. A.
Year: 1987
Title: Pod breaking delay: influence on the yields and quality of raw and roasted cacao
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 31
Pages: 141-150.
Keywords: Quality-; Pod-storage; Fermentation; Roasting; Temperature; Acidity;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: The impact of pod breaking delay on the various quality and yield criteria has been studied on a mixture of Upper Amazonian x Amelonado hybrids bred in the Ivory Coast and representative of the hybrid production of that country. The pods were opened one, 3, 6 or 9 days after harvesting. The fermentation of the beans, which lasted 6 days, was carried out in wooden sweat boxes, the beans were turned over after 24, 72 and 120 hours. The temperatures were recorded in the centre of the boxes and bean samples taken after 3, 4, 5 and 6 days of fermentation. The results of this study showed that delayed pod breaking: (1) accelerates the rise in temperature in the sweat boxes and obtaining a proportion of brown beans equivalent to 60%; (2) improves pulp hydrolysis; (3) reduces the acidity of the cacao; (4) improves slightly the yield in raw cacao and the yield in nibs; (5) has only a negligible influence on the percentage of germed beans; and (6) does not cause batches of cacao to be downgraded. The best results are obtained after a delay of 6 days between harvesting and pod breaking. Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5466
Author: Barel, M.; Bi, G. I.
Year: 1987
Title: Pre-processed cocoa storage trials
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Storage-; Systems-; Assessment-;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: It is difficult to preserve cocoa beans in a tropical climate. The main problem is increase in moisture content during storage which leads to the development of moulds, insect infestation and hydrolysis of fat. For these reasons the producer countries must either sell their cocoa as quickly as possible or invest heavily in storage facilities. A new alternative is proposed in the present study in which cocoa was super-dried until the water content dropped below 5%. At this stage there was considerable bean breakage. The beans were lighty crushed and the fragments obtained, the nibs, were separated from the shell debris by winnowing. These nibs were either stored without further processing or blended into a paste ("green mass") and stored in that form. Storage was carried out in ambient air or under nitrogen, in watertight metal boxes. The amount of residual shell, roasting quality, organoleptic properties, water content, fat content and acid value of the fat were determined on samples taken at monthly intervals. Results over 4 months did not show any appreciable change in the products compared with the original cocoa. Apart from the reliability of preservation, this technique offers other advantages such as prolonged storage, sale of a product with added value and no waste, creation of a new industry, energy saving in storage and maintenance of shell fat content during drying.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1988, 813-819. London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 139
Author: Barel, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Mission to Mexico during 10-20 January 1994
Volume: 34
Keywords: processing-; international-cooperation
Mexico
Abstract: The goals of this mission were to make contacts for a cocoa study and to test a prototype of a controlled cocoa dryer; to examine possibilities of latex supplies for studying rubber drying; and to provide support for the coffee improvement and operation programme, which includes a project for treating wastewater from pulping stations.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4349
Author: Barel, M.
Year: 1994
Title: Drying and the quality of tropical agricultural products
Journal: Interface.-Ciencia-y-Tecnologia-de-Francia (Mexico)
Volume: 7
Issue: 47
Pages: 37, fig
Keywords: drying-; postharvest-technology; driers; Quality;
Mexico
Abstract: Drying is one of the processing operations that most strongly influences product quality. Drying was studied for various agricultural products of major economic importance: cocoa beans, coffee beans and natural rubber. The physicochemical mechanisms involved in product drying and the application of results to optimize the process are examined.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3370
Author: Barel, M.
Year: 1995
Title: Postharvest processing in Africa and Latin America. Its effect on quality
Journal: Cocoa meetings, The various apects of qulaity. Seminar Proceedings, June
Volume: 30
Pages: 91-98
Keywords: Fermentation; Drying; Quality; Harvesting;
France;
Abstract: The effect of cocoa post-harvest processing methods on end-product quality was examined. Two problems arise when deciding the right moment to harvest: assessing ripeness and the existence of socioeconomic restraints specific to the production site. Pod opening strongly influences the ultimate quality of the beans. Fermentation enables the development of flavour precursors, reduces astringency and brings bitterness to a pleasant level. Sun drying has its disadvantages, as does artificial drying. During storage cocoa fixes foreign odours and may be impaired.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
CIRAD, Montpellier, France, p. 195-202


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4178
Author: Bariana, J.
Year: 1920
Journal: Bahia, Imprenso Official do Estado
Volume: 103
Keywords: Pests; Diseases; Monitoring;
Brazil;
Abstract: General survey of cacao culture, diseases, and pests in the southern part of Bahia, with special attention to factors influencing disease.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5289
Author: Barlow, C.
Year: 1989
Title: Developments in plantation agricultre and smallholder cash crop production
Journal: Contr. to the conference "Indonesia New Order"4
Volume: 8
Keywords: Indonesia; Sulawesi;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Dec. Australian National University< Canberra, 24p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5559
Author: Barnes, J. S.
Year: 1974
Title: Some aspects of processing cocoa in a producer country
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Keywords: Stimulant-Products; Production-Economics
Abstract: A gradual but significant change is taking place in the pattern of the processing of raw cacao, in that the tonnage turned into primary products in the producer countries is becoming an important factor in the trade. If continued, this change will have a substantial impact on the trading and marketing of cacao, linked as it must be by a consequential effect on the manufacturing industry in the consumer countries. This article deals with: (1) development of cacao processing in producer countries; (2) technical problems in cacao processing; (3) economic considerations in processing cacao in producer countries and; (4) concluding observations.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. 503-511, fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4600
Author: Barone, J. J.; Roberts, H. R.
Year: 1996
Title: Caffeine consumption
Journal: Food and Chemical Toxicology
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 119-129
Keywords: food-products; Caffeine-; consumption-
usa-rn: 58-08-2
Abstract: Scientific literature cites a wide range of values for caffeine content in food products. The following standard values for the USA are suggested: coffee (5 oz) 85 mg for ground roasted coffee, 60 mg for instant and 3 mg for decaffeinated; tea (5 oz): 30 mg for leaf/bag and 20 mg for instant; colas: 18 mg/6 oz serving; cocoa/hot chocolate: 4 mg/5 oz; chocolate milk: 4 mg/6 oz; chocolate candy: 1.5-6.0 mg/oz. Some products from the UK and Denmark have higher caffeine content. Caffeine consumption survey data are limited. Based on product usage and available consumption data, a mean daily caffeine intake for US consumers of 4 mg/kg is suggested. Among children younger than 18 years of age who are consumers of caffeine-containing foods, the mean daily caffeine intake is about 1 mg/kg. Adults and children in Denmark and UK have higher levels of caffeine intake.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 262
Author: Baros-N, O.; Sanchez-L, J. A.
Year: 1979
Title: (A method for the isolation of the fungus Monilia roreri)
Journal: Cacaotero Colombiano
Issue: 11
Pages: 27-40
Keywords: Fungal-Diseases; Microbiology-; Moniliophthora-roreri;
Colombia
Abstract: Studies conducted in Colombia showed that isolation in pure cultures of the fungus causing pod rot in cacao, Monilia roreri, is no longer a problem. The method which was most successful is described. Infected pods 1 to 3 months of age were washed in running water, disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite, treated with 40% alcohol and flamed with an alcohol burner. Then small pieces of infected tissue were removed from the pod and transferred to the culture medium.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Dec


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 646
Author: Barquero, H.
Year: 1948
Title: History of the Costa Rica cacao industry
Journal: Cacao Inform. Bull.
Volume: 1
Issue: 12
Pages: 1-2.
Keywords: Regional; History;
Costa-Rica;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3473
Author: Barquero, H.
Year: 1949
Title: Factors affecting cocoa quality produced at different farms in the Zona Atlantica of Costa Rica
Journal: Suelo Tico
Volume: 3
Pages: 243-249
Keywords: Quality;
America; Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Summary of thesis, Institute Interamericano de Ciencias AgrÌcolas de Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 688
Author: Barrance, A. J.
Year: 1989
Title: Phellinus noxius in Vanuatu - management considerations
Journal: Forest Research Report Vanuatu
Issue: 1A
Keywords: Broadleaves Phellinus-noxius; Cordia-alliodora; Fungal-diseases; Phellinus Symptoms Control-; Biology-; Ecology-;
Vanuatu
Abstract: P. noxius, a basidiomycete indigenous to Vanuatu, causes a root disease on the main forest plantation species of the country, Cordia alliodora. Elsewhere it causes a serious disease in cocoa, rubber and other woody plantation crops. Symptoms on C. alliodora are typified by wilting, yellowing and loss of the foliage, and death. The characteristics, mechanisms of spread (vegetative and sexual) and predisposing factors to the disease are described and discussed. Approaches to the management of the disease are discussed. These include choice of species and provenance, site selection and preparation, choice of spacing and possible mixtures, the treatment of cut stumps, the use of 'blocking plants' (e.g. Plectranthus amboinicus, Coleus scutellaroides and Zingerbera spp.) and cover crops to block spread, and the use of bait crops (e.g. rubber and cocoa) to identify inoculum sources within plantation areas. Research priorities among these approaches are suggested.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
89, 14 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4487
Author: Barrera, R.; Medialdea, V.
Year: 1996
Title: Development time and resistance to starvation of mosquito larvae
Journal: Journal of Natural History
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 447-458
Keywords: phytotelmata; water-containers; axils-; aquatic-insects; development-; starvation-; life-history; breeding-places; natural-selection; ecology-; larvae-; Aedes-aegypti; Culex-quinquefasciatus; Psorophora-ferox; Anopheles-punctimacula; Anopheles-albimanus; Aedeomyia-squamipennis; Culicidae-
Venezuela-
Abstract: The authors evaluated a hypothesis on the existence of 2 ecological groups of mosquito larvae. One group inhabits bodies of water on the ground, such as ponds, ditches and marshes, and exhibits fast development and a limited ability to prolong development under feeding stress. The other group inhabits small containers such as leaf axils of plants, treeholes and man-made containers, and exhibits slower development and the ability to prolong immature development under feeding stress. Development time was measured in larvae of 14 species of mosquitoes and resistance to starvation in 22 species of mosquitoes from Venezuela. They inhabited structures of 6 species of plants (phytotelmata), 1 type of artificial container (funeral vases) and 2 ground-water habitats. The ground-water mosquito larvae (from temporary and permanent pools) exhibited the fastest development and lowest resistance to starvation, as predicted. The phytotelm mosquitoes exhibited the slowest development and greatest resistance to starvation, with some exceptions. Mosquitoes that colonize plant structures late in succession showed a lesser resistance to starvation than those that colonize during early succession. In man-made containers, mosquito species originally from phytotelmata (e.g. Aedes aegypti) showed greater resistance to starvation than did mosquito species originally from ground-water habitats (e.g. Culex quinquefasciatus); however, development times for the 2 groups were similar. Rather than 2 discrete groups of mosquitoes, there is a diversity of traits related to selective pressures operating in the diverse aquatic habitats of the mosquito larvae.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 987
Author: Barreto, U.
Year: 1941
Title: Culture of cacao and coffee on the Sao Paulo plateau
Journal: Sao Paulo. Inst. de CafÈ. Rev.
Volume: 16
Pages: 728-739
Keywords: Intercropping; Land-suitability; Altitude;
Brazil;
Abstract: Culture of cacao and coffee in association on the Sao Paulo plateau.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4297
Author: Barrett, O. W.
Year: 1928
Title: The tropical crops, a popular treatment of the practice of agriculture in tropical regions, with discussion of cropping systems and methods growing the leading products
Journal: New York, Macmillan, 445p
Abstract: Chapter 5 deals with cocoa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1308
Author: Barrios, M.; Arias, L.; San-Jose, J. J.
Year: 1989
Title: Multivariate analysis and the classification of agricultural systems in a major tropical area of cacao production (Barlovento, Venezuela)
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 477-482;
Keywords: Farming-systems; Systems-analysis; Farm-surveys
Venezuela
Abstract: Cacao production systems of the Barlovento Valley, Venezuela, were classified according to multivariate statistical methods based on cluster analysis of cases and variables. A sample of 487 surveys was selected from a total of 850 farms according to the 3 main components of the production systems: producer's economic rationale, technology and natural environment. As a result of the cluster analysis, farms studied were divided into 5 groups, mainly characterized by an area gradient. In the Barlovento area there seemed to be a predominance of farms with agricultural systems mainly influenced by factors unrelated to potential agricultural productivity. Thus, constraints such as high production costs, limited credit, restricted use of agricultural machinery, inadequate cultural practices and reduced human labour for agricultural activities establish priorities which have overriden consideration of biological production efficiency. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3209
Author: Barrios, M.; Arias, L.; San-Jose, J. J.
Year: 1994
Title: Delineation of agricultural systems in a major tropical area of cacao production (Barlovento, Venezuela) by means of multivariate analysis
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 44
Issue: 2
Pages: 105-111
Keywords: Production-economics; technology-; economic-behaviour; farming-systems;
Venezuela-
Abstract: Agricultural systems in the Barlovento Valley, a major tropical area of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production, were studied according to multivariate statistical methods based on factor analysis. Basic data of samples were selected at random from a census of 850 production units, encompassing three main components of the systems: producer's economic rationality, technology, and natural environment. Thirty simple variables were reduced to 11 compound variables or factors. Results indicated that the main factors were related to the technological and economic rationality components of the agricultural systems. Factors were classified by a cluster analysis and farms were grouped into five sets, which defined a spatial pattern in the Barlovento Valley.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4117
Author: Barrios-Ferrer, B.
Year: 1936
Title: Cultivation problems of .. and cocoa in Cauca
Journal: Agricultura
Volume: 8
Pages: 90-98
Keywords: Colombia; Cauca;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1468
Author: Barroco, H. E.
Year: 1970
Title: Analysis of the main cocoa consuming countries of Brazilian cocoa and their use
Journal: Comunicacao tecnica. Centro de pesquisas do cacau, Rio de Janeiro. No.
Volume: 38
Keywords: Consumption; Regional;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
23p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1469
Author: Barroco, H. E.
Year: 1970
Title: Difference in marketing of cocoa in South Bahia
Journal: Boletim tecnico. Ceplac, Itabuna. No
Volume: 4
Issue: 55
Keywords: Marketing;
Bahia; Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 361
Author: Barron-N, O.
Year: 1981
Title: (Advances in the repression of Monilia pod rot in cacao)
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-control-cultural
Colombia
Abstract: Reductions in the annual harvest due to Monilia pod rot amount to about one third of the country's actual output. However, this disease can be controlled economically, since evaluation studies of farming control methods presented in this paper are effective in all types of plantations. In field trials introducing measures of growth inhibition into the system, a reduction in the incidence of Monilia pod rot from 30.6 to 8.8% has been achieved in a typical smallholding (less than 100 ha). This resulted in a yield increase from 588 to 1050 kg per hectare. Similarly, on a 232 hectare farm of the plantation type the incidence of Monilia pod rot was reduced from 52.8 to 22.4%, with a consequent increase in yield of from 390 kg to 1100 kg of dry weight cocoa per hectare.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 401-405, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 266
Author: Barros-N, O.
Year: 1980
Title: (Control of Monilia pod rot in the cacao plantation "'Cacaoteras del Dique')
Journal: Cacaotero Colombiano
Issue: 15
Pages: 31-44
Keywords: cacao-; fungal-diseases; Moniliophthora-roreri; disease-incidence; disease-control-cultural
Colombia
Abstract: A phytosanitary review of this cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantation since its establishment in 1967, is made. Monilia pod rot, caused by Monilia roreri, was first observed in 1971. Six years later disease incidence was 52.8%. A field experiment was carried out to study the efficacy of various cultural practices on disease incidence, including 4 weeding rounds and 6 pruning rounds (with immediate disinfection of the pruning wounds) per year, careful drainage, regulation of shading and the collection of both diseased and ripe pods every 8 days. It was shown that all these cultural practices, especially the collection of diseased and ripe pods, increased yields by 250 kg dry beans/ha in the second year of application.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Dec, colour photo


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 531
Author: Barros-Nieves, O.
Title: Cocoa selection in Colombia
Journal: Agric. Trop.
Volume: 21
Issue: 2
Pages: 108-111
Keywords: Breeding-program;
Colombia
Abstract: Until 1855 all cocoa grown in Colombia belonged to the Criollo type. Subsequently an Amelonad type was introduced, caharacterized by precocity and resistance to fungal diseases. Natural hybridization resulted on the average in an increased vigour of the offspring but also in smaller pod size. The range of variation differs according to the degree of inbreeding which has taken place, and is different for various cocoa growing regions. Five of these are distinguished and brief characteristics are given of the crop population encountered there. F.J. Pound's recommendations for cocoa selection in Colombia, formulated in 1942, are briefly discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1854
Author: Bartholome, R.
Year: 1954
Title: Study of fertilizer applications on wilt of cacao
Journal: Philippine J. Agric.
Volume: 17
Pages: 55
Keywords: Fertilization
Asia; Philippines
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5325
Author: Bartlett, S.
Year: 1945
Title: A note on cacao by-products
Journal: Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May June
Pages: 158-163
Keywords: Wastes; By-products; Shell; Press-cake; Composition;
Trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
London: His Majesty's Stationary Office. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3977
Author: Bartley, B. G. D.
Year: 1963
Title: Progeny trials [with cacao]
Journal: Ann. Rep. Cacao Res. ICTA
Volume: 1963
Pages: 16-24
Keywords: Resistance; ceratocystis; Witches'-broom;
Trinidad;
Abstract: Data are recorded of several cacao variety trials conducted in Trinidad. At River Estate, the 1956-63 yields of clone ICS 6 in trial 2 were higher than those of ICS I and 8; the best cross of these clones, ICS 6 x ICS 8, yielded less than either parent. In trial 7, clones ICS 39-89-95-98 yielded more than their open pollinated progenies and more than crosses with ICS I and 6. Trial 8 confirmed that clones ICS 8, 89 and 98 are superior parent clones. In the 1951 witch broom resistance ICSxSCA progeny trial, progenies with ICS 6 as the Trinitario parent yielded more and were less susceptible to Ceratocystis than progenies of ICS I or ICS 60; progenies with SCA 6 or SCA 12 as the Upper Amazon parent showed equally high yields, but progenies of SCA 6 were far more resistant to witchbroom. The progeny ICS 6 x SCA 6 is now recommended for areas where both witchbroom and Ceratocystis are prevalent.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4100
Author: Bartley, B. G. D.
Year: 1965
Title: Plant breeding
Journal: Ann. Rep. Cacao Res. ICTA
Volume: 29
Issue: 1966
Pages: 10-22
Keywords: Selection; Crossing; Scavina; Incompatibility;
Trinidad
Abstract: These reports of cocoa breeding in Trinidad include yields of progeny trials, results of testing trees from inbred progenies for their combining ability, data on susceptibility to diseases, results of genetic studies, and data on the introduction of Upper Amazon material into Nigeria. Several trials have been or will soon be discontinued because River Estate is to be closed as a research station in 1968. In the cross ICS 6 X SCA 6, the small seed size of SCA 6 was found to be dominant; varietal differences in the dry-to-wet-bean weight ratio proved to be larger than is generally thought, from 23 % in SCA 6 to up to 50 % in ICS 6. Selfed seed could be obtained from normally self-incompatible trees by pollination with their own pollen plus either Herrania pollen or pollen of a self-compatible cocoa tree carrying a marker gene.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. 10-( 1966, p. 25-32 (1967)


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4097
Author: Bartley, B. G. D.; Amponsah, J. D.
Year: 1966
Title: Witches' broom
Journal: Ann. Rep. Cacao Res. ICTA
Pages: 50-54
Keywords: Diseases; Witches-broom; Fungi; Resistance; Scavina; Heredity;
Trinidad.
Abstract: The upper Amazon cocoa clones SCA 6 and SCA 12 have been used as sources of resistance to Marasmius perniciosus in the Trinidad breeding programme. It was soon found that SCA 12 progenies segregated for resistance in the field, and this was confirmed by artificial inoculation of seedlings. Progenies of crosses with SCA 6, however, remained unaffected in the field until 1965, after which up to 50 % of the trees developed witchbrooms (see also Ann. Rep. Cacao Res. 1965, p. 13 and 21). Inoculation of seedling progenies of SCA 6 x ICS 8 and (SCA 6 x ICS 8) x ICS 8 clearly showed segregation as well; some back cross progenies were lOO% susceptible. Consequently, both SCA6 and SCA12 have to be regarded as heterozygous for resistance but having at least one dominant gene conferring resistance to their progenies.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 311
Author: Bartley, B. G. D.
Year: 1979
Title: Global concepts for genetic resources and breeding in cacao
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: cacao-; genetic-resources; breeding-programmes
World
Abstract: Suggestions are made for improving the existing situation, where the use of genetic materials in the production of cultivars is limited in relation to the potential variability and to establish controlled germplasm centres. In view of the scarcity of experienced manpower to manage the genetic resources system in relation to the predictable scale of variability to be handled a centralized operation is necessary to effect adequate supervision of the diverse activities and to achieve maximum coordination and efficiency.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 519-525


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3577
Author: Bartolome, N. S.
Year: 1935
Title: A preliminary study of simple marcottage as applied to cacao under field conditions
Volume: 24
Pages: 429-430
Keywords: Propagation; Vegetative; Marcotting;
Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2527
Author: Bartolome, R.
Year: 1951
Title: Cacao
Journal: Philippine J. Agric.
Volume: 16
Pages: 1-47
Keywords: Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 51
Author: Bartolome, R.
Year: 1954
Title: A study on the effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of cherelle wilt of cacao
Journal: Philippine J. Agric.
Volume: 17
Pages: 55-88
Keywords: Cherelle-wilt;
Philippines;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4008
Author: Bartolome, R.
Year: 1963
Title: Coffee and cacao development and the socio-economic program in Northern Luzon
Journal: Coffee Cacao J
Volume: 6
Issue: 5
Pages: 126-7
Keywords: Regional; prospects;
Philippines; Luzon;
Abstract: The social and economic development programme for the Philippines envisages a coffee production of 56,000 tons by 1967; since the 1963 crop forecast is 44,000 tons, this goal will be easily attained. The programme does not set a goal for cocoa, though barely one half of the domestic requirements of cocoa are met by local production. Since, however, the market outlook is bright, cocoa production should be promoted. The northern part of Luzon, which in 1963 produced only 200 tons of cocoa, or 6% of the national production, offers ample scope for expansion, whereas areas suitable for arabica coffee are limited. New cacao plantings should be established on land not suitable for the permanent cultivation of subsistence crops and lucrative cash crops such as tobacco. Clearings on hillsides offer good prospects if the cultivation of upland rice, which lasts only a few years, is followed by a banana crop, and cacao is planted between the bananas.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. 105, 115


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4679
Author: Bartolome, B.; Jimenez Ramsey, L. M.; Butler, L. G.
Year: 1995
Title: Nature of the condensed tannins present in the dietary fibre fractions in foods
Journal: Food Chemistry
Volume: 53
Issue: 4
Pages: 357-362
Keywords: fibre-; tannins-; protein-content; Food-Composition; Quality; Crop-Produce
Abstract: Condensed tannins may be regarded as indigestible, or at least of only limited digestibility, throughout their presence in the dietary fibre fractions of different foodstuffs. This study examined the condensed tannins in the soluble and insoluble dietary fibre fractions of 3 foods: pears, lentils and cocoa. Mean molecule size of the tannins present in the dietary fibre fractions was larger than that of the tannins present in the foodstuffs overall. The protein present in both the whole foodstuffs and in the dietary fibre fractions alone was also studied, and relationships between protein content and condensed tannin size were established.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 138
Author: BartolomÈ, R.
Year: 1952
Title: The effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of cherelle wilt of cacao
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 9-11
Keywords: Cherelle-wilt; Nutrition; Ferltilizer;
America; Costa-Rica;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5678
Author: Basler, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Recent trends in markets for tropical agricultural products
Journal: Landbauforschung Volkenrode
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Pages: 276-289
Keywords: ; Exports-; Trends-; Terms-of-trade; Tropics-; Sugar-; Coffee-; Tea; Cotton-; Jute-; Sisal-; Rubber-; Palm-oils; Economics-; Agave-sisalana; Oil-palms
Abstract: Market trends since the late 1970s are analysed for sugar, coffee, tea, cocoa, cotton, jute, sisal and natural rubber. Changes in export volume and regional demand and reasons for price fluctuations are discussed. Part 2 sets out results of terms of trade calculations showing that except for coffee and palm oil the position had deteriorated between 1978-86. The final sections examine the extent to which international commodity agreements and agricultural policies of industrial countries are likely to influence future development in tropical products exports and the earnings of developing countries.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 fig., 4 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4561
Author: Basler, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Developments in world agricultural trade and implications for the developing countries
Journal: Agrarwirtschaft
Volume: 44
Issue: 11
Pages: 373-382
Keywords: exports-; imports-; agricultural-trade; trends-; terms-of-trade; trade-; international-trade; prices-
Japan-; Developing-Countries
Abstract: Analysis of developments in world agricultural trade in the period 1979/81-1991/93 shows continuing growth but at a slowing rate. Broad regional patterns of imports and exports showed no major changes, though South East Asia (including Japan) and Africa showed a growing trade deficit. Trends for some individual countries, however, showed considerable change with, on the export side, some in South East Asia showing growth rate far above average and formerly high exporters in Latin America in a stagnating situation. On the import side the increasing importance of Japan is the most notable feature. Price developments for wheat, rice, palm oil, sugar, coffee, cocoa, jute, cotton, fishmeal and soyabean meal from 1982-95 are reviewed as are the terms of trade of coffee, sugar, cocoa, palm oil, tea and jute against wheat and rice and the terms of trade of the same commodities and rice against a basket of all world trade commodities. Finally taking account of the effects of the Uruguay Round, changes in ex-CMEA countries, environmental policies and World Bank structural adjustment programmes, the adjustment or replacement of EU and IMF export revenue stabilization schemes and more efficient use of food aid deliveries to developing countries is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 fig., 3 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4659
Author: Basler, A.
Year: 1995
Title: Agriculture in the tropics and in Europe - competition between two systems
Journal: Landbauforschung Volkenrode
Volume: 45
Issue: 1
Pages: 38-47
Keywords: European-Union; agricultural-production; food-supply; ; terms-of-trade; food-production; exports-; world-markets; trade-protection; CAP-
Developing-Countries
Abstract: Trade and cooperation in agriculture and food systems between Europe and developing countries are determined by the CAP which provides support and protection to EU producers. The policy limits access of developing countries' products to EU markets as well as to other markets since the EU became a net exporter of products such as cereals, meat, processed milk products and sugar. Developing countries, therefore, claim market liberalization and free access to European markets. However, market liberalization as such benefits immediately only a few developing countries in terms of improved export opportunities on protected markets. In contrast, many countries which export mainly tropical products such as coffee, cocoa, tea, cotton and oilseeds will not have substantially better conditions. They continue to face problems of oversupply and low prices on these non-protected markets. In many countries world market prices do not even cover production and local marketing costs. The reasons are to be found in permanent production and supply increase in the last 15 years paralleled by an only slowly evolving demand. The terms of trade of tropical export products to imported food or industrial products since 1989/90 show a deterioration. Many countries can realize economic benefits by reducing export crop production and increasing food production for domestic demand. In order to satisfy these needs developing countries should and can use existing potentials of technical improvements in agriculture promising substantial yield increases. Many countries have such possibilities although their realization may be hampered by social and political barriers. Developing countries must cope with problems of population growth, growing food needs and scarcity of land and water and in the medium and long run they will be forced to give attention first and foremost to their own food needs. These constraints do not mean that developing countries have to stop exports of agricultural products altogether. Nevertheless, ! liberali zing European markets alone is not sufficient to provide appropriate solutions to all problems of agricultural development, trade and food security in developing countries. Further actions are needed particularly with respect to the export earnings stabilization schemes and the concept of agricultural and rural development projects.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2634
Author: Bastiaanse, W. A.
Year: 1996
Title: Internalization of environmental costs in primary commodity prices: the perspective of importing countries
Journal: International Environmental Affairs
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 359-362.
Keywords: environmental-impact; Externalities; Consumer-attitudes; Commodities; International-agreements; environmental-policy; Environmental-Economics; Natural-Resources; International-Trade
Abstract: Commodity issues are presently considered part of the general area of economic growth and sustainable development, dealt with by the UNCTAD Committee on Trade in Goods and Services, which promotes diversification and a lesser dependence on the commodity sector in the face of the defensiveness of developing countries and the negative attitudes of developed countries. This paper shows how UNCTAD inspired the inclusion of non-obligatory articles paying due attention in commodity agreements to the environmental aspects of the management and processing of commodity resources: such are now included in agreements on cocoa, coffee, jute, sugar and natural rubber. Relevant commodity workshops are described. However, the absence of special environmental articles does not imply neglect of environmental externalities with regard to such commodities as metals and cotton. Next, the focus shifts to European consumer countries, some of which strongly support the idea of paying attention to the environmental externalities in the framework of commodities, though so far no initiatives or real efforts have been forthcoming. At the moment, the international approach is to raise awareness. It is hoped that the internalization of environmental costs and benefits in the determination of commodity management policies will result, although asking the consumer to pay a premium for environmentally-friendly products does not always yield a positive result, as a Netherlands market study of the response to marketing sustainably managed tropical timber demonstrates. In short, the present accepted international policy with regard to environmental aspects of commodity production, which has been initiated by the consuming countries, is limited, ad hoc, and preliminary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3862
Author: Bastide, P.
Year: 1987
Title: Development and metablism of phenols in cocoa beans during their development and growth of ripening cocoa fruits
Journal: These Doctorat, Universite de Sci et Tech. Languedoc, Montpelier, France. 147p.
Keywords: Biochemsitry; Ripening; Maturation; Phenols; Polyphenols;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1042
Author: Bastide, P.; Sounigo, O.
Year: 1993
Title: Production of cocoa hybrid seeds in Cote d'Ivoire. Various hand pollination trials
Journal: CafÈ Cacao ThÈ
Volume: 37
Issue: 4
Pages: 295-302
Keywords: Pollination; Artificial; Manual; Fruit-set; Yields; Pods; Cost-benefit-analysis;
Africa; Ivory-Coast;
Abstract: Hand pollination trials were carried out in five biclonal seed gardens in Cote d'Ivoire The efficiency of hand pollination without isolation of the floral buds, calculated by the ratio number of pods harvested: number of pollinations carried out, is 29% which corresponds to one pod in 3.4 pollinations. The percentage of seeds from self fertilization, very high after natural pollination (32 to 93%), is severley reduced after hand pollination with (0 to 1.6%) or without (2 to 6.7%) isolation of the floral buds. The mean number of normal beans per pod is higher after pollination, with or without isolation of the floral buds. The mean number of normal beans per pod is higher after hand pollination, iwth or without the isolation of the floral buds (39 to 53), than after natural pollination (31 to 38). The inverse tendency is observed for the percnetage of flat beans: 2.4 to 7.5% after natural pollination and 0.7 to 2.6% after hand pollination. An economic feasilbility study, presented in the appendix, enabled and estimante of the cost of a pod after hnd pollination with and without isolation of the floral buds: fifteen times and five times the cost of natural pollination respectively.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 818
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1978
Title: (Antagonism to the fungus Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 147-150.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases; Microbiology-
Brazil; Para
Abstract: In the present study the antagonistic capacity of six isolates of fungi and one bacterial isolate against Crinipellis perniciosa was evaluated. The tests were conducted in vitro and the antagonistic capacity was determined by the measuring of inhibition zones. All the isolates tested had an inhibitory effect on growth of C. perniciosa with Eurotium sp. producing the greatest inhibition (22.2 mm) and Aspergillus giganteus least (4.0 mm). Author's summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 824
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Medeiros, A. G.
Year: 1979
Title: (Screening fungicides in vitro against Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, the causal agent of cacao witches' broom disease)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 129-135.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases; Fungicides-
Brazil
Abstract: The in vitro testing of the effect of 41 fungicides on Crinipellis perniciosa showed that some fungicides were highly effective at rates as low as 10 ppm a.i. while other fungicides were fungitoxic only at 50 or 100 ppm a.i.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 828
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1979
Title: (Hyperparasitism by the fungus Dactylium sp. of Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, on witches' broom disease of cacao)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 197-200.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases;
Brazil; Para
Abstract: The fungus Crinipellis perniciosa which is the causal agent of witches' broom disease was found to be parasitized by the fungus Dactylium sp. (m=Cladobotrytum Nees), which renders the Crinipellis spores non-viable.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 865
Author: Bastos, S. T. G.; Campelo, Amfl
Year: 1983
Title: (Incidence of fungi of the Aspergillus flavus group in stored cacao seeds)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 63-65.
Keywords: storage-diseases; Aspergillus-flavus; disease-incidence; aflatoxin-
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Stored cacao from 5 different localities was examined for the presence of fungi of the Aspergillus flavus group. A. flavus was found to be present in 4 of the 5 areas, but none of the 104 strains produced aflatoxins. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 918
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1984
Title: Effect of the culture filtrate of Cladobotryum amazonense on Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer and other pathogens
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 263-269
Keywords: IPM-; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Biological-control; Diseases-; Cladobotryum-amazonense; Inhibition; Hemileia-vastatrix; Pseudomonas-solanacearum; Pathogens; Antagonists-; Microcyclus-ulei; Hosts;
Abstract: In vitro the culture filtrate completely inhibited spore germination of C. perniciosa, Microcyclus ulei and Hemileia vastatrix, as also the growth of other fungi and of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Activity was retained after autoclaving. The filtrate had a protective effect against C. perniciosa infection of cocoa fruits without any phytotoxicity.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2 fig. (1 col.), 2 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4927
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Evans, H. C.
Year: 1985
Title: A new pathotype of Crinipellis perniciosa (witches' broom disease) on solanaceous hosts
Journal: Plant Pathology
Volume: 34
Issue: 2
Pages: 306-312
Keywords: Diseases; Fungal; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Solanum
Brazil;
Abstract: Witches' broom on solanaceous weeds (mainly Solanum rugosum) in the Manaus region (AM, Brazil) were caused by a new pathotype of the cocoa pathogen. It caused similar symptoms on the wild host and on inoculated tomato and Capsicum annuum as the cocoa pathotype on cocoa. It was not generally pathogenic to cocoa, but occasionally provoked a hypersensitive reaction similar to that reported for some other pathotypes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
7 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 892
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Neill, S. J.; Horgan, R.
Year: 1986
Title: Effect of Cladobotryum antibiotic on the major pathogens of cacao in Brazil
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 213-221.
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; natural-pesticides; Cladobotryum-amazonense; disease-control
Brazil, Para
Abstract: An antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the culture filtrate of Cladobotryum amazonense a hyperparasite of Crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of the witches' broom disease of cacao. The compound was isolated and purified by extraction with butanol followed by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, paper and with HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Tests undertaken in vitro with purified antibiotic showed an inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of C. perniciosa and Phytophthora palmivora. This compound also was considerably toxic to sporangia and basidiospores of:palmivora and C. perniciosa, respectively. This in vitro activity of the fungitoxic compound is merely an indication of its possible usefulness in the control of the witches' broom pathogen. From authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 932
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Neill, S. J.; Horgan, R.
Year: 1986
Title: Effect of Cladobotryum antibiotic on the major pathogens of cacao in Brazil
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 213-221
Keywords: Crinipellis-perniciosa; Antibiotics-; Phytophthora-palmivora; Cladobotryum-amazonense; Activity- Diseases;
Brazil;
Abstract: An antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the culture filtrate of C. amazonense, a hyperparasite of Crinipellis perniciosa. The purified antibiotic inhibited mycelial growth of C. perniciosa and Phytophthora palmivora in vitro and was also very toxic to P. palmivora sporangia and C. perniciosa basidiospores.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5094
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Neill, S.; Horgan, R.
Year: 1986
Title: Antifungal activity of a metabolite produced by Cladobotryum amazonense
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 733-736
Keywords: Crinipellis-perniciosa; Hyperparasitism-; Cladobotryum-amazonense; Antifungal-agents Diseases;
Abstract: An antifungal metabolite of C. amazonense, hyperparasite of Crinipellis perniciosa, pathogen of witches' broom of cocoa, was isolated and purified. In vitro the antibiotic inhibited spore germination of a wide variety of plant pathogenic fungi.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 891
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1987
Title: (Antibiotic action of metabolites from Penicillium citrinum on Phytophthora palmivora)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 31-37.
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; natural-pesticides; Penicillium-citrinum; disease-control-biological
Brazil, Para
Abstract: Strains of the fungus Penicillium citrinum were detected in Para, Brazil, as a contaminant in cultures of Phytophthora palmivora, an agent of the black pod disease of cacao. Preliminary observation showed that the strain:citrinum has a great antagonistic effect on P.:palmivora. Laboratory tests carried out with the partially purified antibiotic showed that the active ingredient was considerably toxic to P.:palmivora to both mycelial growth in vitro and on lesion formation capacity in vivo. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2033
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1987
Title: Inhibitory effect of extracts of cocoa cultivars and phenolic compounds on basidiospore germination of Crinipellis perniciosa isolates
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Volume: 1987
Pages: 371-374
Keywords: Crinipellis-perniciosa; Spore-germination; Plant-extracts; Diseases;
Brazil;
Abstract: The inhibitory effect was studied of extracts of cocoa cultivars and a range of phenolic compounds commonly associated with cocoa tissue on the basidiospore germination of C. perniciosa isolates from different regions of the Brazilian Amazon. New expanded flush stems from clones of SCA-6 and SCA-12 (highly resistant), PA-121 (moderately susceptible), ICS-39 and UF-677 (highly susceptible) were used. Tissues were cut into small pieces, extracted with boiling water, macerated in a waring blender and filtered. Phenols were extracted by means of an organic solvent. Germination tests were carried out in microscope cavity-slides inside Petri dishes lined with moist filter papers. Assays carried out with extracts of cocoa clones showed a wide variability among the geographical isolates. Flush stem extracts from SCA-6 and SCA-12 completely inhibited the basidiospore germination of isolates form Manaus, Tome-Acu, Altamira and Belem, but it did not inhibit the isolates from Ouro Preto, Jaru, Cacoal and Castanhal. It was also found that some phenols e.g. pyrogallol, hydroquinone, salicilic acid and chlorophenoxy acetic acid were more toxic to C. perniciosa. The germination of basidiospores in extracts of resistant clones (SCA-6 and SCA-12) emphasizes the range of pathogenic variability and the significant differences in the fungal population in the Brazilian Amazon.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5096
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Andebrhan, T.
Year: 1987
Title: In vitro production of basidiospores of Crinipellis perniciosa, the causative agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa
Journal: Transactions of the British Mycological Society
Volume: 88
Issue: 3
Pages: 406-409
Keywords: Techniques-; Sporulation-; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Basidiospores-
Abstract: A technique is described to produce basidiospores in vitro from mycelial cultures of C. perniciosa, without formation of basidiocarps. It is concluded that specific light and temp. regimes may be responsible for stimulating spore production.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 960
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Garcia, J. J. S.; Mendes, A. C. B.; Novais-Bastos, C.; Silva-Garcia, J. J. da; Barros-Mendes, A. C. de
Year: 1988
Title: Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to larvae of the cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod borer Conotrachelus sp. Fiedler (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: 159-169
Keywords: IPM-; Coleoptera; Curculionidae-; Insect-pests; Natural-enemies; Microbial-pesticides; Pathogenicity-; Conotrachelus Pathogens Metarhizium-anisopliae; Hosts Beauveria-bassiana; Entomogenous-fungi; Biological-control
Brazil-;
Abstract: The pathogenicity of the entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana to Conotrachelus sp., a pest of cocoa in Brazil, was determined in the laboratory. All the larvae tested were infected and killed by the fungi, both after direct spraying treatments and after contact with treated soil samples in Petri dishes.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2141
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1988
Title: Preliminary results on the effectiveness of Trichoderma viride in controlling witches' broom (Crinipellis perniciosa) of cocoa
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 340-342
Keywords: IPM-; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Biological-control; Trichoderma-viride; Control-; Diseases Plant-pathogens; Disease-management
Brazil-;
Abstract: Under controlled conditions and in the field, dry cocoa brooms were sprayed with a conidial suspension of T. viride. A week later the brooms were covered with a white mass of spores of T. viride, which considerably reduced basidiocarp production by C. perniciosa and halted its sporulation. Results of in vitro and in vivo tests showed that T. viride was resistant to some fungicides and was able to survive saprophytically at high temp.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2142
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Andebrhan, T.; Almeida, L. C. de
Year: 1988
Title: Morphological comparison of Crinipellis perniciosa isolates
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 202-205
Keywords: Crinipellis-perniciosa; Isolates Pathogenicity-; Pests;
Brazil
Abstract: Seedlings of Theobroma spp., Herrania sp., tomato, aubergine and Solanum gilo were inoculated with basidiospores of C. perniciosa from various hosts. The cocoa isolate was pathogenic to cocoa, T. speciosum and H. sp.; the isolate from T. grandiflorum was pathogenic to all T. spp. except cocoa and to H. sp.; while the isolates from liana and S. rugosum showed little or no pathogenicity to T. spp. but were strongly pathogenic to H. sp., tomato, aubergine and S. gilo. None of the isolates from T. spp. were pathogenic to solanaceous plants.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 189
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1990
Title: Pathogenicity and characteristics of the isolate of Crinipellis perniciosa from Urucuca, Bahia Brazil
Journal: Fitopatologia brasileira
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 344-346
Keywords: Witches-broom-disease; Biochemical-tests; Diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa;
Brazil; Urucuca; Bahia;
Abstract: Witches' broom disease of cocoa, caused by the basidiomycete Crinipellis perniciosa, was recently reported in South Bahia, the principal cocoa growing region of Brazil. Pathogenicity tests conduced on differential hosts proved the pathogenic activity of the parthogen only to cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Biochemical tests and compatibility studies with mycelial cultures were used to compare the isolate from Urucuca-Bahia to isolates from the Amazon region. It was observed that the isolate from Urucuca was identical to those belonging to the group from Ouro Preto an Jaru, Amazon region.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 450
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1990
Title: (Epiphytology, hosts and control of witches' broom (Crinipellis perniciosa))
Journal: Boletim Tecnico Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau
Issue: 168
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; disease-control; hosts-; aetiology-
Brazil
Abstract: The causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa is the fungus Crinipellis perniciosa, which infects flushes, cushion flowers and fruits of Theobroma cacao and several other related species of Theobroma and Herrania. It is endemic and widely dispersed in the Amazon forest. Besides these hosts, the fungus has been reported infecting other alternative hosts as lianas, wild Solanaceae (Solanum spp.) and anatto (Bixa orellana). Crinipellis perniciosa produces basidiospores which cause infection. The vegetative brooms are considered to be the main substrates for inoculum production. The optimum conditions for basidiospore production are a precipitation of 1500-2000 mm a year, an air temperature of 24-27degC and relative humidity of 80-90%. The removal of all infected tissues has been the most effective measure of control. In the Amazon region in Brazil, the control is done during Aug.-Sep. and a 2nd removal during Nov.-Dec. From author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21 p., summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 61
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Silva, S. D. V. M.; Almeida, O. C. de
Year: 1991
Title: Occurrence of witches' broom disease on a wild solanaceous host in the cocoa growing region of Bahia
Journal: Agrotropica
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 109-110.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Athenaea; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Hosts;
Brazil-; Bahia-
Abstract: Witches' broom caused by Crinipellis perniciosa was observed on Athenaea aff. pogogena showing a proliferation of hypertrophied roots in Arataca, Bahia state, Brazil, in Sep. 1990. In the host range studies, the fungus was pathogenic to Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens and tomato, but was not pathogenic to cocoa and cupuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum).


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 173
Author: Bastos, C. N.; Pereira, G. C.
Year: 1994
Title: Levels of nutrients in healthy tissues of cocoa and those infected by Crinipellis perniciosa
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 19
Issue: 2
Pages: 245-247
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; nutrients; Crinipellis-perniciosa; biochemistry-
Abstract: Ca, Mg, P, Zn and Mn levels were higher in healthy cocoa tissues compared with those infected by C. perniciosa. There were no significant differences in N, S, Cu and Fe levels between healthy and diseased tissues. Higher levels of Ca, Mg, N, Zn, Cu and Mn were detected in dry brooms and of P, K, S and Fe in green brooms. The total sugar levels were significantly lower in dry brooms.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4483
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1994
Title: Ability of Crinipellis perniciosa to produce viable basidiospores on three-year-old brooms and to infect tissue of dormant buds of cocoa
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 19
Issue: 4
Pages: 585-587
Keywords: plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; basidiospores-; infection-; plant-pathology
Abstract: Observations on the influence of the cocoa brooms age on C. perniciosa sporulation showed that in 3-year-old plants, the fungus formed basidiocarps, and basidiospores were pathogenic to cocoa. The promycelium was able to penetrate mature tissue of dormant buds and develop mycelium which remained dormant in tissue. After the formation of new growth, new tissue was infected by mycelium present in mature tissue.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2660
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1996
Title: Effect of water potential on growth and viability of conidia of Trichoderma viride after storage at different temperatures
Journal: Summa Phytopathologica
Volume: 22
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 258-261.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; biological-control; disease-control; fungal-antagonists; antagonists-; biological-control; diseases-; preservation-; conidia; plant-pathology
Brazil;
Abstract: Radial growth of one strain of T. viride, antagonistic to the causal agent of cocoa witches' broom, Crinipellis perniciosa, was examined over a water potential range (-0.8--7.9 MPa) on PDA amended with NaCl. A general trend of a decrease in growth rate with a decrease in water potential was observed, with the limit for growth at c. -5.9 MPa. Propagules obtained from air-dried biomass were stored at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25oC for 12 weeks. Viability was quantified by determining their germination. In bioassays, pathogenicity of stored propagules at 5-10o was studied using C. perniciosa mycelium. Propagules survived and were viable for at least 12 weeks of storage at 5-20o.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2667
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1996
Title: Mycoparasitic nature of the antagonism between Trichoderma viride and Crinipellis perniciosa
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-54.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; plant-pathogens; biological-control; disease-control; antagonists-; biological-control; enzymes-; diseases-; control-; crinipellis-perniciosa; Trichoderma-viride; fungi-; Biological-Control
Brazil;
Abstract: One strain of T. viride was shown to be a parasite of C. perniciosa hyphae. In a dual culture test, the antagonist grew faster than C. perniciosa, which often stopped growing. The antagonist hyphae commonly coiled around the host hyphae. However, no inhibition zones or production of volatile metabolites were observed. In non-volatile metabolite tests, T. viride caused a small reduction in C. perniciosa growth. Data from lytic activity tests carried out on surface and submerged cultures and on dry brooms of cocoa, showed that viability of Crinipellis mycelium was lost after treatment with Trichoderma conidia. On solid media, the antagonist produced extracellular enzymes, such as cellulase, amylase and protease. The role of these lytic enzymes in the C. perniciosa-T. viride interaction is discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2670
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1996
Title: Potential of Trichoderma viride for the control of cocoa witches' broom (Crinipellis perniciosa)
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 509-512.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; plant-pathogens; plant-pathogenic-fungi; biological-control; disease-control; antagonists-; diseases-; control-; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Trichoderma-viride; Biological-Control
Brazil
Abstract: Under field conditions, the antagonistic potential of a T. viride isolate was evaluated for controlling C. perniciosa. The antagonist decreased the incidence of fruits infected by C. perniciosa, compared with phytosanitary pruning and chemical control. The survival of the antagonist in dead brooms decreased after its application, reaching 35% on day 90. The brooms infected with T. viride showed a greater decrease in weight 60 days after application, particularly those on the ground.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2656
Author: Bastos, C. N.
Year: 1997
Title: The effect of Piper aduncum oil on Crinipellis perniciosa and other fungal pathogens
Journal: Fitopatologia Brasileira
Volume: 22
Issue: 3
Pages: 441-443.
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Crinipellis-perniciosa; Phytophthora-palmivora; Glomerella-cingulata; Disease-control; essential-oils; plant-extracts; antifungal-agents; antifungal-plants; antifungal-properties; plant-pathology; plant-pathogenic-fungi
Brazil;
Abstract: The effect of P. aduncum oil on basidiospore germination and mycelial growth of C. perniciosa and on growth of other fungal pathogens of cocoa and other crops was investigated. The effect of the oil on reduction of the incidence of cocoa fruit attacked by witches' broom in the field was also evaluated. In vitro tests showed that concentrations of 50 and 100 Êg/ml of P. aduncum oil caused 100% inhibition of mycelial growth and germination of C. perniciosa basidiospores. Other fungal pathogens, such as Phytophthora palmivora and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella cingulata], were also effectively inhibited by the oil. Under field conditions, the treatment with oil significantly reduced the losses caused by C. perniciosa.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5288
Author: Bateman, M. J.
Year: 1965
Title: Aggregate and regional functions for Ghanian cocoa, 1946-1962
Journal: Journ. Farm Economics
Volume: 47
Issue: 2
Pages: 381-401.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5552
Author: Bateman, M. J.
Year: 1974
Title: An econometric analysis of Ghanaian cocoa supply
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 286-326
Keywords: Agricultural-Production; Economic-Methods; Price-elasticities;
Ghana
Abstract: The econometric analysis of cacao supply presented in this paper differs from earlier work in that 2 different equations have been used to estimate the effects of price and weather on production. The first equation is an average capacity equation which is additive in form because the variables employed in the equation have an additive effect on output. On the other hand the short-run equation which measures deviations from capacity due to short term prices and weather effects is multiplicative in nature. The parameter estimates in both equations are highly reasonable and significant except for the current rainfall variables. The conclusions derived from the model are given.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4216
Author: Bates, H. W.
Year: 1884
Title: The naturalist on the river Amazons
Journal: J. Murray, London, 5th Ed
Volume: 394
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 392
Author: Batista, L. J.
Year: 1981
Title: (Assessment of the productive capacity of 6 cacao hybrids in the Dominican Republic)
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: cacao-; hybrids-
Dominican Rep.
Abstract: The variables studied were: number of pods and seeds, wet and dry weight of the beans, height and girth of stem and signs of early maturity. At the same time determinations of the presence and frequency of Phytophthora palmivora were made. The hybrid with the highest average dry weight yield was SHB 3 with 1356 kg/ha. Production data showed that 47% of the trees have medium yields, producing between 31 and 60 pods; 23% are highly productive with 61-90 pods per tree; 19% have low production with 1-30 pods; and 3% came within the category of unproductive trees. Only 8% showed exceptional production in excess of 90 pods. The hybrids came into production at between 18 and 24 months. The final result shows that the majority of the trees studied are medium and highly productive trees, although the average bean weight of some hybrids was less than 1.0 g. P. palmivora was found to be present on between 1 and 0 pods per tree.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 713-717, fig, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2474
Author: Batista Vieira, F. T.
Year: 1981
Title: Technical bibliography of CEPLAC
Journal: Bahia: C.E.P.L.A.C.
Volume: 121
Keywords: Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2642
Author: Baudouin, L.; Baril, C.; Clement-Demange, A.; Leroy, T.; Paulin, D.
Year: 1997
Title: Recurrent selection of tropical tree crops
Journal: Euphytica
Volume: 96
Issue: 1
Pages: 101-114.
Keywords: Breeding; Strategies; Recurrent-selection; Reciprocal-recurrent-selection; Agroforestry
France
Abstract: The recurrent selection schemes recommended by CIRAD for 6 tropical tree crops are presented and compared. Breeding programmes are carried out under cooperation between CIRAD and its partners in regions where the crops (cacao, coffee, rubber, oil palm, coconut and Eucalyptus) are grown. The rationale behind the options chosen are given and the main characteristics of the schemes are described and illustrated. The state of progress and some major results are discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3446
Author: Bauer, K. H.; Seber, L.
Year: 1938
Title: Comparison of the composition of fats of germs, shell and nib of Theobroma cacao L
Journal: Fette u. Seifen
Volume: 45
Pages: 293-299
Keywords: Composition;
Abstract: Includes tables showing composition of beans from various sources.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 637
Author: Bauhin, K.
Year: 1623
Title: Pinax Theatri Botanici
Journal: Basel
Keywords: Taxonomy;
Abstract: 'K. Bauhin mentions for the first time in his books in the chapter Amygdalus' the cocoa plant as 'Amygdalus similis Guatimalensis Avellana Mexicana cujus fructum indigenae Cacao appellant, etc..' [from Cuatrecasas, 1964]
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 580
Author: Baumann, T. W.; Seitz, R.
Year: 1994
Title: Theobroma
Journal: In: Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis,eds. R. Hansel, K. Keller, H. Rimpler & G. Schneider.
Volume: 6
Pages: 941-955
Keywords: Medicinal-use; Toxicity; Mutagenicity; Reviews;
Switzerland
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Drogen -Z. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2682
Author: Baumann, T. W.
Year: 1996
Title: Caffeine
Journal: Botanica Helvetica
Volume: 106
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-158;
Keywords: Methylxanthines; Caffeine; metabolism-; Purines-; alkaloids-; biosynthesis-; somatic-embryogenesis; biodiversity-; seeds-
Abstract: The discovery, metabolism, compartmentation and chemistry of caffeine and related purine alkaloids are reviewed. Plant species cultivated by man to produce stimulants including coffee, cocoa, tea, cola (Cola nitida and C. acuminata), mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and guarana (Paullinia) are described and presented. Emphasis was placed on somatic embryogenesis in coffee, biodiversity in cocoa and seed dispersal in guarana.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2725
Author: Bayerkohler, T.
Year: 1996
Title: Technical manufacture aspects of the production of isomalt-containing chocolates
Journal: Dmz
Volume: Lebensmittelindustrie und Milchwirtschaft
Issue: 117
Pages: 950-955.
Keywords: Chocolate; polyols-; modification-; manufacture-; sucrose-; palatinit-; regulations-; energy-value; physicochemical-properties; organoleptic-traits; sugar-alcohols
Germany;
Abstract: New EU regulations favour the development of new chocolate products with considerably lower energy values. Isomalt is a mixture of 2 disaccharide alcohols made from sucrose by transglucosidation and hydrogenation; major physicochemical and physiological properties are indicated, and some are compared with those of sucrose and other polyols. Methods for making plain and milk chocolates from isomalt are explained and notes are made about product quality. The taste of isomalt chocolate is scarcely distinguishable from that of sucrose chocolate; the pure sweetness has no off-taste or aftertaste, and the mouth-cooling effect is less than with other polyol chocolates. Manufacture of isomalt chocolate requires little modification to the traditional method for making sucrose chocolate.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4331
Author: Beaudoin, L.
Year: 1993
Title: Feasibility study into the biological control of the rose beetle Adoretus versutus Harold within the South Pacific
Journal: Luganville
Volume: 86
Keywords: IPM-; pest-insects; Adoretus-versutus; biological-control;
Pacific Islands
Abstract: The rose beetle was accidentally introduced into Vanuatu in 1982. It can cause extensive defoliation of cocoa trees during severe attacks, as occurred in 1988. This pest was studied under an EC grant from September 1991 to September 1992. Prospecting was carried out in India, Sri Lanka and a number of South Pacific Islands in order to evaluate the possibilities of natural biological control. The study also includes an inventory of major plant hosts of A. versutus, bioecological studies in the laboratory and in the field, and an assessment of the extent of damage in Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Western Samoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., figs, bibliography ( )


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4719
Author: Beaudoin, L.; Morin, J. P.; Nguyen, C.; Decazy, B.
Year: 1995
Title: Study of underground Adoretus versutus Har. (Col., Scarabaeidae) populations in Vanuatu: detection of cohabitation with other white grubs
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 119
Issue: 6
Pages: 391-397
Keywords: insect-pests; plant-pests; biology-; life-cycle; soil-; pastures-; beverage-crops; ecology-; population-dynamics; agricultural-entomology
Vanuatu-
Abstract: In the absence of any natural enemies, Adoretus versutus has become the biggest threat to cocoa plantations in Vanuatu since its accidental introduction. Its biological cycle, from the egg stage to adult emergence, takes place in the top few centimetres of soil, preferably in pastures and near the host plants on which the adults feed. Various samples taken for a study of larval population dynamics revealed that 5 types of larvae were likely to cohabit. Their existence in Japan and the importance of native insects exploiting non-native host plants as new resources is briefly discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4592
Author: Bebbington, A.; Quisbert, J.; Trujillo, G.
Year: 1996
Title: Technology and rural development strategies in a base economic organisation: 'El Ceibo' Ltd Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives
Journal: Network Paper Agricultural Administration Research and Extension Network, No
Volume: 62
Issue: 17
Keywords: farmers'-associations; economic-impact; cooperative-marketing; case-studies; evaluation-; technical-progress; technology-transfer; cooperatives-; roles-; rural-development
Bolivia-
Abstract: This case study conducted in Bolivia was undertaken as part of a larger study (in which fieldwork was also conducted in Mali and Zimbabwe) to investigate the actual and potential roles that small farmer organizations can play in developing and transferring agricultural technology. The Bolivian case study focuses on El Ceibo, a federation of 36 cocoa producing cooperatives in the Alto Beni region of La Paz department. El Ceibo has been able to open new markets for its products, adapt product transformation techniques appropriate for these markets, and develop technology in support of its marketing strategy. The paper discusses how this programme has emerged, and factors that have favoured Ceibo's success. These factors include long term financial and technical support from external agencies, isolated location, and a cash/export crop specialization. The paper also discusses some of the household, regional and institutional impacts deriving from the strategy. As compared with more traditional, representative and politically-oriented small farmer organizations, the quality and depth of the impacts of organizations such as Ceibo tend to be far greater, but conversely, fewer people benefit from these positive impacts because of the higher barriers to membership entry in such organizations.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5212
Author: Bebbington, A.; Quisbert, G.
Year: 1996
Title: Technology and rural development strategies in a small farmer organization: lessons from Bolivia for rural policy and practice
Journal: Public-Administration-and-Development (UK). 1996
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 195-213; Aug, summary
Keywords: farmers-associations; cooperative-activities; marketing-; innovation-; technological-changes
Bolivia
Abstract: An analysis is made of a small farmer organization, a regional economic organization called El Ceibo in Bolivia. It is one of the most successful cases of small farmer organization around technology generation and product transformation and marketing in the Andes. Throughout its evolution, the marketing of cocoa has been a main activity. El Ceibo has been able to open new markets for its products, adapt product transformation techniques appropriate for these markets, and develop technology in support of its marketing strategy. Factors favouring Ceibo's success include long-term financial and technical support from external agencies, isolated location, and a cash/export crop specialization. The impacts of Ceibo are significant, although it is not clear how far Ceibo's activities foster a more broadly-based regional development in the Alto Beni area. The strategies and impacts of economically-based organizations, such as El Ceibo, are also compared with those of more traditional, representation- and politically-oriented small farmer organizations. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4247
Author: Becam, E.
Year: 1929
Journal: Ed. oficial Santo Domingo, R.D., Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura e Imigracion
Volume: 86
Keywords: Regional;
Dominican-Republic;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5644
Author: Beck, K. V.; Halbach, A. J.
Year: 1986
Title: Processing and marketing raw materials in South/South cooperation
Journal: Forschungsberichte des Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit. No.
Volume: 79
Keywords: Primary-products; Trade-; Processing-; International-cooperation; Developing-Countries; Jute-; Marketing-; Oilseed-plants; Timber-trade; International-trade
Abstract: Part 1 examines the structure and development of world trade in raw materials (15 agricultural commodities and 7 other) with special attention to developing countries' exports generally and to each other; 2 looks at existing inter- and intra-regional agreements for cooperation among the developing countries and 3 makes a critical evaluation of their results. As well as drawing attention to the many difficulties in the way of cooperation among the developing countries this looks at the countries' attitudes and efforts and briefly considers general development aspects. Part 4 presents detailed analyses of particular product groups: tropical timber and products; jute and products; oilseeds, oils and oil products; and cocoa, as well as 4 non-agricultural product groups. Finally part 5 sums up the problems and possible starting points for promoting further international cooperation among developing countries in raw material trade and processing.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
344p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5525
Author: Beck, S. E.
Year: 1994
Title: Cointegration and market efficiency in commodities futures markets
Journal: Applied Economics. 1994
Volume: 26
Issue: 3
Pages: 249-257.
Keywords: fruit-juices; soyabeans-; copper-; maize-; futures-trading; market-prices; models-; pigs-; cattle-
usa-
Abstract: The hypothesis that futures prices are unbiased predictors of spot prices is a joint hypothesis that markets are efficient and risk premia are absent. Rejection of unbiasedness could be caused by the failure of either premise. Here cointegration techniques are used to test market efficiency while permitting the presence of risk premia. Five US commodity markets were tested (covering pigs, frozen orange juice concentrate, soyabeans, cattle, cocoa, copper and maize) at the eight and 24 week horizon. Results showed that all five were sometimes inefficient but no market was inefficient always. Moreover, rejections of the unbiasedness hypothesis were nearly always caused by market inefficiency rather than the presence of risk premia.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1640
Author: Becket, W. H.
Year: 1929
Title: Result of cacao manurial trials
Journal: Dept. Agric. Gold Coast Yearbook
Volume: 21
Pages: 99-111
Keywords: Fertiliser; Manuring;
Ghana
Abstract: In Ghana as early as 1926 experiments were started on in which dried blood, basic slag and sulphate of potash were used, but only reponses to basic slag were observed
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Bull. paper13, pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 19
Author: Beckett, E.
Year: 1928
Title: Agricultural work at the Govenmenrt Industrial School
Journal: Agricultural Journal of British Guiana
Keywords: Shade; Wind-damage; Drainage; Fertilizer-responses; N; P; K; Liming; Mulching;
British-Guiana
Abstract: Most hyvbrds were planted by F.A. Gall around 1882. 16.5 Acres under shade of E. galuca. Falling shadetrees caused a decline of the cocoa stand. Experiments were conducted from 1900-1916. During the period 1913-1916 an increase in yield of 4 cwt per acrea was obtained. 2.25 due to lesseining of shade and 1.75 due to other cultural improvements. Experiments proves that under these conditions the best method of cultivation were: 1) Lowest amount of shade compatible with adequate wind protection; 2) Deep and efficient darinage >3-4 ft; 3) Annual forking with minimal root damage 4) Mulching not exceeding $6 per acre; 5) Manuring with superphosphate and K2SO4 at cost not exceeding $4 per acre. N-manuring not desirable; 2 tons of slashed lome per acre no effect.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 31
Author: Beckett, W. H.
Year: 1930
Title: Cacao observation plots
Journal: Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 22
Pages: 83-86
Keywords: Yield-Forecasting; Observation-plots;
Ghana
Abstract: Plots to be used in making yield forecasts.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1562
Author: Beckett, W. H.
Year: 1930
Title: Results of cacao manurial trials
Journal: Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 22
Pages: 99-111
Keywords: Fertilizers; Manurial-trials;
Ghana
Abstract: Trials at Kpeve, Kumasi, Asuansi, and Aburi
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3932
Author: Beckett, W. H.
Year: 1930
Title: Comparative cacao statistics. Gold Coast
Journal: Gold Coast Dept. Agr. B.
Volume: 22
Pages: 65-79
Keywords: Regional; Production; Statistics;
Ghana;
Abstract: Includes table showing world cacao production 1911-29.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3472
Author: Beckett, W. H.
Year: 1938
Title: Produce inspection in the Gold Coast
Journal: Proceedings Third West African Agricultural Conference
Volume: 1
Issue: Papers
Pages: 75-82
Keywords: Grading; Inspection; Quality;
Ghana;
Abstract: Deals almost entirely with cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
2-25, ) ( Gold Coast Section, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 59
Author: Beckett, W. H.
Year: 1945
Title: Research and the peasant producer
Journal: Report and Proceedings of the Cocoa Research Conference held at The Colonial Office, May June
Pages: 122-123
Keywords: Research; Smallholders;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
London: His Majesty's Stationary Office. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1492
Author: Beckett, W. H.
Year: 1945
Title: Korangsang a Gold Coast cocoa farm
Journal: Gold Coast Colony, Dept. of Agr., Accra. 24p.
Keywords: Farming-systems; Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
Ghana;
Abstract: Description and inventarisation of a smallholder cocoa farm of 116 acres. The first visits were made in the period 1936-1939. Revisited in 1944. The last visit showed the tremedous impact f the Cocoa swollen shoot
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5341
Author: Beckett, W. H.
Year: 1947
Title: Akokoaso: a survey of a Gold Coast village
Journal: Monographs od social Anthropology No
Volume: 10
Keywords: Surveys; Smallholders; production;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
London, Lodon School of economics and Political Science


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2393
Author: Beckett, W. H.
Year: 1972
Title: Koransang (cocoa farm) 1904 - 1970
Journal: Legon: [s.n.]
Pages: 31
Keywords: Surveys;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
23 p. - (Technical publication series. Institute of statistical, social and economic research. University of Ghana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2424
Author: Beckett, S. T.
Year: 1988
Title: Industrial chocolate manufacture and use
Journal: Glasgow [etc.]: Blackie
Volume: 388
Keywords: Processing
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1989
Author: Bedoya-Garland, E.
Year: 1987
Title: Intensification and degradation in the agricultural systems of the Peruvian upper jungle: the Upper Huallaga case
Journal: Little, P.D.
Pages: 290-315
Keywords: Erosion-; Deforestation-; Farming-systems; Settlement-;
Peru
Abstract: The chapter discusses agriculture in Peru, focusing on soil erosion and deforestation in Peru's Upper Huallaga valley, an area of the upper jungle that has experienced massive farmer settlement along three frontiers: Tingo Maria (1940s and 1950s), Aucayacu (1960s), and Tocache and Uchiza (1970s). To measure land use problems in these three frontier areas, an index of soil-use intensity is employed that distinguishes between intensive and extensive farming systems. The shortening of fallow periods in response to land shortage, and shifts to such lucrative crops as tea, coffee and cocoa result in the overuse of certain agricultural lands. Future calculations of land available for settlement should exclude forested areas.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2430
Author: Beek, M. A.; Eskes, A. B.
Year: 1974
Title: Investigation into the influence of different factors on the pod and seed characteristics of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: Wau
Volume: 68
Keywords: Pods; Beans; Pod-value;
Netherlands
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Verslag doctoraalonderzoek Landbouwhogeschool, Vakgroep Plantenveredeling


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1165
Author: Beek, M. A.; Eskes, A. B.; Toxopeus, H.
Year: 1977
Title: Some factors affecting fat content in cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.), with emphasis on the effect of the pollinator parent
Journal: Turrialba
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 327-332.
Keywords: Product-Properties;
Brazil
Abstract: The beans resulting from 2 pollination experiments were used for the study of some sources of variation on the fat content of cacao beans. No significant differences between trees of the same clone were found. A positive and significant correlation (rm=0.56 to 0.66) between bean weight and fat content existed within the bean populations as a total for female clones. For individual bean measurements, however, this correlation was low and often insignificant. Absolute differences in fat content of individual beans within a cross or even within one fruit could be as high as 8%. Female and male parents both affected significantly the fat content of the beans. Also the fat determinations on individual beans showed considerable differences in variation of fat content between crosses, the reciprocals of which always showed the same magnitude of variation. So it would seem, that the genotype of the zygote may be a main factor in determining its fat content. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1393
Author: Beer, J.; Beer, J. W.
Year: 1980
Title: Cordia alliodora and Theobroma cacao: a traditional agroforestry system in the humid tropics
Journal: Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza
Keywords: Agroforestry; Intercropping; Yields
Costa-Rica
Abstract: A brief overview, with some yield data from a plantation at Cahuita, Costa Rica.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1392
Author: Beer, J.; Beer, J. W.
Year: 1982
Title: Agroforestry systems with perennial crops in Costa Rica
Journal: Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza
Keywords: Agroforestry; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Saccharum-officinarum; Shade-trees;
Costa-Rica
Abstract: The first part of the paper gives a general account of the use of shade trees in the cultivation of tropical perennial crops, describing their advantages, disadvantages and desirable characteristics. The last part describes the combinations found in Costa Rica of Cordia alliodora ('laurel') with: Coffea arabica; Theobroma cacao; Saccharum officinarum; various pasture types; and with Erythrina poeppigiana (poro) and C. arabica together.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5084
Author: Beer, J.; Beer, J. W.
Year: 1987
Title: Advantages, disadvantages and desirable characteristics of shade trees for coffee, cacao and tea
Journal: Agroforestry Systems
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-13
Keywords: Shade-trees; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Management-; Hydrology-; Pests-; Diseases-; Soil-; Woody-plants; Utilization-; Shade-plants; ; Shade-; Responses-; Agroforestry
Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Checklists are given with literature references for possible advantages/disadvantages of including shade trees with perennial crops in relation to crop management (5/7), the hydrological cycle (3/1), pathogens, insects and adverse climatic conditions (5/5), and soil fertility and soil protection (7/3). A list is given of 21 desirable characteristics.
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Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1622
Author: Beer, J.; Beer, J. W.
Year: 1988
Title: Litter production and nutrient cycling in coffee (Coffea arabica) or cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantations with shade trees
Journal: Agroforestry-Systems. 1988
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 103-114;
Keywords: Shade-trees; Nitrogen-fixation; Forest-litter; Nutrient-cycling; Shade-trees; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Cropping-systems; Agroforestry; Soil-morphology
Costa-Rica
Abstract: The relative importance is discussed of N fixation, organic material inputs and nutrient inputs in litterfall, as justifications for including shade trees in plantations of coffee or cacao. According to existing data, N fixation by leguminous shade trees does not exceed 60 kg/ha p.a. However, these trees contribute some 5000-10 000 kg organic material/ha p.a. Using data from Costa Rica, comparisons are made between the leguminous shade tree Erythrina poeppigiana and the non-leguminous timber tree Cordia alliodora. The former, when pruned 2 or 3 times p.a., can return to the litter layer the same amount of nutrients that are applied to coffee plantations via inorganic fertilizers, even at the highest recommended rates of 270 kg N, 60 kg P and 150 kg K/ha p.a. The annual nutrient return in this litterfall represents 90-100% of the nutrient store in above-ground biomass of E. poeppigiana, and, therefore, the consequences of competition with the crop should not be a serious limitation. In the case of C. alliodora, which is not pruned, nutrient storage in the tree stems, especially of K, is a potential limiting factor to both crop and tree productivity. It is concluded that, in fertilized plantations of cacao and coffee, litter productivity is a more important shade tree characteristic than N fixation.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 603
Author: Beers, W. F. J. van
Year: 1950
Title: Notes on the growing conditions for cacao in Indonesia
Journal: Centr. Gen. Agr. Res. Sta. Bogor, No
Volume: 101
Keywords: Soils; Climate; Sutability
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1892
Author: Bejarano, W.; Lainez-C, J.; Portch, S.
Year: 1975
Title: Adequate use of fertilizers on perennial and annual crops in Ecuador
Journal: In: Soil Management in Tropical America.Raleigh, North Carolina
Pages: 502-517
Keywords: Fertiliser-Recommendations; Soil-analysis;
Ecuador
Abstract: Investigations conducted in Ecuador showed that fertilizer recommendations can be assessed more accurately if laboratory, greenhouse and farmers' field experiments are used together. This paper presents the results of 5 experiments with potatoes, 3 with coffee and 2 with cacao. The soil analyses can be used as an indicator to help in making fertilizer recommendations when crop responses in the greenhouse and the field are known.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2933
Author: Bekele, F. L.; Kennedy, A. J.; McDavid, C.; Lauckner, F. B.; Bekele, I.
Year: 1994
Title: Numerical taxonomic studies on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Trinidad
Journal: Euphytica. 1994
Volume: 75
Issue: 3
Pages: 231-240
Keywords: Numerical-taxonomy; gene-banks; genetic-diversity; descriptions-; plant-collections; taxonomy-;
Trinidad-and-Tobago
Abstract: Morphological and biochemical characterization of 53 accessions held at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad, was undertaken during 1983-85 to collate information for breeders and other users of the crop, and to facilitate assessment of the genetic diversity of the collection. Use of the full list of standardized morphological descriptors recommended by IBPGR prolonged the process of data collation. An attempt was made to develop a much shorter list containing the most discriminative or taxonomically useful descriptors. Twelve taxonomically useful quantitative descriptors were identified using numerical taxonomic techniques.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5350
Author: Bekele, F.; Bekele, I.
Year: 1996
Title: A sampling of the phenetic diversity of cacao in the international cocoa gene bank of trinidad
Journal: Crop Science
Volume: 36
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-64
Keywords: Genetics; Germplasm; Genebanks;
Trinidad;
Abstract: The international Cocoa Gene bank, Trinidad, is an international cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) germplasm depository that conserves nearly 2500 accessions in its field collection. A portion of this germplasm was characterized for phenetic diversity with morphological descriptors from the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources cacao descriptor list. Data for 28 quantitative and 26 qualitative descriptors were obtained on 100 accessions representing 24 populations. Associations among the accessions were examined by hierarchical average linkage cluster analysis. Variances of the standardized values were computed for the quantitative descriptors. The diversity and evenness of the qualitative descriptors were assessed with the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (SWDI). The variances and the Shannon-Weaver diversity indices summarized the direct contributions of the quantitative and qualitative descriptors to the similarity measure. The variances of the standardized quantitative descriptors ranged from 0.03 for flower ligule length to 0.07 for fruit husk weight. About 75% of the fruit and bean descriptors had variances greater than 0.045, compared to 17% for the flower descriptors, indicating a relatively higher discriminative value of the former. Normalized SWDI values greater than 0.50 were obtained for 69% of the 26 qualitative descriptors. Eighty percent of the flower descriptors had SWDI values greater than 0.50, compared to 60% for those of the fruit and bean. Cluster analysis indicated rich phenetic diversity in this sample of germplasm. At the 75% level of similarity, the accessions were grouped in 11 clusters, each containing two or more accessions. Nine accessions were ungrouped. This diversity should prove useful for breeding programs. The observed link between geographic origin and accession grouping suggested that it is necessary to collect and conserve germplasm representing a broad geographic range.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3906
Author: Bellefroid, V. de
Year: 1920
Title: Note on the cocoa cultivation on Sao Tome
Journal: Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi
Volume: 11
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 67-73.
Keywords: Regional;
Sao-Tome


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3959
Author: Bellefroid, V. de
Year: 1928
Title: Cocoa cultivation
Journal: Agr. et Elevage
Volume: 2
Pages: 169-170
Keywords: Regional;
Zaire;
Abstract: Remarks based on conditions at Lukolela, Belgian Congo.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3960
Author: Bellefroid, V. de
Year: 1928
Title: Note on cocoa cultivation on the red soils of Lukolela
Journal: Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda Urundi
Volume: 19
Pages: 3-58
Keywords: Regional;
Zaire;
Abstract: Includes monthly yields for each hectare, Feb. 1923-1927.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 472
Author: Bellefroid, V. de
Year: 1941
Title: Studies on the soil enrichtment in Lukolela
Journal: Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda Urundi
Volume: 32
Pages: 539-553
Keywords: Compost; Shell-waste;
Zaire;
Abstract: Results of experiments with composts including cacao shell waste and fertilizers on yield of cocoa. However, the experiments were not well designed. It was comcluded that composting lead to a non-economic increase in yields. The increas was very variable.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 482
Author: Bellefroid, V. de
Year: 1946
Title: Cocoa cultivation in the Belgian Congo, Studies on the soil enrichtment in Lukolela
Journal: Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda Urundi
Volume: 37
Pages: 554-585
Keywords: Regional; Soil-fertility; Fertilizers; Capsids; DDT
Zaire;
Abstract: Studies on fertilizing cocoa at Lukolela. Fertilizing not economic, probably casued by water limitations. Only extensive cocoa cultivation is an economically feasible option.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2538
Author: Bellefroid, V. de
Year: 1946
Title: The material that becomes the rarest in the world
Journal: Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi
Volume: 37
Issue: 4
Pages: 915-916.
Keywords: Regional; Production; Consumption;
Zaire;
Abstract: Cocoa production in various countries since 1900 are compared, together with the increasing consumption.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3265
Author: Bellefroid, V. de
Year: 1948
Title: Swollen shoot diseases in Gold Coast
Journal: Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda Urundi
Volume: 39
Pages: 729-731
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV;
Ghana
Abstract: Administrative measures for its control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3887
Author: Belshaw, R.; Bolton, B.
Year: 1993
Title: The effect of forest disturbance on the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana
Journal: Biodiversity and Conservation
Volume: 2
Issue: 6
Pages: 656-666
Keywords: species-diversity; deforestation-; land-use; vegetation-types; deciduous-forests; forest-litter; fauna; forest-trees; agricultural-entomology; Formicidae-; arthropods-
Ghana;
Abstract: Leaf litter ant fauna was sampled from December 1991 to November 1992 at 34 different sites across the forest zone (mainly moist semi-deciduous) of Ghana (14 primary forest, 10 secondary forest and 10 cocoa plots). No significant differences were found between the 3 habitats in terms of species composition and species richness of the ant fauna.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1648
Author: Belshaw, R.; Bolton, B.
Year: 1994
Title: A survey of the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana, West Africa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Journal: Journal of Hymenoptera Research
Volume: 3
Pages: 5-16
Keywords: litter-; tropical-rain-forests; habitats-; plantations-; secondary-forests; vegetation-types; rain-forests; forest-litter; soil-fauna; biology-; forest-trees; agricultural-entomology
Ghana-
Abstract: Data are presented on 176 species of Formicidae found in leaf litter in a survey of primary forest, secondary forest and cocoa plantations in the moist tropical forest zone of Ghana in 1992. The composition of the ant fauna is discussed and compared with that found in other tropical rain forests. The species composition at the different sites showed little variation either between different forest types or with geographical distance.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5488
Author: Benneh, G.
Year: 1985
Title: Land tenure and agroforestry land use systems in Ghana
Journal: Land, trees and tenure. Proceedings of an international workshop on tenure issues in agroforestry, Nairobi, May
Keywords: Agroforestry-; Shifting-cultivation; Tenure-systems; Agrosilvipastoral-systems; Agroforestry-systems; Land-use
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: A discussion with respect to the 2 major agroforestry land use systems in Ghana: the bush fallow system; and cash tree cropping (cocoa, oil palms, coffee and rubber), with various shade trees and intercropped food crops.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
27-31, [edited by Raintree, J.B.]. 1987, 163-168; Joint publication with Land Tenure Center (LTC), Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Nairobi, Kenya; International Counci


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2761
Author: Bennsemann, R.
Year: 1885
Journal: Rep. d. analyt. Chemie
Volume: 4
Issue: 213
Pages: 1885-5
Keywords: Composition; Quality;
Abstract: Chemical analysis of beans from various origins are presented.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
?, and 178-182


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5023
Author: Benoit-Cattin, M.
Year: 1984
Title: Technical and socioeconomic analysis and proposals for development policy intervention
Journal: Cahiers de la Recherche Developpement
Issue: 3
Pages: 51-56
Keywords: Farming-systems; Economic-analysis; Projects-; Case-studies; Groundnuts-;
Ivory-Coast; Senegal-; West-Africa;
Abstract: Drawing on case studies of coffee and cocoa farmers (Ivory Coast) and groundnut producers (Senegal), the role of farming systems analysis, at farm and regional levels, in development planning, implementation and monitoring is discussed. The tendency among farmers to substitute cocoa for coffee production and their attitudes towards modern techniques of coffee production are analyzed. Significant aspects of the farming system include: (1) social hierarchy as a determinant of access to production resources, which limits women's role in agricultural production; and (2) farmers' high financial needs which may lead them into diverting credit provided by projects from agricultural production into more pressing social needs. These findings may act as a guideline in the formulation and implementation of agricultural extension and development.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
4, oae


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2592
Author: Benoit-Cattin, M.; Griffon, M.; Guillaumont, P.
Year: 1996
Title: Economics of agricultural policies in developing countries
Journal: ditions de la Revue franÁaise d'Èconomie, Paris
Volume: 459
Keywords: agricultural-policies; economics-; households-; producer-prices; world-markets; trade-
West-Africa;
Abstract: Economic aspects of agricultural policies (APs) in developing countries reflect current French scientific thinking on issues such as: (1) globalization and competitiveness; (2) the relations between macro-economic policies and agricultural development; and (3) the micro-economic basis of APs. Special attention is given to national and international coffee and cocoa markets and to certain West African countries, such as the Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso and Niger. The effects of exchange rates and trade policies on agricultural development, and on producer prices and parallel markets are examined, and producer price instability and stabilization as well as the economics of scarcity are discussed. The question of defining APs based on the behaviour of various players is addressed. It is suggested that economic anthropology may effectively contribute to improving micro-economic models of the behaviour of rural households.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 661
Author: Bensdorp, L. W.
Year: 1995
Title: Cocoa powder: niche marketing
Journal: Eighth meeting of the advisory group on the world cocoa economy, 26th 30th June
Pages: 87-94
Keywords: cocoa-industry cocoa-powder markets product-development uses food-colourants flavouring quality
Netherlands;
Abstract: Cocoa powder is a product made to a high degree of perfection. It nevertheless fetches a lower price than cocoa butter, and the supply of cocoa powder to the world market is dependent on world demand for cocoa butter, which is used predominantly by large chocolate manufacturing groups in chocolate production. Cocoa powder plays an important role in the recipes in which it is used, but in terms of tonnage, this role is insignificant. The improved cocoa processing equipment on the market nowadays, as well as the fact that technology is more freely available, has contributed to a general increase in the quality of cocoa powder at a much reduced price level. In the production of cocoa powder, the manufacturer has 2 major areas of concern: consistency and quality, since cocoa powder is responsible both for the chocolate flavour and for the colour of the ultimate end-product. A discrepancy exists between the price which cocoa powder fetches on the market, and the amount of skill, work and effort which goes into its production and marketing, as well as the very strict specifications required of cocoa powder by its users. Cocoa producers must turn away from the trend of trying to get the most for cocoa butter and selling the resulting cake or powder as a waste product, and should instead capitalize on 2 unique selling points of cocoa powder: its chocolate flavour and its use as a natural colourant.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Yaounde. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5390
Author: Benstead, R. J.
Year: 1951
Title: Cacao re-establishment
Journal: Cocoa conference
Pages: 111-115
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Shade-trees;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Conditions for the re-establishment of cacao, following devastation by swollen-shoot disease, are not so favourable as those obtaining when intitial plantings were made.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
The cocoa, chocolate and confectionary alliance, Ltd. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5401
Author: Benstead, R. J.
Year: 1953
Title: Cacao re-establishment
Journal: Proceedings of the West African International Cacao Research Conference
Pages: 95-97
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Shade-trees;
Africa; Ghana
Abstract: Conditions for the re-establishment of cacao, following devastation by swollen-shoot disease, are not so favourable as those obtaining when intitial plantings were made.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2643
Author: Bentgrasson, U.; Hanson, L. A.; Ahlstedt, S.
Year: 1996
Title: Survey of gastrointestinal reactions to foods in adults in relation to atopy, presence of mucus in the stools, swelling of joints and arthralgia in patients with gastrointestinal reactions to foods
Journal: Clinical and Experimental Allergy
Volume: 26
Issue: 12
Pages: 1387-1394.
Keywords: food-allergies; foods-; mucus-; atopy-; intestines-; digestive-disorders; digestive-tract; digestive-system; joint-diseases; faeces-; immune-response; symptoms-; inflammation-
Sweden-
Abstract: 58 patients consecutively referred to the Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Goteborg, Sweden with food-related gastrointestinal symptoms were recruited. 35 patients (60%) had mucus in their stools, 24 (41%) complained about joint swelling and 41 (71%) had arthralgia. There were no correlations between these parameters and atopy according to Phadiatope test or skin prick test (SPT). There were no correlations between the occurrence of mucus in the stools, arthralgia and joint swelling. There were higher concentrations of circulating immune complexes in patients with a history of arthralgia compared with patients with no such history (P<0.03) and the number of individuals with the presence of such immune complexes was higher among the patients with arthralgia than among the patients without. In general the patients did not relate the exposure to certain foods to symptoms like joint swelling, arthralgia and presence of mucus in the stools. However, there were positive correlations between food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the following instances: chocolate-induced gastrointestinal symptoms and mucus in the stools (P=0.006), vegetable-induced gastrointestinal symptoms and mucus in the stools (P=0.002) and meat-induced gastrointestinal symptoms and mucus in the stools (P=0.003). In a group of individuals (n=20) without food-related symptoms investigated separately, a very low frequency of mucus in the stools, joint swelling and arthralgia was seen (n=0, 2 and 3, respectively). Of 41 patients with immediate onset of gastrointestinal symptoms, 20 were atopic according to Phadiatope and SPT. Of 11 patients with late onset of symptoms 10 were negative in Phadiatope and SPT (P<0.05). The most frequently involved foods were fruits, vegetables, milk, fish and meat. It was suggested that different inflammatogenic mechanisms are involved in food-related gastrointestinal symptoms.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2859
Author: Bentham, G.; Hooker, D.
Year: 1862
Journal: Cacao in
Volume: 1
Pages: 214-225
Keywords: Taxonomy;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 906
Author: Benton, F. P.
Year: 1983
Title: Considerations on the production of a sex pheromone by females of Stenoma decora Zeller (Lepidoptera: Stenomidae) and its attractiveness to the males
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 51-57.
Keywords: Stenoma-decora; Distribution-; Traps-; Sex-attractant-traps; Sex-pheromones
Brazil
Abstract: In studies between December 1980 and March 1981 in a cocoa plantation at Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil, that was heavily infested by Stenoma decora, males were strongly attracted to traps baited with laboratory-reared females, indicating that the females produce a sex pheromone. Males were attracted to the taps between 1930 and 2100 h. In the laboratory, most adults emerged between 1630 and 1900 h; females were attractive to males from the day of emergence for at least 4 days, after which the attraction diminished.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 914
Author: Benton, F. P.
Year: 1984
Title: Seasonal abundance of the phytophagous Coleoptera in cocoa plantations in Sul da Bahia and Espirito Santo
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 85-102
Keywords: Pests; Colaspis-ornata; Seasonal-fluctuations; Conotrachelus-curvicostatus; Lordops-aurosa; Lasiopus-cilipes; Distribution-; Colaspis-; Rhabdopterus-; Nodonota; Naupactus-; Chrysomelidae-; Coleoptera-
Brazil
Abstract: Monthly collections of Coleoptera were made in cocoa plantations in Sul de Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil, to determine their seasonal abundance. Colaspis ornata was present in Sul de Bahia throughout the year and populations showed little fluctuation. In 1 locality, 2 species of Colaspis and 1 of Rhabdopterus (not determined to species level) were more abundant in September-February than in other months. Populations of Nodonota and of chrysomelids (not determined to species) showed a marked peak in September-October, when the peak of flushing occurred. In 1 locality, some population peaks of C. ornata showed a positive correlation with flushing. The curculionid Conotrachelus curvicostatus was more or less equally abundant throughout the year, but other curculionids (Lordops aurosa, Lasiopus cilipes and Naupactus spp.) were virtually absent except in September-March.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
9 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3008
Author: Benzemann
Year: 1884
Title: Melting point of cocoa butter and fatty acids
Journal: Rundsch. f. Chem. Phar. etc.
Volume: 443
Pages: 443
Keywords: Cocoa-butter; Melting-point;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3163
Author: Benzoni, G.
Year: 1550
Title: History of the new world
Keywords: History
Abstract: Contains one of the oldest prints of a cocoa tree.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 779
Author: Berbert, P. R. F.; Esquivel, T. F.
Year: 1974
Title: A colorimetric method for determining the intensity of smoke contamination in cocoa beans
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 14-20.
Keywords: Grading; Quality; Off-flavours; Detection; Smoky-beans; Product-Properties; Analytical-Chemistry
Brazil
Abstract: A simple method, found in Brazil, is to dissolve the tar compounds associated with smoke in ethyl alcohol and to assess the colour produced either visually or spectrophotometrically.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5242
Author: Berbert, P. R. F.
Year: 1976
Title: Influence of climatic conditions on the chemical composition and the physical characterisitcs of cocoa butter
Journal: Revista Theobroma (Brazil)
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 67-76
Keywords: Temperature; Cocoa-butter; Butter-hardness; Quality; Saturated-fatty-acids; Unsaturated-fatty-acids;
Brazil
Abstract: In Brazil the hardness of the varies apreciably according to season.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 814
Author: Berbert, P. R. F.; Borges, J. M.
Year: 1978
Title: Limitations on the use of the colorimetric method for determining smoke contamination in cacao beans
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 8
Issue: 3
Pages: 113-116.
Keywords: Grading; Quality; Off-flavours; Methods;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: A colorimetric method for the detection of smoke contamination in cacao seeds based on extraction with 96% ethanol was found to be reliableonly if the seeds had been properly fermented.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 761
Author: Berbert, P. R. F.
Year: 1979
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 9
Pages: 55-61
Keywords: Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 837
Author: Berbert, P. R. F.
Year: 1981
Title: Determination of the fatty acid composition and physical characteristics of fats of the seeds of Theobroma grandiflora and Theobroma bicolor and comparison with the fat of Theobroma cacao
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 91-98.
Keywords: Vegetable-fat; physico-chemical-properties; fatty-acids; Biochemistry; Butter-hardness;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The fatty acid composition and physical characteristics of butter from T. grandiflora and T. bicolor were studied and compared with those of T. cacao (var. Comum) using gas chromatography and scanning calorimetry. It was found that the butters of the first two species are softer than cocoa butter but have a melting point (slip point) equal to or higher than that of the latter. This fact makes the butter from T. grandiflora and T. bicolor apparently inadequate for preparing chocolate bars, but shows the possibility of using them in the margerine industry. The softness, besides being related to the triglycerides composition is possibly due to the presence of other substances such as long chain alcohols and esters. These are responsible for the agreeable aroma which is found in the T. bicolor butter.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 888
Author: Berbert, P. R. F.; Cruz, P. F. N. da
Year: 1986
Title: (Residue levels of BHC (HCH) in cacao beans in Bahia, Brazil)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-45.
Keywords: cacao-; insecticides-; gamma-HCH; pesticide-residues
Brazil
Abstract: The level of BHC (gamma-HCH) residues was determined monthly, during 1983, in cacao beans collected from exporter's warehouses. BHC residues were detected in all samples analysed, the monthly average levels varying from 0.05 to 0.2 ppm. These results showed that the residual levels are below the tolerance limit of the majority of importing countries (0.5 to 1 ppm) and whithin the limit established by Brazil for gamma BHC (1 ppm). In addition, the results suggest that a significant decrease of the residue levels occurs only 60 days after the insecticide application. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5439
Author: Berbert, P. R. F.; Cruz, P. F. N. da
Year: 1986
Title: Residual levels of BHC (HCH) in cocoa beans in Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Revista Theobroma (Brazil)
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-45.
Keywords: HCH-; Insecticides-; Residues-; Nontarget-effects; Stored-products; Insecticide-residues
Brazil
Abstract: In 1983, the level of HCH was determined monthly in samples destined for export. Residues were detected in all samples, at 0.05 to 0.2 p.p.m., below the tolerance limit of most importing countries (0.5 to 1 p.p.m.) and that of Brazil (1 p.p.m.). The results suggest that a significant decrease in residue levels occurs only 60 days after application.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 958
Author: Berbert, P. R. F.
Year: 1988
Title: Malathion residues in cocoa beans harvested at different intervals after application
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: 115-121
Keywords: Insecticide-residues; Insecticides Residues Malathion-; Pests
Brazil;
Abstract: The residue levels of malathion in cocoa beans was determined at different intervals between the application of the insecticide and the harvest in Bahia, Brazil, using gas chromatography. The insecticide was applied by spraying or dusting and at 2 rates (300 and 600 a.i./ha). One day after application the residue levels were 0.20 and 0.55 p.p.m. for the higher and lower dosages, resp., and no difference was observed between the spray and the dust. The levels fell to less than half of the initial levels 8 days after application and were below the detectable level (0.1 p.p.m.) 15 days after application. A waiting period of 2 days before harvest and a maximum tolerance of 1 p.p.m. for residues in the cocoa beans are recommended.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 179
Author: Bereau, M.; Lachenaud, P.; Planquette, P.
Year: 1992
Title: Cocoa in French Guiana
Journal: Cahiers d'Outre-Mer
Volume: 45
Issue: 179-180
Pages: 349-356.
Keywords: cultivation-; processing-; chocolate-; traditional-technology; Management;
French-Guiana
Abstract: After a brief review of the conditions and circumstances involved in setting up cocoa plantations in French Guiana, an illustrated commentary on non-industrial chocolate manufacture is provided. The product is called "homemade chocolate" or "baton cacao".


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2861
Author: Berg, O. C.; Schmidt, C. F.
Year: 1858
Volume: 4
Issue: 63
Pages: 6
Abstract: Cocoa in Band 4, Kap. XXXIII
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Vols. Leipzig -(text 204 fol., coloured 198, not coloured


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3154
Author: Bergmann, J. F.
Year: 1969
Title: The cultural geography of cocoa in aboriginal America
Journal: PhD Thesis, university of California, Los Angeles. pp.
Keywords: History; Distribution; Uses; Production; Trade;
America; Mexico; Guatemala; El-Salvador; Costa-Rica; Honduras;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3130
Author: Bernal Diaz del, Castillo
Year: 1582
Title: True history of conquest of new Spain
Keywords: History; Montezuma; Utilisation;
Mexico
Abstract: From time to time they brought him in cup shaped vessels of pure gold, a certain drink made from cacao which he took when he was going to visit his wives, and at the time he took no heed of it, but what I did see was that they brought over 50 great jugs of good cacao frothed up, and he drank of that, and the women served this drink with great reverence".


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2851
Author: Bernoulli, G.
Year: 1869
Title: Review of the up till now know facts of Theobroma
Journal: Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fur die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften
Volume: 24
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-15
Keywords: Taxonomy
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3031
Author: Bernoulli, G.
Year: 1870
Title: Facts of Theobroma
Journal: Jahresb. Pharmac.
Volume: 202
Pages: 202
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2769
Author: Berry, E. W.
Year: 1929
Title: Tertiary Fossil plants from Colombia, South America
Journal: Proc. U.S. National Museum
Volume: 75
Issue: 24
Pages: 1-12
Keywords: Evolution; Fossils
Colombia
Abstract: Berry descirbed the first fossil record of cacao.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5575
Author: Berry, S. S.
Year: 1975
Title: Cocoa, custom and socio-economic change in rural Western Nigeria
Journal: Oxford
Volume: 253
Pages: 225-233
Keywords: Rural-Development; Reference-Documents
Nigeria; Western
Abstract: This study traces the chronological and geographical spread of Western Nigeria's main export crop since the late nineteenth century, and analyses the impact of increased loco production on the rural economy and society. In particular the impact on land tenure and on the supply and organization of agricultural labour in Western Nigeria are examined.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., maps, bibliography p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5287
Author: Berry, S.
Year: 1976
Title: Supply responses reconsidered: Cocoa in Western Nigeria 1909-1944
Journal: Journal of Development Studies
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 4-17.
Keywords: Production; Economics; Development; History
Africa; Nigeria;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5356
Author: Berry, S. S.
Year: 1985
Title: Fathers work for their sons. Accumulation, mobility and class formation in an extended Yoruba community
Keywords: Ethnic-groups; Rural-communities; Social-change; Commercial-farming;
Nigeria-
Abstract: This study of Yoruba cocoa farmers and their descendants in western Nigeria examines the consequences of agricultural commercialization for economic development, political mobilization and social change. Ways in which farmers have used their income from export crop production are described and the implications of farmers' expenditure patterns for the changing structure of economic activity are examined. Income transfers and changing social relationships are traced among migrant farmers, their home communities, and their emigrant sons and daughters, in order to show how social relations have been shaped and influenced by uses of income and productive resources in a highly mobile society. By utilizing case histories of individuals, descent groups and communities, aggregate processes of economic, social and political change are examined. The processes of economic development arising out of export crop production in the colonial period have continued to shape the course of economic change in post-colonial times, despite rapid changes in the composition of economic activity since the discovery of oil. The book as a whole provides a reinterpretation of the historical relationship between economic growth, class formation, sectional conflict and political transformation in western Nigeria.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
x + 225pp.; 12pp.ref., tab., OAE. Berkeley, California, USA; University of California Press


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5659
Author: Berthelemy, J. C.; Gagey, F.
Year: 1987
Title: The agricultural supply price elasticity in Africa. A note on peasants' rationality in a non-Walrasian context
Journal: European Economic Review
Volume: 31
Issue: 8
Pages: 1493-1507
Keywords: Smallholders; Economic-behaviour;
Cameroon-
Abstract: The paper provides some investigations into analysis of peasants' behaviour in developing countries using a non-Walrasian hypothesis. It is assumed that the supply of consumer goods can be lower than the notional demand in rural areas as a consequence of failures in industrial production or in the transport system. Because of this shortage, it would be rational for peasants to reduce, rather than increase, their commercial production when its real price increases. When tested with econometric methods of disequilibrium on cocoa production data in Cameroon, this assumption seems plausible.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1 fig., 2 tab., OE


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4586
Author: Berthelemy, J. C.; Bourguignon, F.
Year: 1996
Title: Growth and crisis in Cote d'Ivoire
Journal: Comparative Macroeconomic Studies. x + 240p
Keywords: coffee-; economic-crises; economic-development; macroeconomics-; monetary-policy; exports-; labour-market; capital-; economic-policy; economic-situation; analysis-; structural-adjustment; economic-depression; rural-development
Cote-d'Ivoire
Abstract: An analysis is presented of the decline of Cote d'Ivoire's development miracle of the 1960s and 1970s into a major macroeconomic crisis at the beginning of the 1980s and persistent recession thereafter. Following the unexpected drop in world prices of coffee and cocoa at the beginning of the 1980s, none of the various adjustment programmes adopted during the 1980s were successful. The country's product markets (export and food crops, forestry and industrial goods), labour and capital markets are described. Concluding chapters are oriented toward the country's prospects for the long run. The structural changes that have taken place are discussed, and a simple analytical model is presented to indicate the crucial obstacles to Cote d'Ivoire's economic recovery. Suggestions for possible reforms in the organization of the public sector are made, and also in the short-run macroeconomic decision framework, with special emphasis on the constraints arising from the membership in the CFA franc zone and the West African Monetary Union.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5135
Author: Berti, N.; Chenon, R. D. de
Year: 1987
Title: The genus Balyana Peringuey. Taxonomy and biological findings (Col. Chrysomelidae Hispinae)
Journal: Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France
Volume: 92
Pages: 3-4
Keywords: Coleoptera; Natural-enemies; Damage-; Hispinae-; Balyana Africa Parasitoids-; Hymenoptera Hosts-; Taxonomy-; Balyana-mariaui; New-species; Biology-
Madagascar-; Africa;
Abstract: Investigations on hispine chrysomelids damaging cocoa palms in Malagasy led to a revision of the genus Balyana there and in mainland Africa. Two new species and one new subgenus are described. They include B. mariaui sp. n., which is described from cocoa in Malagasy. Damage to cocoa by this species first appears in plantations 2-3 years old; other palms are also attacked. The eggs are laid singly in the lower surface of the leaves, and the larvae mine in the leaves and can cause considerable defoliation. The life-cycle lasts about 90 days. Information is provided on about 10 species of hymenopterous parasitoids of Balyana amd other hispines in Malagasy and West Africa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
79-102; 72 fig


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4574
Author: Bertoli, C.; Hosszu Sackett, K.; Melachouris, N.; Traitler, H.
Year: 1995
Title: Preparation of butterfat and vegetable butter substitutes
Journal: United States Patent
Volume: 5
Issue: 395
Keywords: composition-; plant-oils; milk-fat; substitutes-; utilization-; ice-cream; yoghurt-;
Abstract: It is claimed that fat substitutes may be prepared without a molecular distillation step by enzymically or chemically inter-esterifying a fully hydrogenated vegetable oil rich in stearic acid with a medium-chain fatty acid triglyceride rich in caproic, caprylic and capric fatty acids under conditions such that the amount of tristearin in the inter-esterified mixture is <5% by weight. The inter-esterified mixture is bleached and deodorized, and may be used as a substitute for milk fat or for vegetable fat such as cocoa butter. It is further claimed that the mixture may be used as a fat substitute in ice cream or yoghurt manufacture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
US 629, 5 pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1372
Author: Bertrand, B.
Year: 1987
Title: Some aspects of the micropropagation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 31
Issue: 3
Pages: 175-182
Keywords: Tissue-culture; Propagation-; Techniques-; Cuttings-; Micropropagation-; Growth-regulators; Ba; Ga IBa TIBa Buds-; Development-; Benzyladenine-; Bud-dormancy; Gibberellic-acid; Shoot-growth; NAA-
Togo
Abstract: With orthotropic explants, the most favourable stages for growth were 12, 13 and F1. Dormancy in axillary buds could be lifted by BA (at rates up to 2.22 muM). Shoot growth was obtained with GA4+7 (2.89 muM) + IBA (25 muM) + BA (2.22 muM), or with NAA (5 muM). GA3 was toxic. The role of TIBA is discussed.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
3 pl


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1327
Author: Bertrand, B.; Cilas, C.
Year: 1990
Title: (Use of identical twins in cocoa experimentation)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 34
Pages: 295-298,
Keywords: seed-; propagation-materials
Abstract: A cocoa seed splitting technique to obtain identical twins is described; 294 cocoa beans were peeled and cut lengthwise, and 90 of these beans (180 half-beans) produced 90 couples of identical twins. This method need to be improved, but it is certainly useful in cocoa experimentation. The technique can already be used for numerous trials where duplication of germplasm can be used to improve precision. Applications are envisaged in various fields of cocoa research.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1030
Author: Bertrand, B.; Dupois, V.
Year: 1992
Title: Contribution to the development of cloning in Theobroma cacao utilizing orthotropic axes: constraints and prospects
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 36
Pages: 9-26.
Keywords: cloning-; hybrids-; vegetative-propagation; cuttings-; grafting-
Togo
Abstract: Trials on cocoa tree cloning were carried out in Togo on selected clones. Orthotropic clonal cuttings and seedlings were compared in the nursery and under field conditions, and various horticultural methods of rejuvenation were tried. Disparities were observed within the clonal material under study and between orthotropic clonal cuttings and seedlings. Among the various horticultural techniques used to delay crown development, only ablation seemed satisfactory.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1094
Author: Bertrand, B.; Jadin, P.
Year: 1992
Title: Persuit of suitable techniques for cacao replanting in Togo. I. Comparative study of various cacao planting methods
Journal: CafÈ Cacao ThÈ
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 115-120
Keywords: Rehabilitation; Shading; Bananas; Maize; Socio-economics;
Africa; Togo; Litime
Abstract: The choice of planting method in Togo must take into consideration the socio-economic constraints of the zones traditionally used for cacao cultivation. This is why the objective of the trials set up on the IRCC research stations was to compare various planting procedures requiring very low investment or ensuring a complementary income.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 569
Author: Berwick, E. J. H.
Year: 1950
Title: Further investigations into the growing of cocoa in Malaya
Journal: Malayan Agricultural Journal
Volume: 33
Pages: 194-208
Keywords: Regional;
Malaysia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 808
Author: Besemer, H. A.; Soria, S. de- J.
Year: 1978
Title: Laboratory rearing of Forcipomyia spp. midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). 1. Adult feeding, larval feeding and copulation trials; a revision of Saunders method of rearing
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 43-59.
Keywords: Animal-Biology; Insect-Husbandry
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Laboratory mass rearing of the midge Forcipomyia may be important to increase the pollination of cacao. The present study investigated the effect of adult and larval food, larval density, temperature and humidity on growth, reproduction and longevity. Recommendations are made and it is suggested that emphasis should be put on the possible value of vitamins from cacao flowers.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 601
Author: Besse, J.
Year: 1964
Title: Breeding of the cocoa tree in the Ivory Coast
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ 8
Pages: 245-63.
Keywords: Program; Selection; Propagation; nureseries; Field-tests; Hybrids; Upper-Amazon; Amelondao;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: A comprehensive cacao breeding and selection programme was initiated by the Institut FranÁais du CafÈ et du Cacao in the Ivory Coast in 1960; it will comprise both generative and vegetative selection. The author discusses the main features of the programme, including collections of prospective parents, mother tree selection, production of cuttings, and techniques of generative selection: artificial pollination, raising of the seedlings in nurseries, and field tests. The hybridization programme is predominantly based on crossings between Upper Amazon types with local Amelonados; results obtained so far indicate that some hybrid progenies from these crosses are highly productive.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2676
Author: Betken, R.
Year: 1997
Title: Examining the supplier. Expectations from the milk processing industry
Journal: Die Lieferanten prufen. Erwartungen an die milchverarbeitende Industrie. Susswaren
Volume: 41
Issue: 9
Pages: 30-32.
Keywords: Chocolate; Quality; milk-products; confectionery-; chocolate-; quality-controls; Hygiene
Germany;
Abstract: Milk products for use in confectionery products, such as chocolate, must meet high quality requirements. This article considers what is expected by the confectionery industry from milk product suppliers with regard to quality control, the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system and hygiene procedures that ensure quality of raw milk and milk products supplied for confectionery manufacture.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1404
Author: Betrand, B.; Agbodjan, A. K.
Year: 1989
Title: Orthotropic cuttings of cocoa. Initial results and prospects
Journal: CafÈ, Cacao, ThÈ
Volume: 33
Issue: 3
Pages: 147-156
Keywords: Propagation; Cuttings; Production; Techniques; Seedlings; Development; Assessment; Planting-stock; Establishment
Togo
Abstract: In field studies, the establishment, vigour, height and fruiting precocity of plants produced from orthotropic cuttings or seeds were compared. The cuttings performed well, the main difference being their early crown formation. However, this was partly overcome later; more than 60% of the plants produced from cuttings formed a new higher crown after 24 months in the field. Various techniques of cuttings production are described including the use of natural orthotropic shoots, orthotropic shoots produced on plagiotropic cuttings bent over, or orthtropic shoots produced by manipulation of the mother plant. Pruning the mother plant to 60 cm above ground level was the most effective method.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
6 pl


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1432
Author: Betrem, J. G.; Ostendorf, F. W.
Year: 1456
Title: Two Helopeltis catching trials at Getas
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 10
Pages: 1456-1459
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Mirids; Helopeltis;
Asia; Indonesia;
Abstract: Helopeltis-catching tests at Getas cacao plantation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3070
Author: Betrem, J. G.
Year: 1790
Title: Short communication on the control of Helopeltis in cocoa with derris powder
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 12
Pages: 1790-1796
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Mirids; Helopeltis; Chemical-control; Derris; Rotenon; Insecticides
Asia; Indonesia;
Abstract: Use of derris against Helopeltis on cacao in Java.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1433
Author: Betrem, J. G.; Ostendorf, F. W.
Year: 1937
Title: Results of the Helopetis catching trial MJ 373 during the period January 1935 untilNovember 1936
Journal: Bergcultures
Volume: 11
Pages: 835-840
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Mirids; Helopeltis;
Asia; Indonesia;
Abstract: Helopeltis-catching tests at Getas cacao plantation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2337
Author: Betrem, J. G.
Year: 1950
Title: The control of the mosquito blight on the cacao on Java
Journal: Stockholm: [s.n.]
Volume: 4
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Mirids; Helopeltis
Indonesia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. - Reprint: 8th International congress of entomology


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4505
Author: Bettger, W. J.; Blackadar, C. B.
Year: 1997
Title: Dietary very long chain fatty acids directly influence the ratio of tetracosenoic (24:1) to tetracosanoic (24:0) acids of sphingomyelin in rat liver
Journal: Lipids
Volume: 32
Issue: 1
Pages: 51-55
Keywords: maize-oil; almond-oil; coconut-oil; rapeseed-oil; cod-liver-oil; fish-oils; olive-oil; groundnut-oil; safflower-oil; sunflower-oil; flax-; soyabean-oil; lard-; butter-; egg-yolk; plant-oils; fats-; monoenoic-fatty-acids; saturated-fatty-acids; sphingomyelins-; long-chain-fatty-acids; composition-; liver-; fatty-acids; intake-; rat-feeding
Abstract: 21 groups of 3 weanling male Wistar rats were fed semipurified diets containing 5% (w/w) of different dietary fats (almond, borage, rapeseed, coconut, cod liver, herring, Lorenzo's, menhaden, olive, groundnut, evening primrose, safflower, sunflower, flaxseed, maize and soyabean oils and lard, butter, egg yolk fat, cocoa butter and vegetable oil shortening). After 2 weeks, liver sphingomyelin (SM) fatty acid composition was determined. The ratio of tetracosenoic:tetracosanoic acid in liver SM varied over a 10-fold range in response to dietary fat type. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that dietary tetracosenoic, tetracosanoic and docosenoic acids were the most significant factors in predicting the tetracosenoic acid:tetracosanoic acid ratio of liver SM. The mathematical relation between the dietary fatty acid composition and liver SM tetracosenoic acid:tetracosanoic acid ratio was y = 1.88 (tetracosenoic acid) -1.49 (tetracosanoic acid) + 0.21 (docosenoic acid) + 0.01 (oleic acid) + 0.26 (r2 = 0.95, P<0.0001). These results were confirmed by a second experiment in which 3 rats were fed olive oil-based diets supplemented with various fatty acid ethyl esters.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 20
Author: Beythien, A.
Year: 1937
Title: On unifrom standards in cocoa research
Journal: Off. Internatl. du Cacao et Choc. B. off.
Volume: 7
Issue: numÈro special
Pages: 60-63
Keywords: Research; Analytical-methods;
Germany
Abstract: Discussed under 10 headings: water, Mineral nutrients (Ash), Alkalinity of ash; Fat, Fat research; sugar, dried milk, lechitine and shell content
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4238
Author: Bezerra, L.
Year: 1997
Title: Ceratocystis fimbriata causing death of budded cocoa seedlings in Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Incoped Newsletter
Volume: 1
Pages: 6
Keywords: Diseases; Cyratocystis-fimbriata; Sighting;
Brazil; Bahia;
Abstract: The fungus Ceratocistis fimbriata Ell. & Halst. was first associated with budded cocoa seedlings in the municipalities of Ilheus and Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil. The affected materials showed browning of the bud tissues and of rootstock. Perithecia were observed at the junction between the bud and rootstock. Trees from where the bud-wood was removed did not show any symptoms of vascular wilt, as would be expected from cocoa trees infected with C. fimbriata. While this pathogen is economically important in many countries of South and Central America, West Indies and Asia, this is the first report of it's presence on cocoa in Bahia, Brazil.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1186
Author: Bhat, S. K.
Year: 1980
Title: Studies on rodent damage to cocoa in south India: identification of their damage
Journal: Planter
Volume: 56
Issue: 648
Pages: 101-104
Keywords: Rodent-pests; Vertebrae; Rats; Squirrels; Pod-damage
India; Karnataka
Abstract: Studies were made to distinguish squirrel (Funambulus spp.) and rat (Rattus rattus) damage on cacao pods to assess their economic importance in the field. Squirrels had the tendency to make oval holes in the central or terminal portion of the pods, while rats made oval or round holes near the stalk region of the pod.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 269
Author: Bhat, S. K.; Nair, C. P. R.; Mathew, D. N.
Year: 1981
Title: Mammalian pests of cocoa in South India
Journal: Tropical-Pest Management (UK)
Volume: 27
Issue: 3
Pages: 297-302.
Keywords: cacao-; mammal-pests; pest-damage
India; South India
Abstract: By 1977, some 6500 ha were planted to cacao (Theobroma cacao) in South India, most in mixed plantations. The Western Ghats squirrel, Funambulus tristriatus; the South Indian palm squirrel, F. palmarum and the black rat, Rattus rattus were observed to be causing much damage to cacao in South India; the palm civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and the bonnet monkey, Macaca radiata were causing minor damage. Monthly surveys made for one year in Karnataka showed that the percentage of damage caused by rodents was 29.0; that by civets and monkeys 0.4 and 0.3 respectively. In Kerala and one district of Tamil Nadu rodents were estimated to be causing 15% damage and civets 3%; no monkey damage was found. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4892
Author: Bhat, M. S.
Year: 1983
Title: Studies on vegetative growth, flowering and pod growth in 'Forastero' cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) under Dharwad conditions
Journal: Thesis Abstracts, Haryana Agricultural University
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 347
Keywords: Growth-studies; Growth-yield-relationships; Fruit-; Development-; Physiology-; Flowering-
Abstract: Six bimonthly vegetative flush cycles were observed, with the most vigorous growth occurring during April to September. Each flush cycle was divided into 3 phases. Over 60% of total annual flowering was observed between November and January. About 70% of the flowers were borne on the crown periphery, 22% on primary branches and 8% on the trunk. The trees produced 8000-10 000 flowers/year but only 3.67% of them set fruit and only 16% of the set fruit matured. The pods followed a sigmoid pattern of growth and took 26 weeks to mature. Pod skin colour change from green to yellow indicated maturity. The harvesting period was from January to June with a peak in April/May.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1275
Author: Bhat, S. K.; Sujatha, A.
Year: 1986
Title: A study of the species of small mammals in mixed coconut - cacao gardens in Kerala
Journal: Planter
Volume: 62
Issue: 727
Pages: 428-432
Keywords: mammal-pests; Inter-cropping; ecosystem
India; Kerala
Abstract: When different groups of animals co-exist in a given habitat, correct identification and knowledge of its habits, habitat selection and association with other species is necessary for adoption of successful control operations. The species composition of small mammals in a coconut-cacao mixed habitat was analysed in 5 gardens by setting wooden (30x12x11.5 cm.) and Sherman (23x7.5x9 cm.) ""life" traps on the branches as well as on the ground. Altogether, representatives of 6 species of rodent pests and 1 insectivore were trapped. Rattus rattus wroughtoni was the most predominant species followed by Mus booduga. They were followed by Vandeleuria oleracea, Funambulus tristriatus, Rattus rattus rufescens, Suncus murinus and Tatera indica in the order of frequency of trapping. R.r. wroughtoni was more common on the branches (65%) and M. booduga on the ground (70%). V. oleracea was purely arboreal, whereas M. booduga and S. murinus were ground dwellers. F. tristriatus, R.r. wroughtoni and R.r. rufescens were primarily arboreal but were also active on the ground. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 563
Author: Bhat, R. B.; Inamdar, J. A.; Weber, D. J.
Year: 1992
Title: Internodal vessel elements and their taxonomic significance in Sterculiaceae
Journal: Angewandte Botanik
Volume: 66
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 121-123;
Keywords: Taxonomy; Anatomy; Vascular-system; Phloem; Xylem;
Abstract: The internodal vessel elements were studied for the first time in 12 genera and 23 species of the family Sterculiaceae including Cola acuminata and cocoa. Their lengths and diameters ranged from 91 to 459 µm and 22 to 90 µm, respectively, and they were cylindrical, fusiform, column-like, drum-like, clavate, oval or irregular. Perforation plates were exclusively simple in all species investigated, their number being predominantly two. Side wall thickening may be simple or border-pitted, scalariform or double-spiral. The taxonomic significance of vessel morphology in the Sterculiaceae is discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 732
Author: Bhat, N. T.; Mohapatra, A. R.; Venugopal, K. B.; Venugopal, K. R.
Year: 1993
Title: Nutrient dynamics in lateritic soils under arecanut garden in Dakshina Kannada District (Karnataka)
Journal: Sehgal, J., Sarma
Pages: 256-261
Keywords: nitrogen-fertilizers; phosphorus-fertilizers; potassium-fertilizers; manures-; nutrients-; uptake-; fertilizers-; soil-; NPK-fertilizers; plant-residues; lateritic-soils; mulches-; forest-trees; foliage-; leaves-; multipurpose-trees; soil-fertility; Nutrient-cycling;
India-; Karnataka;
Abstract: Long-term fertilizer and manure application to arecanut (Areca catechu) in the lateritic soils at Vittal, India resulted in high available NPK. Application of NPK fertilizer alone gave low levels of K and organic carbon. Regular applications of P and K showed an increase in the available P and K status of the soils and an increase in P (250-300 ppm) in the top 0-15 cm of the soil. Long- term application of N resulted in low available K in soils. Application of rapidly decomposing leaves of Gliciridia gave lower amounts of organic carbon and available N and K whereas application of slowly decomposing forest tree leaves and twigs gave high levels of organic carbon and available N and K. Annual NPK uptake by arecanut (using high density crop models) was 250 to 300 kg N, 120 to 160 kg P2O5 and 450 to 600 kg K2O/ha. Regular addition of NPK, green leaves and cattle manure are necessary to maintain the high productivity of arecanut and cocoa and the soil fertility of the lateritic soils.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
A.K., Batta,-R.K., Gajbhiye,-K.S. & Nagabhushna,-S.R. (Eds.) Red and lateritic soils of India resource appraisal and management. NBSS Publication 37, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4820
Author: Bhat-Shama, K.; Leela, M.
Year: 1968
Title: Cacao and arecanut are good companions-for more cash
Journal: Indian Farming
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
Pages: 19-21
Keywords: Intercropping; Shade;
India
Abstract: Trials conducted at Vittal in Mysore (India), showed that there is no competition between cocoa and arecanut (Areca catechu). Cocoa has shown encouraging vegetative growth with early bearing habit. The climatic requirements of cocoa seem to be met well by the conditions prevailing in arecanut gardens. In this article, attention is paid to shade for cocoa, especially at the seedling stage, and during the first years of the life of the cocoa tree. Cultural practices are described briefly.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 166
Author: Bianchi, J.; Cros, E.; Pontillon, J.
Year: 1992
Title: Role of phenolic compounds in the development of soluble colouring matter during alkalinization of cocoa
Journal: Bulletin de Liaison du Groupe Polyphenols
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 92-95
Keywords: phenolic-compounds; colour-; alkali-treatment; cocoa-beans; Phenols; composition;
Abstract: The flavan-3-ols of the cocoa bean are precursors of soluble colouring matter that develops during alkalinization. When this soluble colouring matter is fractioned on gels it produces several fractions of the same colour. However, they are not polymers of the same basic unit. The insoluble amino and polyphenol compounds of the bean also participate in forming soluble colouring matter.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 955
Author: Bicelli, C. R. L.; Silveira-Neto, S.; Mendes, A. C. B.
Year: 1987
Title: Population dynamics of insects collected in cocoa crops in the region of Altamira, Para, Brazil. I. Survey of the species
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 243-249
Keywords: Insect-pests; Surveys-; Insects-; Sampling-; Coleoptera; Hemiptera-a; Homoptera-a; Chrysomelidae-; Curculionidae-; Cerambycidae-; Colaspis-
Brazil-;
Abstract: A survey of the coleopterous, hemipterous and homopterous insects from 12 cocoa farms was carried out in Para, Brazil in 1978-81, using 12% BHC [HCH] as a knock-down treatment. A total of 23 261 individuals, belonging to 463 species of insects, was collected but of these, only 92 species, which comprised 20 055 individuals, were identified. Coleoptera was the predominant order, with Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and Cerambycidae being the most common families. The most frequently occurring group was the chrysomelid genus Colaspis.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
11ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1518
Author: Biddappa, C. C.; Upadhyay, A. K.; Hegde, M. R.; Palaniswami, C.
Year: 1996
Title: Organic matter recycling in plantation crops
Journal: Journal of Plantation Crops
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Pages: 71-85.
Keywords: organic-wastes; plant-residues; application-to-land; fertilizers-; soil-fertility; composting-; manures-; Nutrient-cycling
India-
Abstract: The potentiality of recycling of plant residues generated in plantations in India is reviewed. Issues discussed include problems associated with fertilizer use, importance of organic matter application, nutrient removal by plantation crops, fertility status of soil, type, quantity and nutrient supply of on-farm organic wastes, and waste management through composting. It is suggested that the large quantities of wastes could meet a part of the nutrient demand of the crop and that composting is an efficient method of waste management, reducing the C:N ratio and bulkiness of the organic matter.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5236
Author: Biehl, B.
Year: 1444
Title: Investigation in to the changes in Proteins and amino acids during fermentation of cocoa beans
Journal: Gordian
Pages: 14-20
Keywords: Fermentation; Biochemistry
Germany
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5218
Author: Biehl, B.
Year: 1959
Title: Investigation of cocoa fermentation in Bahia and the influence on the change in free amino acids in cocoa seeds
Journal: Thesis
Keywords: Fermentation; Amino-acids;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 551
Author: Biehl, B.
Year: 1965
Title: New cocoa fermentation methods in Bahia
Journal: S¸sswaren
Volume: 9
Issue: 7
Pages: 358-363
Keywords: Fermentation; Equipment;
Brazil
Abstract: Cocoa fermentation in 2 types of rotating apparatus. designed in Bahia (Brazil) is compared with fermentation in traditional and modified sweat-boxes, on trays, and in a simple perforated barrel. The 1st type consists essentially of a horizontal, perforated, wooden cylinder, 2.5 m in length and 1.5 m in diameter, provided with an installation to promote thorough mixing; it is turned every 12-24 hours and fermentation is completed in 4 days. The 2nd type has a smoewhat smaller, spindle shaped drum with a quadratic cross section, 1x1 m in the middle section. in spite of some imperfections, both types are considered to give better fermentation and, consequently, a better quality than does the traditional box fermentation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4077
Author: Biehl, B.
Year: 1968
Title: Fermentation dependent properties of commercial cocoa beans
Journal: Gordian
Volume: 68
Issue: 616
Pages: 260-3
Keywords: Fermentation; Off-flavours; Slaty-beans; Violet-beans; Turning; Quality; Cut-test; Over-fermentation;
Brazil;
Abstract: Chemical processes in fermenting cocoa beans are described from the relevant literature. Factors leading to a differentation of the beans into slaty, violet, and apparently well-fermented beans are discussed. Data from the author's experiments in Brazil show that this dilterentation is reduced but not eliminated when box-fermented beans are periodically turned. Reducing the proportion of slaty and violet beans by prolonged fermentation will result in a certain proportion of overfermented beans and in proliferation of fungi with a consequent deterioration of the quality. Unfortunately, the cutting test does not allow to detect all overfermented beans or those slightly damaged by fungal growth; moreover, the maximum permissible proportion of overfermented beans is not well known.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4796
Author: Biehl, B.
Year: 1973
Title: Changes in subcellular structure in the cotyledons of cocoa seeds during fermentation and drying
Journal: Z. Lebesm. Unters. Fors.
Volume: 153
Pages: 137-147
Keywords: Fermentation; Drying; Histology;
Germany
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3668
Author: Biehl, B.; Wewetzer, C.; Passern, D.
Year: 1982
Title: Vacuolar (storage) proteins of cocoa seeds and their degradation during germination and fermentation
Journal: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
Volume: 33
Pages: 1291-1304
Keywords: Fermentation; Biochemistry;
Germany;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4425
Author: Biehl, B.; Voigt, J.
Year: 1993
Title: Postharvest handling, fermentation, proteolysis and formation of aroma precursors in cocoa
Journal: Symposium on Tropische Nutzpflanzen, Hamburg, Germany
Issue: 5
Pages: 124-137
Keywords: storage-; aroma; fermentation-; handling-; techniques-;
Abstract: The need for better definition of cocoa quality is discussed and steps in processing that are important for the formation of cocoa-specific aroma components are considered with regard to nib acidification; these include pulp preconditioning prior to fermentation and characteristics of proteolysis during fermentation. Findings are considered which outline the interrelationship of nib acidification, proteolysis and cocoa-specific aroma potential, namely aseptic incubations, adjustment of seed pH to not less than 5.0 and the involvement of only 1 protein and 2 proteases in the formation of the spectrum of free amino acids and peptides associated with cocoa aroma potential. In practice, correct nib acidification is achieved only by pulp preconditioning, such as by pod storage and bean spreading.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
22-24 Sep. Angewandte-Botanik-Berichte. 1994


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3371
Author: Biehl, B.
Year: 1995
Title: Postharvest processing in Asia: approaches towards flavour improvement
Journal: Cocoa meetings, The various apects of qulaity. Seminar Proceedings, June
Volume: 30
Pages: 75-90
Keywords: Fermentation; Drying; Quality; Flavour; Aroma; Biochemistry;
Germany;
Abstract: Although significant differences in the quality of raw cocoa from various origins are well known, the cause of these differences is largely unknown. Raw cocoas from different Asian producing areas may be related to the planting materials, Criollo, Trinitario or Upper Amazon types. In this paper we attempt to consider the impact of operations during fermentation and especially the effect of post-harvest pod physiology on flavour characteristics of raw cocoa. Operations during fermentation mainly control the aeration of fermenting cocoa and the progress of the biochemical events. These effects are assumed to be the same in different producing provenances. However, the nature of pulp which significantly affects subsequent processing and raw cocoa quality may not be the same. It depends on pre- and post-harvest physiology, especially on fruit development and ripeness, and on harvest and post-harvest practices which up to date have not satisfactorily been considered as the cause of quality differences. Seed components which are responsible for flavour formation during processing are genetically determined. However, it is not known to what extent different types of cocoa, which are distinguished by morphological descriptors and origin, may possess flavour relevant genetic differences. For investigating this problem, it is necessary to carefully consider both, differences of the seeds (embryos) and of the pulp surrounding the seeds because the genetic backgrounds of seeds and surrounding tissues are different.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
CIRAD, Montpellier, France, p. 181-194


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3613
Author: Biehl, B.; Voigt, J.
Year: 1996
Title: Biochemistry of chocolate Flavour Precursors
Journal: Proc. 12th Int. Cocoa Reseach Conference Salvador, Bahia
Keywords: Fermentation; Biochemistry; Quality;
Abstract: Gaps in understanding cocoa flavour formation from complex reactions during processing and manufacturing are considered for emphasising the significance of cocoa processing biochemistry of flavour precursor formation. In contrast to procedures applied to dry raw cocoa at the manufacturer's site, cocoa processing in the tropics (harvest, fermentation, drying) is characterised by biochemical reactions in wet beans under enzymatic control. Cocoa flavour (taste plus aroma) and flavour precursor formation are surveyed: astringency, due to polyhydroxyphenols, importance of polyphenoloxidase and pH/O2-dependent enzymatic browning; bitter taste, caused by methylxanthines and diketopiperazines; acidity depending on the formation of acetic acid, role of acetic acid in controlling fermentation and precursor formation; fruity and acidic aromas; cocoa specific aroma (enzymatic generation of precursors and subsequent Maillard Reactions); off-flavours caused by misslead fermentations or smoke.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1643
Author: Bieysse, D.; Despreaux, D.
Year: 1992
Title: Current cocoa quarantine facilities of CIRAD-IRCC
Journal: In: International Workshop, Port of Spain
Pages: 62-63
Keywords: quarantine-; germplasm-; plant-protection; exchanges;
Abstract: Cocoa germplasm received by CIRAD-IRCC in Montpellier, France, is placed in quarantine. The genetic material is preserved and multiplied, then transferred to numerous countries. Every necessary precaution is taken to minimize the risk of spreading contaminated material.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
13-17 September Proceedings. p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4764
Author: Billes, D. J.
Year: 1941
Title: Pollination of Theobroma cacao L. in Trinidad
Journal: Tropical Agriculture
Volume: 18
Pages: 151-156
Keywords: Pollination
Trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1998
Author: Bindzi-Tsala, J.; Ambassa-Kiki, L. R.; Mala, A. O.; Bilong, P.
Year: 1986
Title: Selection of agronomic experimental sites in Cameroon: case study at Minkoameyos
Journal: Land development and management of acid soils in Africa. Proceedings of the first regional seminar on lateritic soils, materials and ores, Douala, Cameroon, January
Issue: 4
Pages: 27-35
Keywords: Field-experimentation; Site-selection; Lateritic-Soils
Cameroon-;
Abstract: The criteria for selecting an experimental site for agronomic experiments in Cameroon are reviewed. Two major periods are distinguished: the colonial period (1945-1960), and the post-independence period (1960-1985). The criteria were applied both to the cultivation of export produce and to basic foodstuffs. The notable criteria for site selection during the colonial period were the representativeness of the land or cultivated areas, the presence of a support structure, and the agroclimatic conditions.The post-independence period can be subdivided into two phases-1960-1976 and 1976-1985. In the first phase, geopedological criteria were applied within the framework of a number of experiments concerned with cocoa, coffee, and tea growing. Trials with basic foodstuffs were mainly concerned with agroecological conditions relatng to climate, altitude and soil properties. During the second phase, the same criteria were used, but special emphasis was given to selecting areas in accordance with agroecological factors.The experimental site selected at Minkoameyos met the requirements with regard to structure and agro-ecological factors, and also those for homogeneity of the area. Three types of land were observed: areas with mounds, red areas without mounds, and strong brown areas without mounds.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
21-27, [edited by Latham, M.] IBSRAM Proceedings 1987, Bangkok, Thailand


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2300
Author: Binet, J.
Year: 1956
Title: Family budgets of cacao planters in Cameroon
Journal: Paris: ORSTOM
Pages: 3
Keywords: Smallholders; Income;
Cameroon;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
154 p. [fr]. - (Homme d' Outre-Mer


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1655
Author: Bintoro-Djoefrie, H. M. H.
Year: 1994
Title: To accelerate sago pith residue decomposition to be a green manure
Journal: Fifth international sago symposium, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
Issue: 389
Pages: 261-267
Keywords: plant-residues; utilization-; growing-media; seedlings-; Nursery; Soil-Cultivation; Wastes; Waste-Conversion; Waste-Utilization
Indonesia-
Abstract: The use of composted sago pith was investigated. In the first experiment, media comprised soil only, 2:1 soil:sago pith, 2:1 soil:poultry manure and 4:1:1 soil:sago pith:poultry manure. These were mixed with various combinations of urea and triple superphosphate, incubated for 2 months, then used for growing clove seedlings. In the second experiment, media comprised 0, 25, 50, 75% sago pith mixed with soil and 1, 2 and 3 times the recommended fertilizer, incubated for 2 months, then used to grow cocoa seedlings. In the third experiment, media comprised 4:1, 2:1 and 4:3 soil:sago pith, incubated for 1, 1.5 and 2 months, then used to grow Stevia rebaudiana. Results suggest that incubation for 2 months was insufficient to sustain acceptable plant growth, due to the high C:N ratio. If supplemented with fertilizer or soil, composted sago pith could be used as a growing medium.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
27-29 January Suranant-Subhadrabandhu, Sayan-Sdoodee (eds.), Acta-Horticulturae. 1995


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1755
Author: Bipat, R.
Year: 1966
Title: Agrohydrological experiment field Theobroma
Journal: Paramaribo: [s.n.]
Pages: 89
Keywords: Soil-characteristics; Soil-physics; Hydrology;
Surinam
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
8 p. - (Intern rapport. Bodemfysisch en agrohydrologisch onderzoek. Landbouwproefstation, Paramaribo


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1756
Author: Bipat, R.
Year: 1967
Title: Permeability measurements of flooded swamps in relation to the developement of the experiment field Theobroma
Journal: Paramaribo: [s.n.]
Pages: 104
Keywords: Soil-characterisitcs; Soil-physics; Water-logging;
Surinam
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
15 p. - (Intern rapport. Bodemfysisch en agrohydrologisch onderzoek. Landbouwproefstation Paramaribo


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3595
Author: Birch, H. F.
Year: 1939
Title: Investigation of the purple colouring matter of cacao beans
Journal: 9th Ann. report on cacao research, ICTA
Volume: 9
Pages: 51-52
Keywords: Biochemistry; Composition; Colour;
West-Indies; Trinidad;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4773
Author: Birch, H. F.
Year: 1940
Title: Changes in the nitrogenous components of Forastero cacao during fermentation. Proteins and protein-decomposition products
Journal: 10th Ann. report on cacao research, ICTA
Volume: 1940
Pages: 22-33
Keywords: Biochemistry; Proteins; ammonia
West-Indies; Trinidad;
Abstract: During the fermentetion of cocoa beans, the proteins suffer hydrolysis and yield simpler nitrogebous substances. Chemeical analysis of the swaetings demonstrates that most of the products remain within the bean tissues, though some may be lost due to deamination, yielding ammonia as volatile end-product.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 589
Author: Bixler, R. W.
Year: 1972
Title: The West African cocoa story
Journal: New York, NY
Volume: 195
Keywords: Production; History;
West Africa; Ghana, Nigeria
Abstract: This is mainly the story of fluctuations and trends in cocoa production in Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) and Nigeria, and how they affected, or were affected by, world market demand and prices, farmers incomes, and attempts by producers, traders, consumers, and governments to get a grip on the cocoa business. Among the subjects treated are the beginnings of the cocoa industry in the 2 countries, the effect of the economic recession in the 1930's, the work of the British Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry in 1938, the origin and history of the Cocoa Marketing Boards, and the unsuccessful attempts to establish an International Cocoa Agreement. International agreements.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5058
Author: Bjerg, B.; Fenwick, G. R.; Spinks, A.; Sorensen, H.
Year: 1987
Title: Failure to detect glucosinolates in cocoa
Journal: Phytochemistry
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 567-568
Keywords: Beans-; Composition-
Abstract: Glucosinolates are claimed to occur in cocoa. Different methods of analysis were used to investigate dehulled cocoa beans and hulls but no glucosinolates (detection limit 1 nmol/g) were detected.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3033
Author: Bjorklund, G. A.
Year: 1863
Title: The etehrtest for the investigation of cocoa butter
Journal: Jahresbuch Chemie
Volume: 713
Pages: 713
Keywords: Composition
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 228
Author: Blaha, G.
Year: 1972
Title: Research on varieties resistant to Phytophthora palmivora: the reaction to experimental infection of pods
Journal: In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad
Pages: 435-445
Keywords: Plant-Diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Cameroon
Abstract: In Cameroon, a number of locally selected and introduced clones of Trinitario cacao as well as of Upper Amazon cacao have been tested under different ecological conditions regarding their susceptibility to artificial infection with P. palmivora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
8-18 January, .St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1132
Author: Blaha, G.; Lotode, R.
Year: 1976
Title: A selection criterion of main importance for the cocoa tree in the Cameroon: the resistance to the black pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 20
Pages: 97-116.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Cameroon
Abstract: The method adopted to screen for disease resistance simulated as much as possible natural conditions. The tests were carried out on living pods still on the tree, during the main rainy season, on trees receiving neither fertilizers nor pesticides. The infection was carried out at a point in the cortex using a suspension of zoospores of local aggressive strains. It was noted that the epidermal resistance to penetration of the fungus and resistance to its progression inside the cortex were sometimes inversely related (susceptibility tests must therefore take into account the 2 phenomena), and that certain clones definitely stimulated the formation of fructification organs of the fungus. The resistance to penetration of the fungus was lowered when the fruit was picked.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1151
Author: Blaha, G.; Lotode, R.
Year: 1977
Title: Contribution to the knowledge of the heriditary transmission of the resistance of the cocoa tree to the black pod disease (Phytophthora palmivora) in Cameroon
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 21
Pages: 179-196.
Keywords: Plant-Diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Cameroon
Abstract: Inoculations with local strains of Phytophthora palmivora of pods growing on cocoa hybrid trees showed that resistance and susceptibility are transmitted genetically but that the offspring of resistant parents is more susceptible than the parent trees, while the variability within hybrid families is very pronounced. Reciprocal crosses produce different results and demonstrate the predominant role played by the male parent. This might be attributed to a maternal effect which is not located in the chromosomes.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 297
Author: Blaha, G.; Muller, R. A.
Year: 1979
Title: Perfecting test methods for sensitivity to Phytophthora for use on cacao seedlings and on other dicotyledonous plants with epigeous development
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-spp.; pathogenicity-; host-range; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
France
Abstract: In order to assess the respective aggressivity of various geographical isolates of cacao Phytophthora, sensitivity tests were made on very young Amelonado plants and also on a range of plants originating from either temperate or tropical countries. Successive trials on very young cacao seedlings showed differences in pathogenesis between isolates and opened the way to a breeding technique in the laboratory and led to an improvement in the infection method through its standardization. If a whole range of different plants is subjected to infection, it is possible to characterize several strains in relation to the same plant and also a single strain in relation to several plants. The establishment of a range of differential hosts and knowledge of pathogensis in cacao would, in particular, make it possible to determine the level of parasitic specialization for each isolate. Authors' summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 303-310, figs; summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 374
Author: Blaha, G.; Adenier, H.; Chaveron, H.; Lacoste, L.
Year: 1981
Title: Relationship between lipid composition and in vitro development conditions in Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya and P. capsici, causal agents of cacao black pod
Journal: In: Proceedings 8th International Cocoa Research Conference, Cartagena, Colombia
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-megakarya; Phytophthora-capsici; lipids-; photoperiod-; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
France
Abstract: The relationship of the extremely pronounced photoperiodism phenomena of Phytophthora megakarya with direct induction of procedures resulting in their sporogenesis, and the lipid metabolism implicated warrant a comparative biochemical study of strains belonging to the species P. palmivora, P. capsici and P. megakarya. The present study attempts to link the lipid composition of these fungi to different conditions for their development, in light and in darkness. Data were collected on the different lipid fractions (free fatty acids, triglycerides, non-saponifiable polar lipids) and correlations established with culture conditions. The samples grown in the light generally show a relatively higher proportion of free fatty acids than the samples grown in the dark.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
18-23 Oct .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1982, p. 511-525, figs, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1229
Author: Blaha, G.; Lotode, R.
Year: 1982
Title: (Comparative study on the pathogenicity of cacao infecting species of Phytophthora to seedlings of Theobroma cacao: analysis of the factors involved in the pathogenicity of P. palmivora and P. megakarya)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 26
Pages: 237-272.
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; pathogenicity-; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
France
Abstract: The pathogenicity of the black pod disease causing Phytophthora spp. on cacao at the seedling stage was compared and analysed. Since the test methods to roots were found to be unsatisfactory, all results were taken from the tests on epicotyls. In the course of infection on sectioned epicotyls, three principal phases could be distinguished onto which certain pathogenicity factors were superimposed: a first infection phase, characterized by its installation capability; a second infection phase, during which the behaviour of the pathogens can exhibit specific particularities in regard to the reactions of the plant; and a tolerance stage, reflecting a lesser or greater pest specialization of the pathogen. The resistance induced in cacao was confirmed and the differences in the stability of the resistance induced is one of the most important points revealed during this study to differentiate P. palmivora from P. megakarya.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1235
Author: Blaha, G.
Year: 1983
Title: (Effect of light on Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya, agents of cacao black pod disease: preliminary studies on the photo-inhibition phenomenon observed with Phytophthora megakarya
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 27
Pages: 91-112.
Keywords: fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-palmivora; fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-megakarya; light-; microbiology-; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
France
Abstract: This investigation on the influence of light on the behaviour of Phytophthora palmivora and P. megakarya showed that in white light the growth rate of Phytophthora palmivora was not affected by light whereas that of P. megakarya was definitely inhibited by it. The differences in the behaviour of the two species were more marked in green than in white light. Inhibition was not only due to a change in the culture medium by the light but also to the direct inhibiting effect of light on the mycelial filaments. In addition, on media previously exposed to light, the cysteine partially cancelled out the inhibition effect. Attention is drawn to some similarities between P. megakazya and P. faberi, and the name of P. megakarya ex faberi for P. megakarya is suggested. The direct and indirect effects responsible for inhibition phenomena with P. megakarya are discussed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2029
Author: Blaha, G.
Year: 1987
Title: Enzymatic polymorphism of the Phytophthora causal agents of black pod disease: research into variability linked to host-parasite interaction in cocoa
Journal: Proceedings of the Tenth International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Keywords: Phytophthora; Enzymes Host-parasite-relationships; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-megakarya; Phytophthora-capsici;; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
France;
Abstract: Phytophthora colonies originate in Africa (Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Sao Tome) and America (Brazil, Cuba). These colonies are identified by their morphological characteristics as belonging to the species P. palmivora, P. megakarya and P. capsici. Cultures of different geographical isolates were grown in the dark at 25  C on an agar synthetic medium (HOHL P3) covered with cellophane. The host-parasite interaction was studied on discs of adult leaves 2, 4, 6 and 8 d after infection and they were compared with non-infected discs. The cocoa clones used were ICS 84, ICS 89 (resistant), ICS 40, Pa 7, T 79/501, UPA 405 (susceptible), ICS 95, SNK 12 (moderately resistant). The enzymatic systems tested by electrophoresis on starch and acrylamide belong to the peroxidases, oxidoreductase transferases, hydrolases, lyases and isomerases. Culture conditions (aerobic or anaerobic, presence or not of thiamin, beta-sitosterol or lecithin) appear to considerably modify the activity of certain Phytophthora enzymes. Discs infected by P. megakarya differ from the controls with regard to acid phosphatases and isomerases. Clones ICS 84 and ICS 89 show an additional band in their esterases in the slow area, only after infection and the appearance of this band was more or less rapid according to the clone (4 or 6 d). It is concluded that if this difference was found between more resistant and susceptible clones, the variability in esterases may be useful in the early breeding of cocoa.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
17-23 May 1987, 397-406; London, UK; Cocoa Producers' Alliance


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2058
Author: Blaha, G.
Year: 1990
Title: Use of isoenzyme patterns and RFLP to identify the Phytophthora spp. on cacao
Journal: Bulletin OEPP
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 59-65
Keywords: Diseases; Identification-; Phytophthora-palmivora; Phytophthora-magakarya; Phytophthora-capsici; Phytophthora-citrophthora; Techniques Phytophthora-pod-rot;
France
Abstract: Examination of the phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme systems allowed clear distinction between the cocoa fruit pathogens P. palmivora (sensu stricto), P. megakarya and 2 species close to P. capsici and P. citrophthora, respectively. The number of constant and variable MDH bands in P. megakarya suggests that there are at least 4 populations of the species. P. palmivora, with heterozygous PGIs and segregation in its progeny, seems to be a naturally selected hybrid of certain specially related infraspecific entities. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of nuclear DNA gave the most distinctive profiles for the enzyme BAM H1. The analyses were also made on P. nicotianae var. parasitica P. cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. citricola, P. fragariae, P. infestans, P. megasperma and P. cryptogea. This paper was presented at the MPU/EPPO Conference on Phytophthora diseases of citrus and other crops in the Mediterranean area held in Palermo, Italy on 18-22 Apr. 1988.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4323
Author: Blanco
Year: 1837
Title: Flora of the Philippines
Journal: Manilla
Keywords: Philippines
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
887p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1934
Author: Bleeker, P.; Freyne, D. F.
Year: 1981
Title: A preliminary inventory of areas suitable for cocao production in Papua New Guinea
Volume: 51
Keywords: cacao-; agricultural-potential; land-evaluation
Papua-New-Guinea
Abstract: This preliminary inventory of soils, terrain and climate suitable for cacao production shows that the country has extensive additional areas of land available which can be brought into production. A summary of these estimated areas, together with the percentage areas at present under crop, is given in a table for each of 13 provinces. The Northern and West New Britain in particular appear to have large tracts of land available which are highly suitable for production. These are relatively accessible and with low population densities. Other areas with high suitabilities such as North Solomons and West Sepik Provinces are either currently used or inaccessible.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p., figs, map (folded), 22ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 634
Author: Blencowe, J. W.; et al.
Year: 1961
Title: The effect of viruses on growth and yield of cocoa
Journal: Ann. Rep. W.Afr. Cocoa Res. Inst.
Pages: 17-9
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; Virulence; Strains;
Ghana
Abstract: Results of three experiments on swollen shoot virus disease of cacao, conducted in Ghana. Artificial infection of young Amelonado trees with one of five virus isolates showed large differences in virulence between these strains, the most virulent isolates causing progressive deterioration of the canopy and a reduction of yields from the second year onwards, the mildest strain showing no apparent effect during three years. In a second trial, shade had no effect on the rate of infection with a virulent strain; Amelonado cacao proved once more to have a higher susceptibility to the virus than Upper Amazon types. A comparison between plots of peasant cacao regularly sprayed with gamma BHC and similar unsprayed plots, situated in regions with a high incidence of swollen shoot, demonstrated that the elimination of capsids delayed but did not prevent the deterioration and subsequent death of the trees.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1962, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4012
Author: Blencowe, J. W.; et al.
Year: 1963
Title: A new virus disease of cocoa in Sierra Leone
Journal: Trop. Agr.
Volume: Trinidad
Issue: 40
Pages: 233-6.
Keywords: Diseases; Virusses; Swollen-shoot;
Sierra-Leone;
Abstract: Swollen-shoot disease of cacao, caused by a mild strain of the swollen-shoot virus, was first recorded from Sierra Leone in 1958. A subsequent survey revealed, besides several more cases of swollen-shoot disease, the occurrence of a second virus disease of cacao different from all previously described virus diseases. Leaves of affected trees showed large necrotic blotches, a chlorotic mosaic, or almost complete chlorosis, with occasional vein necrosis. The new virus proved to be readily transmissible by mechanical means but not by mealybugs. Its effect is relatively mild.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2912
Author: Blencowe, J. W.
Year: 1968
Title: Cocoa growing under rubber: The prospects
Journal: Cocoa and Coconuts in Malaya, Incor. Soc. of Planters
Pages: 57-60
Keywords: Intercropping; Shade;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3235
Author: Blenford, D. E.
Year: 1995
Title: Extrusion technology for the production of confectionery products
Journal: Extrusion Communique
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 23-24
Keywords: confectionery-; chocolate-; liquorice-; cocoa; sugar-confectionery; ice-cream; manufacture-; extrusion-
Abstract: Use of extrusion technology for the manufacture of sugar confectionery is discussed with respect to: perceptions of extrusion use for confectionery; existing use of extrusion; manufacture of coating grades of chocolate; liquorice manufacture; comparative uses of high pressure in high-temperature and low-pressure, low-temperature extrusion; processing of cocoa and chocolate; depositors; ice cream extrusion; bar formers; and general benefits of extrusion technology for sugar confectionery.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5524
Author: Blicher-Mathiesen, U.
Year: 1994
Title: Borneo illipe, a fat product from different Shorea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae)
Journal: Economic Botany
Volume: 48
Issue: 3
Pages: 231-242
Keywords: fatty-acids; acylglycerols-; triacylglycerols-; edible-species; Shorea; nuts-; Sarawak-; fats-; Kalimantan-; minor-forest-products; non-wood-forest-products; geographical-distribution
Sarawak-; Indonesia-; Kalimantan-; Sumatra-; Sabah-
Abstract: Fats extracted from kernels of Shorea spp. in the tropical rain forests of Borneo [Kalimantan] and Sumatra are traded under the name Borneo illipe. The fat is used in chocolate formulations. Shorea species used for illipe are tabulated and their habitat and distribution are described; the majority of kernels collected are from species in section Pachycarpae. Fat characteristics useful as a quality guide for using the kernels as a source of cocoa butter equivalent are listed, including fat content and glyceride, triglyceride and fatty acid compositions, for kernels collected at 3 sites in Sarawak. Variations in export quantities of illipe from Sarawak and Kalimantan since 1856 are described and methods of sustaining production are discussed briefly.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5564
Author: Blomqvist, A. G.; Haessel, W.
Year: 1972
Title: The price elasticity of demand for Ghana's cocoa: some estimates and policy implications
Journal: Economic-Bulletin-of-Ghana (Ghana)
Volume: 2
Issue: 3
Pages: 15-29, figs,
Keywords: Agricultural-Planning; Agricultural-Production
Ghana
Abstract: One frequently hears the claim that an expansion of the output of cocoa is not a profitable course of action for Ghana because of the low price elasticity of demand for this produce. This paper investigates whether the pessimism in this respect is correct by attempting to estimate the marginal social revenue and cost of cocoa production.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5553
Author: Blomqvist, A. G.
Year: 1974
Title: An approach to an optimal cocoa policy for Ghana
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Pages: 327-346
Keywords: Agricultural-Production; Economic-Methods
Ghana
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to formulate a consistent dynamic model which would make it possible to find an optimal cacao policy of planting and output over time. The paper covers: (1) formulation of an algebraic model of the optimal policy problem; (2) a discussion of the choice of parameters and of initial conditions: (3) a summary of the numerical experiments that have been carried out to date; and (4) some concluding comments.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4673
Author: Blowfield, M.
Year: 1995
Title: Labour strategies among smallholders producing perennial tree crops in Ghana and Indonesia
Journal: NRI Socio economic Series
Issue: 9
Keywords: family-labour; hired-labour; rubber-; small-farms; labour-allocation; technology-
Indonesia-; Sumatra-; Ghana-
Abstract: Recent policy reforms and technological innovations in perennial tree crop production have implications for smallholder labour strategies, but changes in these strategies are little understood. Modification in labour decision-making among four smallholder communities concerned with rubber production in Sumatra, Indonesia and cocoa production in Ghana is examined using 1993 and 1994 data, and the consequences for policy and technology development are explored. Following on from past research, migrant and indigenous communities are studied. Trends identified in the 1960s and 1970s have continued, but have not been incorporated into development planning. As a result, many of the new technologies are irrelevant and possibly damaging to the interests of smallholders. Furthermore, statistics showing a decline in family labour and an increase in hired labour should not be taken at face value because hired labour is often taken from the extended family. In some cases strengthening family networks is a deliberate strategy that affects the way tree crops are managed. The study concludes that there is a need to reassess the way the family is looked at: evidence suggests that labour-strategies are often enacted over a wide geographical area, and form a theme that is hidden by current research techniques used to inform planners and field workers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
vi + 56 pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4665
Author: Boahane, K.
Year: 1995
Title: Doing primary research in a developing country
Journal: Development In Practice: an Oxfam Journal
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 259-263
Keywords: evaluation-; hybrid-varieties; innovation-adoption; data-collection; Research; Farming-Systems
Ghana-
Abstract: The article discusses the problems encountered in carrying out fieldwork in the Eastern Region of Ghana to obtain data to explain why some cocoa farmers have adopted the hybrid cocoa introduced by the cocoa institutions, whereas others have not. Some data and research results are also briefly presented. The fieldwork was carried out in Suhum and Kwahu South Districts in Ghana in 1992/93: 108 farmers were interviewed, of whom 52 had adopted hybrid cocoa. Approximately 75% of the farmers were men, and 25% women. The paper discusses the selection of the study areas and respondents, the selection and training of interviewers, the interviewing process, and the reliability and validity of the data collected. It is concluded that there were several difficulties in carrying out the interview process; however, the researchers had the support of the chiefs, chief farmers, and district extension officers, which resulted in good cooperation with the farmers and local extension agents.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1 tab


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5269
Author: Boahene, K.
Year: 1995
Title: Innovation and adoptation as a socio-economic process; The case of the Ghanian cocoa industry
Journal: RUU, RUG, Amsterdam, Thesis publishers, 205p
Keywords: Extension; Tehnology-adoptation; Production; Development; Farming-systems-analysis;
Africa; Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5546
Author: Boaten, K.
Year: 1974
Title: Problems facing cocoa farmers in Mampong, an old cocoa growing district in Ashanti
Journal: In: Economics of cocoa production and marketing
Keywords: Farm-Management
Ghana; Mampong
Abstract: A discussion is presented of the efforts and problems of the farmers in Mampong District. The problems are: food shortage, low yields from mature and old cacao farms, fragmentation of land holdings and conflicting interests between old and new farms.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. 196-203, map, table


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5388
Author: Boateng, E. A.
Year: 1959
Title: A geography of Ghana
Journal: Cambridge University Press,205pp
Keywords: Climate; Agriculture; Surveys; Population; Land-use; Forests; Soils; Topography; Trade; Transport;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5569
Author: Boateng, K.
Year: 1973
Title: Some farming problems in the old cocoa growing area of Ashanti: a case study of Mampong cocoa district
Journal: Ghana-Farmer (Ghana)
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 53-61; Dec, fig,
Keywords: Farm-Economics; Farm-Management
Ghana; Ashanti
Abstract: Socio-economic problems in cacao farming in Ghana consist of fluctuating prices, food shortages, labour shortage and land tenure systems. Physical problems are low yield, diseases and old age. Food production has decreased due to shortening bush fallow periods (1940: 15 years, 1972: 5 years), resulting in high food prices. The cacao farmer had no interest in food crops in the past, planted most land to cacao and consequently has to purchase food crops. Swollen shoot disease may result in 20-30% yield decreases. The farmer is not particularly willing to fell diseased trees. Capsids may reduce yield by 30-40%. Control with Gammalin 20 has become popular as trees are not felled. Replant of old areas is difficult because farmers spend most of the time in new plantings. Conversion of old cacao land to food crops may solve many problems. However, the literate youth does not consider farming a profitable profession.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1334
Author: Boateng, M. Y.
Year: 1982
Title: Problems of increasing output of small cocoa farmers in Ghana: a case study of the Ashanti cocoa project area
Journal: Diss., University of Missouri Columbia
Keywords: Production-; Profitability-; Development; Tree-age; Inputs; Decision-making; ;
Ghana; West-Africa; Africa;
Abstract: The study identifies problems hindering small cocoa farmers in the Ashanti region from increasing output. A micro-level study involving 300 farmers selected using cluster and systematic sampling techniques was conducted. Statistical analysis indicated that cocoa farm size, family size, percentage tilled land under food crops, expected income from cocoa, gross income from food crops, age of cocoa trees, and use of chemicals were very important variables considered in decision making involving income from cocoa. Farmers' opinion showed that government policy on pricing, subsidies and credit was not considered effective in stimulating cocoa production. Profitability analysis (based on 1981 prices) showed that food crops production was more profitable than cocoa production. To make cocoa production competitive, farmers have to be paid about C400 ($ = C2.75) per 30 kg.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
329pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5201
Author: Bobby, Tee
Year: 1995
Title: Teak in Sabah: a sustainable agroforestry: the Harris Salleh experience
Volume: 90
Keywords: timber-trees; forest-plantations; agroforestry-
Malaysia; Sabah
Abstract: Information on the establishment of teak (Tectona grandis) in Sabah, Malaysia, as a plantation timber both as a monocrop and as a companion crop for cocoa, oil palm and rattan is provided. The development of teak in Sabah from its introduction in 1926 until 1995 is described and work on teak in other countries is reviewed. Subjects range from the climate and soil requirements of teak, propagation and crop establishment to fertilizer requirements and the control of pests and diseases. Reference is made to the use of tissue culture techniques for the propagation of teak. When used as a shade tree and companion crop for cocoa and oil palm, it is expected that up to 128 mature teak logs/ha can be extracted at the end of every plantation cycle of 20 years. Some early results of a trial involving teak and rotan manau (Calamus manan) are presented. Planting teak at a rate of 3000 trees per kilometer along Malaysia's highways is considered. Based on preliminary data from 3 plantations on Sabah estimates of the economics of teak cultivation are provided.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p.; Oct, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4573
Author: Boccio, J. R.; Zubillaga, M. B.; Caro, R. A.; Gotelli, C. A.; Gotelli, M. J.; Weill, R.
Year: 1995
Title: New procedure to fortify fluid milk and derivatives with iron: a comparative study in mice
Journal: Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 1995
Volume: 41
Issue: 6
Pages: 619-626.
Keywords: feeding-; microencapsulation-; ferrous-sulfate; phosphatidylcholines-; soyabeans-; yoghurt-; iron-; fortification-; iron-absorption; milk-
Abstract: Iron absorption in mice after administration of milk and yoghurt fortified with (i) FeSO4 stabilized using microencapsulation by soya lecithin (SFE-171) or with (ii) FeSO4 alone (both labelled with 59Fe) was studied. Iron absorption was also studied in milk with additives which are usually ingested together with milk (cacao (Nesquik), coffee, tea, Argentine herb tea (mate) or cereals (Nestum 3 cereals)). Iron absorption from milk containing (i) and (ii) was 12.3Ò2.9 and 7.7Ò2.7% respectively. The presence of 10% w/v cacao significantly increased iron absorption from milk with (i) and (ii) (20.1Ò3.3 and 10.0Ò3.1% respectively). Whereas 1% w/v cacao and 5% mate did not significantly increase iron absorption from milk with (i). Yoghurt and milk with cereals, tea or coffee decreased iron absorption.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2236
Author: Bode, J. W. A. de
Year: 1974
Title: Chemical analysis of the washing rests of green coffee
Journal: Wageningen
Keywords: Waste;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
[24] p. - Doctoraalverslag Landbouwhogeschool, Vakgroep Levensmiddelenchemie


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2900
Author: Bois, D.
Year: 1937
Title: Food crops of all people in all ages; History, uses and cultivation. Vol 4. Beverages
Journal: P. Chevalier, Paris 601p
Keywords: Botany; Cultivation; Pests; Harvesting; Processing; Trade; Consumption; Statistics;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5268
Author: Boissanger, Y. de
Year: 1989
Title: Cocoa in Ivory Coast, the basis for tomorrows' succes. Why and How
Journal: Communication } la table ronde organisÈe par } Chantilly par le ministËre de la CoopÈration et le CIRAD, 15p
Keywords: Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2483
Author: Boissont, J.
Year: 1953
Title: Essay on the development work of quality and marketing of 20.000 ton cocoa products in the Nyong and Sanaga region (Cameroon) by the creation of village and family cooperatives and the institution of a premium on quality: study of the possiblities to incorporate the positive results
Journal: [Yaounde]: Territoire du Cameroun
Volume: 143
Keywords: Quality; Smallholders; Development; Extension; Cooperatives; Family-groups
Cameroon;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. [fr]


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5270
Author: Bolderdijk, R. F.; Milas, J. E.
Year: 1996
Title: Salmonella detection in dried milk products by motility enrichment on modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis medium: collaborative study
Journal: Journal of AOAC International
Volume: 79
Issue: 2
Pages: 441-450.
Keywords: Confectionary; Chocolate; Contamination; Quality; Milk-products; Microbiology; Quality; Food-safety;
Belgium;
Abstract: A collaborative study involving 19 laboratories was performed to validate motility enrichment on Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) medium for rapid detection of motile Salmonella in dried milk products, The MSRV method was compared with the AOAC culture method for detection of Salmonella in nonfat milk powder, whole milk powder, whey powder, casein powder, and butter milk powder, Samples were artificially inoculated with Salmonella at 2 levels of contamination. Uninoculated control samples were included for each type of product. The sensitivity rates were 100% for the MSRV method and 99.0% for the AOAC culture method, while the specificity rate was 100.0% for both methods, Only for the samples of whey powder, which were inoculated with H2S negative S. tennessee, was there a significant difference in the proportion of samples positive by MSRV and the culture procedure, The MSRV method for detection of motile Salmonella in dried milk products has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3528
Author: Bolton, B.
Year: 1969
Title: Report from Nigeria, January-June, 1969
Journal: International Caspid Research Team. 2nd Quart. Rep.
Pages: 19-36
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(cyclostyled), pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3527
Author: Bolton, B.
Year: 1970
Title: Report from Nigeria, January 1970
Journal: International Caspid Research Team. 1st Quart. Rep.
Pages: 21-37
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;
Nigeria
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(cyclostyled), pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3526
Author: Bolton, B.
Year: 1973
Title: A Bacterial Pathogen of Cocoa Capsid
Journal: Rep. Cocoa Res. Inst. Ghana.
Pages: 155-156
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Biological-control;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 56
Author: Bonaparte, E. E. N. A.
Year: 1966
Title: Pruning studies on Amazon and amelonado cocoa in Ghana
Journal: Trop. Agr.
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-34
Keywords: Pruning; Yields; Upper-Amazon; Amelondo
Ghana;
Abstract: Three trials conducted in Ghana showed that regularly removing all chupons from the lst jorquette of cocoa seedlings resulted in yields higher than those of unpruned trees during the initial years and in lower yields from the 10th year onwards. The initial effect was somewhat greater in the 2 trials with Amelonado cocoa than in the trial with Upper Amazon cocoa. In 2 other trials, 1 with Amelonado and 1 with Upper Amazon cocoa, chupons were removed, either from the Ist jorquette or from the 2nd jorquette if the 1st one was at a height of less than 1.5 m, in these cases yields were consistently higher in the pruned plots. Unpruned trees usually formed 4 jorquettes. The reduction of harvesting costs resulting from pruning was negligible. The trials indicate that Upper Amazon cocoa does not require a pruning system different from that for Amelonado.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 65
Author: Bonaparte, E. E. N. A.
Year: 1966
Title: A note on some production costs in Ghana
Journal: 2nd Sess. FAO Techn. Wkg. Party on Cocoa Prod. and Prot., Rome
Volume: 66
Pages: 24
Keywords: Production-costs;
Africa; Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19-23 September Paper Ca/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 287
Author: Bonaparte, Eena
Year: 1979
Title: Long-term effects of chemical and manual weed control in cocoa. 1. Girth and height increments
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: Weed-control; Vegetative-growth; Varieties
Ghana
Abstract: The long-term effects of weed control are of prime importance in perennial crops. The first experiment compared the girth and height increments of four cacao cultivars subjected to three weed control treatments, from the 6th to the 44th month after planting. Weed control with paraquat six times a year was consistently superior to the manual weed control methods. Manual weed control twice a year produced non-significantly higher girth increments than manual weed control six times a year. Amelonado showed the least girth increment, and the differences among the hybrids were non-significant. The height increments followed the same trend. The girth increments during the dry seasons confirmed the superiority of the paraquat treatment over the high slashing methods. Author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 91-95, summaries


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 288
Author: Bonaparte, Eena
Year: 1979
Title: Long-term effects of chemical and manual weed control in cocoa. 2. Flushing, flowering and early yields
Journal: In
Volume: 7
Pages: 4-12
Keywords: Weed-control; Varieties; Flushing; Flowering;
Ghana
Abstract: In two experiments cultivars exhibited four to five flushing peaks during the year, including some occasional minor peaks, and periods of relatively minimal flushing. The seasonal pattern of flushing under weed control treatments showed relatively little year-to-year variation in the various cultivars, with few deviations from this consistency. Differences among the weed control treatments were also manifest in the duration to the attainment of 100% flowering of individual trees. In the hybrids, the paraquat treatment (T2) attained 100% flowering after 40 months, and the manual weed control treatments after 50 months. The T2 treatment outyielded the other weed control treatments in the three harvest seasons. Thus the initial superior growth and early yields of the T2 treatment were still being maintained after 6 years in the field. Author's summary.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
International Cocoa Research Conference. Proceedings, Douala, Cameroon, Nov .Lagos (Nigeria), Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 1981, p. 97-101, figs


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3825
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1161
Journal: Bahia Rur
Volume: 3
Pages: 1161-1162
Keywords: Humus; Soils-fertility; Mulching;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3545
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1163
Title: Roots of cocoa
Journal: Bahia Rur
Volume: 3
Pages: 1163-1164
Keywords: Morphology; Roots; Root-system;
Brazil;
Abstract: Morphology and physiology of cacao roots.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4173
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1328
Title: The cultivation of cocoa in Bahia, Brazil
Journal: Bol. Agr.
Volume: 242
Pages: 1328-1343
Keywords: Regional;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4176
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1921
Title: Cocoa
Journal: Conferencia proferida no dia
Issue: Syndicato
Keywords: Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
22 de outubro de dos Agricultores de Cacao. Bahia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Viacao, Industria e Obras Publicas do Estado da Bahia, 1922. 68 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3765
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1922
Title: Varieties of cultivated cocoa
Journal: Bahia
Volume: 26
Keywords: Germplasm; Varieties;
Brazil;
Abstract: Includes statements on cacao varieties by C. Correia Ribeiro, A. C. M. Rieck, L. Zehnter, A. Argollo, H. Esteves de Assis, and S. de A. Pinho.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3770
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1922
Title: Criollo cocoa from Venezuela to Bahia
Journal: Bahia. B. da Agr.
Volume: Corn. e Indus. 1922
Issue: 6/12
Pages: 5-13.
Keywords: Germplasm; Criollo; Introductions;
Venezuela; Brazil;
Abstract: Describes several Venezuelan types introduced into Bahia.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1595
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1923
Title: Soils for cocoa cultivation in Bahia
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 1
Pages: 293-304
Keywords: Soil-suitability;
Brazil;
Abstract: Describes soils of various sections of the State and their suitability for cacao culture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3139
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1923
Title: Damaging insects. XXX
Journal: Chacaras e Quintais
Volume: 28
Pages: 399
Keywords: Insect-pests; Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Heilipodus-clavipes; Control;
Brazil; Bahia;
Abstract: Noted in a plantation at Jegui (Bahia), where sever injury was caused. The crepsular and nocturnal adults bore in young shoots and pods. The shoots wither and die and infested pods either fail to develop or rot. The larvae were not seen and there is a possiblity this species does not breed on cocoa. The encouragement of insectiverous birds and the clearing of wild places were recommended as control measures.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3142
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1923
Title: Damage of cocoa beans
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 1
Pages: 227-230
Keywords: Insect-pests; Coleoptera; Spermologus-rufus
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3767
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1923
Title: New introductions of cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 1
Pages: 111-114
Keywords: Germplasm; Introductions;
Brazil;
Abstract: Introduction of new cacao varieties in Bahia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3827
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1923
Title: Damage to cacao trees by floods and suggestions for salvage
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 1
Pages: 313-317
Keywords: Flooding;
Brazil;
Abstract: In addition to discussion of the existing state of cacao estates includes details on experiments in cacao biology.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2557
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Damaging insects. XXXI
Journal: Chacaras e Quintais
Volume: 29
Pages: 27-28
Keywords: Insect-pests; Orthoptera; Locusts; Meroncidius-intermedius;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2950
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: New moths on cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 2
Pages: 260-265
Keywords: Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Melanchroia-mecinana; Sylepta-prorogata; Callicore-meridionales; Myelosis-duplipunctella;
Brazil; Bahia;
Abstract: And several unidentified species.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3076
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Insects on cocoa
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 2
Pages: 234-235
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Dinocoris-macrapis; Dinocpris-amplus.
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3136
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Pests of cocoa
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 2
Pages: 204-209
Keywords: Insect-pests; Coleoptera; Nodonota-theobromae; Colaspis-trivialis; Colaspis-flavicornis; Homophyla-adusta; Omoplata-nigrolineata; Porphyraspis
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3187
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Damaging insects of cocoa
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 2
Pages: 5-14
Keywords: Insect-pests; Slenothrips-rubrocinctus; Erodiscus-ciconia; Membracidae
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3768
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Criollo cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Bahia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Viaggo, Industria e Obras Publicas do Estado da Bahia
Volume: 66
Keywords: Germplasm; Criollo; Varieties;
Brazil;
Abstract: Includes statements on cacao varieties by C. Correia Ribeiro, A. C. M. Rieck, L. Zehnter, A. Argollo, H. Esteves de Assis, and S. de A. Pinho.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Sociedad bahiana de Agricultura cooperating


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3769
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Criollo cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Bahia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Viaggo, Industria e Obras Publicas do Estado da Bahia
Volume: 66
Keywords: Germplasm; Criollo; Varieties;
Brazil;
Abstract: Includes statements on cacao varieties by C. Correia Ribeiro, A. C. M. Rieck, L. Zehnter, A. Argollo, H. Esteves de Assis, and S. de A. Pinho.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p. Sociedad bahiana de Agricultura cooperating


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3810
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Pruning of cocoa
Journal: Chacaras e Quintaes
Volume: 30
Pages: 428-429
Keywords: Pruning;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4236
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Cacao
Journal: Bahia, Imprensa official do estado
Volume: 25
Issue: 2
Keywords: Agronomy; Processing;
Brazil
Abstract: Contents: I, Cultivation and processing of cocoa; II, Molestias e inmigos do eacaoeiro no estado da Bahia-Brasil.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4396
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1924
Title: Cacao. I. On the cultivation and processing of cocoa
Journal: Bahia, Imprensa official do estado
Volume: 25
Issue: 2
Keywords: Agronomy; Processing;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4171
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1925
Title: Entomological reports Bahia
Journal: Lab. de Patol. Veg. B.
Volume: 2
Issue: 57
Keywords: Pests; Survey;
Brazil;
Abstract: Includes reports of Inspection visits to cacao plantations In Belmonte and Cannavieiras and other notes on cacao in Bahia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3077
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1928
Title: On'chupanÁa de cac·o.'
Journal: Brazil. Min. da Agr., Indus. e Com. B.
Volume: 11
Pages: 60-63
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Monalonion-xanthophyllum;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3353
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1929
Title: Controlling pod rot of cocoa
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 7
Pages: 276-277
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Brazil;
Abstract: Caused by Phytophthora faberi.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3771
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1929
Title: Criollo cocoa on the river Mercury in Venzuela. Travel impressions
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 7
Pages: 13-14
Keywords: Germplasm; Criollo;
Venezuela; Brazil;
Abstract: Reports plantings of Criollo type on several estates.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2767
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1930
Title: On the selection of criollo cacao in Bahia and a classification for varieties
Journal: O Campo
Keywords: Taxonomy; Selection
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2966
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1930
Title: ... pest of cocoa
Journal: Correiro Agr
Volume: 8
Pages: 29-32
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hymenoptera; Formicidae; Ants; Myrmicinae; Atta-cephalotes;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2967
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1930
Title: ... pest of cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Carripo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 50-52
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hymenoptera; Formicidae; Ants; Dolichoderinae; Azteca-chartifex
Brazil
Abstract: Damage by nests of Azteca chartifex and epiphitic plants associated with these nests on limbs and trunks of cacao trees.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3138
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1930
Title: A new pest of cocoa 'cocoa pruner'
Journal: Correio Agr
Volume: 8
Pages: 124-127
Keywords: Insect-pests; Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Chalcodermus-marshalli; New-species;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3750
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1930
Title: Selection of criollo cocoa and classification of varieties in Bahia
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 1
Issue: 6
Pages: 16-18
Keywords: Criollo; Calabacillo; Hybrids;
Brazil;
Abstract: Discusses 11 pairs of characteristics of Criollo and Calabacillo types, and the various combinations of these characteristics in hybrid varieties grown at the Campo de ExperimentaÁaÛ, Bahia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3764
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1930
Title: Cocoa varieties
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 30-32
Keywords: Germplasm; Varieties;
Brazil;
Abstract: Cacao varieties and their origins.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3185
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1931
Title: Damaging insects of cocoa
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 2
Issue: 6
Pages: 60-61
Keywords: Insect-pests;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4167
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1932
Title: The current cocoa industry in Bahia
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 3
Issue: 8
Pages: 14-16
Keywords: Regional;
Brazil;
Abstract: Situation of the cacao industry in Bahia, with recommendations for legislation.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 16
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1933
Title: Economic problems with cocoa and agricultural research
Journal: Campo
Volume: 4
Issue: 12
Pages: 26-28
Keywords: Research; Selection; Breeding; Quality; Yields
Brazil
Abstract: Deals especially with selection to increase yield, and with factors influencing quality.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4166
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1933
Title: Why cocoa trees die
Journal: Bahia Rural
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 46-47
Keywords: Decline; Death; Mortality; Age;
Brazil;
Abstract: Account of inspection of Fazenda Olinda, Ilheos, pointing out several causes of cacao tree mortality.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2968
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1934
Title: An ant pest of cocoa
Journal: Bahia Rur
Volume: 1
Pages: 346-348
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hymenoptera; Formicidae; Dolichoderinae; Azteca-chartifex
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3137
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1934
Title: The cocoa pruner (Chalcodermus marshalli)
Journal: Bahia Rur
Volume: 1
Pages: 247-248
Keywords: Insect-pests; Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Chalcodermus-marshalli;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1596
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1935
Title: The tendency of saprofitism of cocoa
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 6
Issue: 9
Pages: 63-64.
Keywords: Organic-matter; Growth; Seedlings;
Brazil;
Abstract: Observations on growth of seedlings in soils of high and low content of organic matter.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1598
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1935
Title: Influence of acidity and alclainity on the growth of cocoa
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 6
Issue: 10
Pages: 40-41.
Keywords: Soil-acidity; pH;
Brazil;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3802
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1935
Title: Effect of meteorological conditions on cacao
Journal: Bahia Rur
Volume: 2
Pages: 346-347
Keywords: Shade; Environment; Hunidity;
Brazil
Abstract: Effect of meteorological conditions on cacao, with special reference to maintenance of shade and humidity.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2546
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1936
Title: Damaga of cocoa caused by Selenothrips rubrocinetus, Giard, (Heliothrips rubrocinctus, Glard)
Journal: Bahia Rural
Volume: 1
Pages: 427-428
Keywords: Insect-pests; Thysanoptera; Selenothrips; Selenothrips-rubrocinctus;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3428
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1936
Title: Preparation of cocoa
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 7
Issue: 84
Pages: 45-46
Keywords: Fermentation; Washing;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3429
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1936
Title: Harvesting of cocoa
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 7
Issue: 83
Pages: 38-39
Keywords: Harvesting; Costs; Returns;
Brazil;
Abstract: Harvesting cacao, with a brief section on costs and returns in Bahia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3762
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1936
Title: Cocoa varieties cultivated in Bahia
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 7
Issue: 78
Pages: 35-37.
Keywords: Germplasm; Criollo; Varieties;
Brazil;
Abstract: Includes statements on cacao varieties by C. Correia Ribeiro, A. C. M. Rieck, L. Zehnter, A. Argollo, H. Esteves de Assis, and S. de A. Pinho.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3763
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1936
Title: Varieties of Criollo cocoa cultivated in Bahia
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 7
Issue: 81
Pages: 49-51.
Keywords: Germplasm; Criollo; Varieties;
Brazil;
Abstract: Includes statements on cacao varieties by C. Correia Ribeiro, A. C. M. Rieck, L. Zehnter, A. Argollo, H. Esteves de Assis, and S. de A. Pinho.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4168
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1936
Title: Weather and cocoa
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 7
Issue: 82
Pages: 47
Keywords: Weather
Brazil;
Abstract: Review of climatic conditions in the cacao zone of Brazil in 1935, from the meteorological station of the Instituto de Cacau, Bahia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 18
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: General experimental station for cocoa at Agua Preto, and demonstration plots at Ilheus, Brazil
Journal: Min. da Agr. B.
Volume: 26
Issue: 4/6
Pages: 33-52
Keywords: Research; Research-stations; History; Facilities;
Brazil
Abstract: History and facilities of the Station.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
( (7/9):1-9


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1597
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: On the soils of the cocoa zone in Bahia
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 8
Pages: 53-55
Keywords: Brazil;
Abstract: Describes soils of various cacao-growing areas.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
57


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1599
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: Geology of soils in Bahia
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 8
Issue: 91
Pages: 26-28; (93):17-19.
Keywords: Brazil;
Abstract: Describes soils of various cacao-growing areas.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2951
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: 'Traca de frutas' of cocoa,Marmara izortha Meyr
Journal: Campo (Rio de Janeiro)
Volume: 8
Issue: 90
Pages: 11-12
Keywords: Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Lithocotellidae; Marmara-izortha;
Brazil; Bahia;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2952
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: Larve of cocoa fruits, Marmara izortha Meyr
Journal: Off. Internatl. du Cacao et Choc. B. Off.
Volume: 7
Pages: 353-355
Keywords: Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Lithocotellidae; Marmara-izortha;
Brazil; Bahia;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3078
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: Damage of cocoa fruits caused by Monalonion xanthophyllum, Walk., 'chupanÁa de cac·o.'
Journal: RodriguÈsia
Volume: 3
Pages: 179-186
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Monalonion-xanthophyllum;
Brazil;
Abstract: Proposes name 'mal de chupanÁa' for injuries caused by this insect.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3140
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: A borer of cocoa
Journal: Off. Internatl. du Cacao et Choc. B. Off.
Volume: 7
Pages: 101-106
Keywords: Insect-pests; Coleoptera; Chalcodermus-marshalli.
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3141
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: Beetles of the genus Contrachelus on cocoa
Journal: RodriguÈsia
Volume: 2
Issue: 8
Pages: 41-42
Keywords: Insect-pests; Coleoptera; Conotrachelus;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4170
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: A study of the weather in the cocoa zone for the year 1936
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 8
Issue: 86
Pages: 71
Keywords: Weather; Climate
Brazil;
Abstract: Brief description of climatic conditions In the cacaogrowing zone of Brazil in 1936.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4172
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1937
Title: Cocoa cultivaiton in Bahia
Journal: Brazil. Min. da Agr.
Volume: Indus. e Com. B.
Issue: 26
Pages: 1-20,
Keywords: Regional;
Brazil;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2207
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1938
Title: The cultuvation of cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Instituto de Cacau da Bahia. Boletim Tecnico No
Volume: 1
Issue: 205
Keywords: History: Botany; Climate; Soils; Cultivation; Processing; Quality; Utilization;
Brazil;
Abstract: Includes chapters on history, botany, climate, soils, culture, prepation, factors influencing quality, and utilization of cacao.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3766
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1938
Title: A new variety of cocoa, named cacao almeida
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 9
Issue: 103
Pages: 67.
Keywords: Germplasm; Varieties; Taxonomy; Almeida; Colour;
Brazil;
Abstract: Forastero with completely white cotyledons, flower also white without a trace of violet, was found in Bahia. Petal veins and stames greenish white. Possibility of hybridization with criollo excluded because tree was known before the introduction of criollo in the country,therefore a mutant.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3826
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1938
Title: Factors damaging cocoa
Journal: Campo
Volume: 106
Pages: 22-24
Keywords: Damage; Pruning; Shade; suckers; water-shoots;
Brazil;
Abstract: Factors injuring cacao, such as removal of shade, excessive pruning, removal of suckers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4165
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1938
Title: Establishment problems of cocoa plantings in Bahia
Journal: Brazil Min. da Agr. B.
Volume: 27
Pages: 1-11
Keywords: Planting; Establishement;
Brazil;
Abstract: In addition to discussion of the existing state of cacao estates includes details on experiments in cacao biology.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4169
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1938
Title: Adverse and damaging factores of cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Bahia. Inst. de Cacau. B. Tec.
Volume: 2
Issue: 94
Keywords: Weather; Soils; Vegetation; Cultivation; Age; Pests; Diseases;
Brazil;
Abstract: Chapters on meteorological factors, soils, vegetation and surroundings, cultural treatments, accidents, age of plantations, and plant parasites.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4174
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1938
Title: The cultivation of cocoa
Journal: Pan Amer. Union. Pub. Agr.
Volume: 129
Issue: 16
Keywords: Brazil;
Abstract: In Bahia, Brazil.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3184
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1939
Title: Entomology of Bahia
Journal: Rev. de Ent
Volume: 10
Pages: 1-14
Keywords: Insect-pests; Hemiptera; Miridae; Monalonion-nighti; Chalcodermus-camposi;
Brazil
Abstract: Insects attacking cacao, p. 1-9, 12-14. Describes Monalonion knighti, and Chalcodermus camposi, n. spp.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3186
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1939
Title: Damaging insects and parasits of cocoa in Bahia
Journal: Inst. de Cacau de Bahia. B. TÈc.
Volume: 5
Issue: 112
Keywords: Insect-pests;
Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3445
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1939
Title: The chemitry of Almeida cacao
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 10
Issue: 110
Pages: 36-37
Keywords: Almeida; Composition;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4177
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1941
Title: Problems related ot the cultivation of cocoa in Bahia (Brazil)
Journal: Chronica Botanica
Volume: 6
Pages: 221-222
Keywords: Brazil;
Abstract: Brief review of conditions of cacao culture In Bahia.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3183
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1946
Title: New pests of the cocoa zone
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 17
Issue: 201
Pages: 13
Keywords: Insect-pests;
Brazil
Abstract: Account of severe infestation at experimental farm 'Agua Preta'.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3351
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1946
Title: Pod-rot of cocoa fruit
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 17
Issue: 195
Pages: 29-33
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Brazil;
Abstract: Brown rot of cacao fruits caused by Phytophthora palmivora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3352
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1946
Title: On the decrease of cocoa production in Bahia
Journal: Campo [Rio de Janeiro]
Volume: 17
Issue: 199
Pages: 33-35
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Brazil;
Abstract: Factors favouring damage by Phytophthora palmivora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(200):46-48


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4175
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1947
Title: Planting of cocoa on the coast of Sao Paulo
Journal: Chacaras e Quintais
Volume: 76
Pages: 293-295
Keywords: Land-evaluation; Expansion;
Brazil;
Abstract: Suggestions for planting cacao on the coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 17
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1948
Title: Information on research administratio of cocoa
Journal: Bahia. Sec. da Agr. Indus. e Com.Serv. de Divulg. B.
Volume: 45
Pages: 226-229
Keywords: Research; Research-stations;
Brazil
Abstract: On the need for research and suggestions for the administration of research.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2571
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1948
Title: Biological control of Ephestia cautella by Microbracon hebetor
Journal: Chacaras e Quintais
Volume: 77
Pages: 208
Keywords: Insect-pests; Lepidoptera; Ephestia; Biological-control;
Brazil;
Abstract: Includes suggestions for control.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3350
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1948
Title: Pod rot of cocoa fruits
Journal: Bahia Rur
Volume: 16
Issue: 8
Pages: 18-19
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; Phytophthora-palmivora
Brazil;
Abstract: Caused by Phytophthora palmivora.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
23


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3576
Author: Bondar, G.
Year: 1949
Title: Propagation by leaf cuttings
Journal: Bahia Rur
Volume: 17
Pages: 18-19
Keywords: Propagation; Vegetative; Cuttings;
Brazil;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4239
Author: Bong, C. L.; Julia, Lamdin; Voo, C. C.; Rosmen, A. H.
Year: 1997
Title: Collection and conservatin of microorganisms of agricultural importance and potential in sustainable cocoa cultivation
Journal: Incoped Newsletter
Volume: 1
Pages: 5
Keywords: Malaysia
Abstract: Microorganisms, specifically fungi and bacteria of economic and agricultural importance of the cocoa environment are continuously being collected, maintained and documented at Lembaga Koko Malaysia and Sabah State Department of Agriculture. This paper briefly outlines the diversity and live culture collections of the microflora isolated from the cocoa environment in Sabah, Malaysia. The collections presented here consist of 78 spedes from 55 genera or 163 identified isolates of fungi, bacteria and yeast. Other cultures in the collections which are of as yet unconfirmed identifications and are of economic or agricultural importance.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4240
Author: Bong, C. L.; Mohd Puad, Abdullah
Year: 1997
Title: Influence and temperature on the growth of O. Theobromae, cocoa callus and host-pathogen interaction
Journal: Incoped Newsletter
Volume: 1
Pages: 5
Keywords: Diseases; VSD
Malaysia;
Abstract: The influence of temperature on the growth of Oncobasidium theobromae, the causal pathogen of vascular streak dieback of cocoa, on the cocoa callus and host-pathogen interaction was investigated. The temperature range investigated was from 19:E1'C to 32'C. The results indicate that the optimal temperature range for the growth of 0. ffieobromae was between 23:tlOC and 280C. Growth of cocoa callus of ICS95, NA33 and PA7 increased exponentially with increase in temperature up to 32OC while NA32 showed optimum around 28'C. There is significant temperature x pathogen x host genotype effect. Mycelial colonisation of the cocoa callus was significantly affected by temperature, being densest within the range, 23:E1'C to 3OOC for PA7 and NA32. Colonisation of cocoa callus of ICS95 was sparse at all temperatures. Differences in weights between infected and hearty callus of ICS95 were small and nonsignificant. NA33 callus showed denser colonisation at the lower temperature range than at the upper temperature range, Growth of infected callus of NA33 was apparently enhanced. Mycelial growth on callus of PA7 and NA32 was inhibited. PA7 showed higher susceptibility at the upper temperature range whereas the susceptibility of NA32 was expressed over a wider temperature range.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5267
Author: Bonjean, C.
Year: 1990
Title: Price elasticity of export cultures from West Africa: Some empirical results
Journal: Revue canadienne d'Ètudes et de dÈveloppement
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 279-295;
Keywords: Price-elasticity; Demand; Offer;
Ivory-Coast;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3062
Author: Bontekoe, C.
Year: 1679
Title: Treatise of spices, Tea, Coffee and Choclate
Journal: 's Gravenhage
Keywords: History
Abstract: Probably contains some of the earlier illustrations of cocoa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3525
Author: Booker, R. H.
Year: 1968
Title: Ecological studies on cocoa insects
Journal: International Caspid Research Team. 1st Quart. Rep.
Pages: 16-23
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
(cyclostyled), pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2079
Author: Bookeri, M. L. M.; Osman, Y.; Omran, H.; Denamany, G.
Year: 1987
Title: Suitability of cocoa growing in the state of Kedah
Journal: Teknologi Koko Kelapa
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 9-17
Keywords: Production; Drought; Responses; Utilization-; Shade-plants; Durians; Broadleaves; Agrosilvicultural-systems; Shade-trees
Malaysia;
Abstract: Climatic and soil conditions are 2 of the more important predeterminants for cocoa cultivation in the state of Kedah. The soils in central and south Kedah are, generally, suitable for cultivation. Shade trees are very important in areas where there is a long drought period. Indigofera tasmania [I. teysmannii] is a suitable shade tree. Shade provision by mature durian [Durio zibethinus] trees may also be suitable if well spaced. The presence of a long drought period (3-4 months) has a depressive effect on the yield and quality of cocoa beans. Cocoa yield components are even more severely affected if this long drought period occurs in 2 successive years. Higher bean quality and yields could be obtained with a proper water management system.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1744
Author: Boon, J. van der; Kolenbrander, G. J.; Wiersum, L. K.
Year: 1963
Title: Research for the necessity of pretreatment of cacao - waste chalk and application in horticulture
Journal: Groningen: [s.n.]
Pages: 11
Keywords: Manuring; Fertilization; pH; Acidity; Acid-soils; Chalking;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
28 p. - (Rapport. Instituut voor bodemvruchtbaarheid, Groningen 1963


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4670
Author: Boone, C.
Year: 1995
Title: The social origins of Ivoirian exceptionalism: rural society and state formation
Journal: Comparative Politics
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 445-463
Keywords: social-structure; exports-; peasantry-; coffee-; production-; marketing-channels; agricultural-policy; economic-policy; rural-society; political-power; marketing-; rural-development
Cote-d'Ivoire
Abstract: The paper examines the reasons as to why the Cote d'Ivoire adopted liberal economic policies, when all neighbouring states were highly interventionist. In promoting smallholder coffee and cocoa production, the country's main source of export earnings, the regime adopted relatively 'hands-off' strategies of economic development and rural governance. It argues that agrarian social structure explains anomalous aspects of Cote d'Ivoire's rural policies. The paper defines rural socioeconomic structure not only in terms of economic stratification (or class), but also in terms of the actual organization of production, the character of local authority structures, and the nature of group solidarities and identities. In the south of the country, the fragmentation of rural socioeconomic structure is the key to explaining the exceptional aspects of state strategy. The paper first considers the state's laissez-faire policies governing access to and use of factors of coffee and cocoa production (which concentrate on the dynamics of peasant tree-crop production in the Cote d'Ivoire forest belt, rather than the lack of interest in a capitalist planter bourgeoisie). The second part describes the state's administrative presence in the cocoa and coffee belt. The third part looks at the purchase of coffee and cocoa. It argues that the economic and social fragmentation of coffee and cocoa peasantries explains why private and quasi-competitive marketing arrangements were part and parcel of a broader administrative strategy that worked to reinforce the dispersion and dilution of political power at the local level and thus to ward off forms of rural politicization that could have challenged the regime or threatened the expansion of the export economy.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
ref


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4203
Author: Booth, J. E. P.
Year: 1931
Title: Survey of the cacao Industry in Trinidad. The Talparo District
Journal: Port of Spain, Trinidad, Imp. Col. of Trop. Agr.
Volume: 28
Keywords: Regional;
West-Indies; Trinidad-Tobago;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4204
Author: Booth, J. E. P.
Year: 1931
Title: Management as a factor in the production of cacao in Trinidad
Journal: Port of Spain, Trinidad, Imp. Col. of Trop. Agr.
Volume: 51
Keywords: Management;
West-Indies; Trinidad-Tobago;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1676
Author: Bopaiah, B. M.; Shetty, H. S.
Year: 1990
Title: Soil microflora and biological activities in the rhizospheres and root regions of coconut-based multistoryed cropping systems
Journal: Soil. Biol. Biochem.
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 89-94
Keywords: soil-chemical-properties; rhizosphere-; chemical-composition; organic-compounds; Microflora; Enzyme-activities; Microbial-mass; Mineralization; Nutrient-cycling;
India, Kerala
Abstract: A study was conducted in Kerala, India, to determine the occurrence of various compounds in the root zone soils of different coconut based cropping systems (coconut + pepper + elephant grass (mixed cropping), coconut + pepper + cacao + pineapple (multistoryed) and coconut). The total sugars in the root zone soil of mixed farming and multistoryed systems were significantly higher. The amino acids and phenols were slightly higher in the soils of the multistoreyed cropping system.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1949
Author: Bopaiah, B. M.; Nagaraja, K. V.; Shetty, H. S.
Year: 1990
Title: Organic compounds in the root zone soils of coconut based cropping systems
Journal: Journal-of-Plantation-Crops (India)
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: 128-130; Dec, table,
Keywords: soil-chemical-properties; rhizosphere-; chemical-composition; organic-compounds
India, Kerala
Abstract: A study was conducted in Kerala, India, to determine the occurrence of various compounds in the root zone soils of different coconut based cropping systems (coconut + pepper + elephant grass (mixed cropping), coconut + pepper + cacao + pineapple (multistoryed) and coconut). The total sugars in the root zone soil of mixed farming and multistoryed systems were significantly higher. The amino acids and phenols were slightly higher in the soils of the multistoreyed cropping system.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2805
Author: Bordas
Year: 1907
Journal: in: Atti Congr. Intern. di Chim. appl., Roma, p
Volume: 558
Pages: 558
Keywords: Composition; Analysis;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2148
Author: Borel, R.
Year: 1985
Title: Agroforestry system interactions: man-tree-crop-animal
Journal: Advances in agroforestry research. Proceedings of a seminar held in CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica from September
Keywords: Agroforestry-; Research-; Costa-Rica; Agroforestry-systems; Development-projects; Analysis Design-
Abstract: Taking the Agroforestry Systems Programme (AFSP) at CATIE as a case study, an analysis is made of research results obtained on the main interactions identified in agroforestry systems. The potential for making a significant impact on existing systems, through research on each of these interactions, is discussed. Among the systems considered as having priority in CATIE's mandate region, the following are included: live fence posts and windbreaks; silvopastoral systems in their two forms of grazing in forests, and trees in pastures; agroforestry systems with perennial crops (mainly Coffea and Theobroma cacao); alley cropping; and enriched fallow systems. Biological aspects of agroforestry systems which are considered to merit greater attention are: agroforestry species management; nutrient cycling management in farming systems; development of stable silvopastoral systems; and the determination of the potential of agroforestry techniques for soil conservation and watershed management. It is concluded that an analysis of the principal interactions involving man indicate that there is a need for more socio-anthropological studies, the results of which should be considered in the design of improved agroforestry alternatives.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
1-11th, and sponsored by Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE) and Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) [edited by Beer


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 805
Author: Borges, J. M.; Gomes, F. R.; Pereira, V. de- P.
Year: 1978
Title: (Preliminary study on cocoa jelly standardization)
Journal: Revista Theobroma
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-20.
Keywords: Stimulant-Products; Unit-Processes
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: Cocoa jelly, a traditional product of the cocoa region of the State of Bahia, Brazil, is prepared from the sweatings of cocoa by a process which is not yet standarized. Standarizing will be essential for commercialization purposes. The results are discused of a study to prepare cocoa jelly with characteristics that would meet acceptable production requirements, and would serve as a standard for future reference.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1204
Author: Borges, J. M.; Roa, G.; Villa, L. G.; Serodio, R. dos- S.
Year: 1981
Title: (A new industrial solar drying technique for cacao)
Journal: Revista Ceres
Volume: 28
Issue: 155
Pages: 19-35.
Keywords: Sun-drying
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: The good results obtained in small-scale tests of cocoa drying using forced aeration with air heated in solar collectors and by artifical heaters led the authors to develop a prototype of a solar dryer to operate under farm conditions with the same capacity as the traditional dryers of the cocoa region of Bahia, Brazil. The new process is technically and economically feasible for drying cocoa. Comparing the new process with the traditional one of the 'barcacas', it presented the following advantages, without imparting any defect to the quality of the product: (a) reduction of the dryer area 1:4; (b) reduction of the cost of the instalation 1:2; (c) reduction of the drying time 1:1.6; (d) reduction of the hand labour 1:14, and (e) no development of fungus on the seeds. Authors' summary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2361
Author: Borne, B. van de; Roeling, N.
Year: 1971
Title: Which farmers have contact with extension workers? The case of cocoa farmers in Western Nigeria
Journal: Wageningen
Volume: 14
Keywords: Extension;
Nigeria;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4557
Author: Bosc, P. M.; Freud, E. H.
Year: 1995
Title: Agricultural research and innovation in tropical Africa
Volume: 146
Keywords: small-farms; diffusion-of-research; crops-; technical-progress; Farming-Systems; Management; Extension;
Africa-
Abstract: A review of the role of research in the development of West and Central African agriculture is presented. Although progress within the agroindustrial sector has been made, innovation in smallholder agriculture has been partial and selective, following patterns reflecting constraints operating at the farm level: labour scarcity, limited access to capital, and a combination of agricultural and economic risk. Major efforts by national and international research are required if agriculture is to become both productive and sustainable. Foremost among the challenges is competitiveness in world and local markets, against a background in which sustainability of production systems and constraints at the farm level are better integrated into research strategies. Research strategies and results are presented for a number of crops: oil palms, cotton, rubber, maize, manioc, bananas, pineapples, cocoa, coffee, rice, sorghum and yams.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp.; also available in English


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3957
Author: Boulard, M.
Year: 1927
Title: Cocoa cultivaiton in the Belgian Congo
Journal: Internatl. Conf. on crop. Prod. Rpt.
Pages: 128-134
Keywords: Regional;
Zaire;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1120
Author: Boulard, M.
Year: 1975
Title: A new jassidomorphic Homoptera of the Cameroon cocoa plantations
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 19
Pages: 137-138.
Keywords: Insect-Pests; Hemiptera; Homoptera;
Cameroon
Abstract: Morphology of the sucking insect Wolfella benjamini occurring in cacao in the Rep. of Cameroon is described.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5266
Author: Bourgeaux, A.
Year: 1935
Title: Four centuries of cocoa and chocolate history
Journal: Office international du cacao et et du chocolate, Bruxelles
Volume: 229
Keywords: History
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5710
Author: Bourke, G.
Year: 1988
Title: Cote d'Ivoire. The cocoa conundrum
Journal: Africa Report
Volume: 33
Issue: 5
Pages: 29-31
Keywords: Agricultural-policy; Diversification;
Ivory-Coast
Abstract: Different agricultural policy alternatives available to policy makers in Ivory Coast in the face of declining profits from cocoa exports are reviewed. A four-year agricultural diversificaiton programme has been recently adopted by the government. The programme aims at promoting the production of cash crops other than cocoa and encouraging increased ford production. It is argued that the government's commitment to diversification remains superficial. There are also various socioeconomic factors (pressure from interest groups, acreage of young cocoa plantations, etc.) which will help maintain the predominance of cocoa in Ivory Coast's agriculture.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1179
Author: Boussard, B.
Year: 1979
Title: (Use of cacao and tea by-products: bibliographic study)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 215-219; Jul, bibliography (1 )
Keywords: By-products
Abstract: The industrial and agricultural uses of by-products and wastes from cacao (pods, pod husks, mucilage, discarded beans) and tea (leaves, seeds) processing are reviewed.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 82
Author: Boussard, B.
Year: 1981
Title: Pollination in tree fruits and cacao: a bibliographic study
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: Cacao
Issue: ThÈ, 25
Pages: 297-304.
Keywords: Pollination; fruit-trees; pollinators; review
World
Abstract: After discussing the various factors which may affect pollination in (mainly) temperature tree fruits (cultural, climatic and insects), the author then considers the much more important role of insects in cacao pollination. The biology and behaviour of the Ceratopogonids (Forcipomyia spp. in particular) and cultural practices which lead to greater pollination are discussed. The relationship between pollination and crop production in cacao is also explored.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1225
Author: Boussard, B.
Year: 1982
Title: (Storage and transportation of cacao: a bibliographic study)
Journal: CafÈ
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 136-144; Apr, bibliography ( )
Keywords: Beans; storage-; transportation-; review-
Abstract: A review of the factors involved in the storage and transportation of cacao beans. After discussing the hygroscopic characteristics of the beans, the author goes on to investigaate the effects of various treatments and storage methods on insect infestation and the growth of moulds, and how these can be controlled. Storage problems in both producing countries and temperate countries are dealt with.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3058
Author: Boussingault
Year: 1836
Title: Notes on the cultivation of cocoa
Journal: Comptes rendus des sÈances de l'AcadÈmie des sciences. Tom. III, p
Volume: 510
Pages: 510
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3010
Author: Boussingault
Year: 1883
Title: Cocoa and chocolate
Journal: Ann. de Chim. et de Phys
Volume: 5
Issue: 28
Pages: 433
Keywords: Composition; Methylxanthines; Caffeine;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5723
Author: Bouzas, J.; Brown, B. D.
Year: 1995
Title: Interactions affecting microstructure, texture and rheology of chocolate confectionery products
Journal: Ingredient Interactions
Volume: 66
Issue: 1995
Pages: 451-528
Keywords: usa
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
() Editor: AG Gaonkar


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1823
Author: Bowden, J.
Year: 1961
Title: Responses of cocoa to copper sprays in Ghana
Journal: Tropical Agriculture Trinidad
Volume: 38
Pages: 325-331
Keywords: Africa; Ghana
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2654
Author: Bowditch, T. G.
Year: 1997
Title: Penetration of polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene packaging films by Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae, and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 90
Issue: 4
Pages: 1028-1031.
Keywords: Insect-pests; plastics-; packaging-materials; resistance-; stored-products; agricultural-entomology; Cadra-cautella; Plodia-interpunctella; arthropods; Biodeterioration;
Australia;
Abstract: In response to a series of consumer complaints regarding insect contamination of chocolate-based consumables, a study was undertaken to evaluate the barrier qualities of 2 flexible, transparent films against 1st- and 5th-instar Ephestia cautella [Cadra cautella] and Plodia interpunctella larvae, and Tribolium confusum adults. It was found that the polypropylene film tested was resistant to penetration by each species, whereas a polyvinyl chloride film was only resistant to penetration by 1st-instar larvae of C. cautella. These results are discussed in the context of previous studies examining insect penetration of packaging materials, and with regard to the utility of categorizing insect pests of packaged goods as either invaders or penetrators. It is recommended that the confectioner in question investigate the feasibility of packaging products with a film that offers higher resistance against insect pests than the polyvinyl chloride film.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 13
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1948
Title: Six months' progress at the Cacao Center
Journal: Cacao Inform. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 11
Pages: 1-4
Keywords: Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba
America; Costa-Rica
Abstract: Summary of report of investigations in progress at Turrialba and La Lola, January-July 1948.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 15
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1948
Title: Cacao comes home; the InterAmerican Cacao Center and its work
Journal: Pan Amer. Union. B.
Volume: 82
Pages: 566-570
Keywords: Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba;
America; Costa-Rica
Abstract: For Account of establishment, programs, and first year's work at Inter-American Cacao Center.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 23
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1948
Title: Cacao Centre at Turrialba
Journal: Foreign Agriculture
Volume: 12
Pages: 264-267
Keywords: Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba;
America; Costa-Rica
Abstract: For Account of establishment, programs, and first year's work at Inter-American Cacao Center.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3348
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1948
Title: Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa
Journal: Fazenda
Volume: 43
Issue: 10
Pages: 46-48
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot; Control;
Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Black pod rot and efforts to control it.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3349
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1948
Title: Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa
Journal: Hacienda
Volume: 43
Issue: 9
Pages: 48-49
Keywords: Fungal-diseases; Phytophthora-pod-rot;
Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Results of experiments to control black pod rot, conducted in Costa Rica in 1946-48.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Reprinted as Inst. Inter-Amer. de Cien. Agr. P


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3574
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1948
Title: Rooting cacao cuttings-an improved method
Journal: Cacao Inform. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 5
Pages: 1
Keywords: Propagation; Vegetative; Cuttings; Smallholders;
Abstract: Describes method suitable for use by small farmers.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3575
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1948
Journal: Rev. de Agr. [San SOS
Volume: 20
Pages: 229-230
Keywords: Propagation;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 14
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1949
Title: The Inter-American Cacao Center
Journal: Cacao Inform. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 23
Pages: 1-4
Keywords: Research; Research-Stations; Turrialba;
America; Costa-Rica
Abstract: History and program of the Center.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3749
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1949
Title: Development of superior clonal plantations of cacao
Journal: Cacao Inform. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 20
Pages: 1-4
Keywords: Selection; Progeny-testing; Evaluation;
Abstract: Discusses selection, progeny planting, testing, evaluation, and multiplication.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3931
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1949
Title: Cacao Center chief reports on Gold Coast industry
Journal: Cacao Inform. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 18
Pages: 1-3
Keywords: Regional; Research;
Abstract: Comments on Gold Coast practices and research of the West African Cacao Research Institute.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3958
Author: Bowman, G. F.
Year: 1952
Title: The pruning of cacao trees
Journal: Comunicaciones de Turrialba, IIAI, Agric. Sci. Turrialba, Costa Rica
Keywords: Pruning;
America; Costa-Rica;
Abstract: Any removal of tissue is a loss to the cocoa tree and must be considered as a planned loss for which a later gain is to be expected. Pruning should be practised for the stimulation of new grwoth and a healthy branch should only be removed when this will promote the grwoth of a more desirable branch. If a space in the canopy is unfilled or its present occupant is inefficient bacuase of diseases, damage, or senility, then either a chupon or another branch should be allowed to develop to fill the gap.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3524
Author: Box, H. E.
Year: 1943
Title: Caspid pests of cocoa in West Africa. Outline of present knowledge and proposed lines of research
Journal: Memor. Cocoa Res. Sta. Tafo, Ghana. no.
Volume: 12
Issue: 11
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Reviews;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
pp


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3434
Author: Box, H. E.
Year: 1944
Title: The cacao pest situation in West Africa and the Carneroons, with special reference to Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and S. theobroma Dist. (Hemiptera: Capsidae). Report upon a visit to French Togo, Dahomey, Nigeria and the Cameroons during the dry season, December, 1943 to March, 1944
Journal: West African Cacao Res. Inst. Tech. B.
Volume: 1
Issue: 69
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Hemiptera; Sahlbergella-singularis;
Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3523
Author: Box, H. E.
Year: 1944
Title: The Sahlbergella menace to Gold Coast cocoa
Journal: Mem. Cocoa Res. Sta.
Volume: 9
Pages: 1-8
Keywords: Insect-pests; Mirids; Sahlbergella-singularis;
Ghana;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3264
Author: Box, H. E.
Year: 1945
Title: Insect transmission of the 'swollenshoot' virus in West African cacao
Journal: Nature [London]
Volume: 155
Pages: 608-609
Keywords: Virus-diseases; Swollen-shoot; CSSV; Insect-vectors; Mirids;
Ghana;
Abstract: Discusses hemipterous insect vectors.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1089
Author: Boyer, J.
Year: 1970
Title: The influence of moisture, radiation and thermal conditions of the climate upon the vegetative and flowering activity of cacao in Cameroon
Journal: CafÈ Cacao ThÈ
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: 189-201
Keywords: Leaf-area-index; Growth; Trunk; Branches; Flowering; Periodicity; Shade;
Africa; Cameroon;
Abstract: The objective is to determine the ideal ecological conditions under which productivity of cacao would be at its optimum. Two years of observations are presented for the YaondÈ region with three shade treatments (No-shade; Light shade and Medium shade). Of microclimatic factors rainfall and radiation are important. The utilization of the water depended heavily on the water retention capcity of the soils. The intensity of radiation could be revealed by the movement and variation in atmospheric temperature. Differences between shade treaments in distribution of solar energy were demonstrated. Other factors were secondary.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 3895
Author: Boyer, J.
Year: 1972
Title: The seasonal production of litter and the decomposition of leaves on a Cameroon cacao farm
Journal: In: IV International Cocoa Research Conference, St. Augustine, Trinidad
Pages: 226-234
Keywords: Decomposition; Leaf-nutrients; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Calcium; Nutrient-cycling
Cameroon
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
8-18 January, .St. Augustine (Trinidad and Tobago), Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 1972, p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1093
Author: Boyer, J.
Year: 1973
Title: Organic matter and mineral element cycles in a Cameronian cacao plantation
Journal: CafÈ Cacao ThÈ
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-24
Keywords: Nutrient-cycling; Leaves; Wood; Partitioning; Litter; Fruit; Wood-density
Cameroon;
Abstract: The author studied the neds of cacao trees as far as indispensable major elements are co0ncerned and their mineral fertilization under three environmental conditiones (absence of shading, light shading and moderate shading) in a plantation of the family type (1.5 ha) in Cameroon, characterised by a subequatorial climate and a soil of a ferralitic type.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1092
Author: Boyer, J.
Year: 1974
Title: Eco-physiological study of the development of cocoa trees cultivated in the Cameroon. I. Relationships between the annual climatic cycle and vegetative activity. II. Influence governing climatic factors on flowering and frutification
Journal: CafÈ Cacao ThÈ
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-30
Keywords: Climate; Vegetative-growth; Flushing; Shade; Leaf-area; Wood; Stem; Branches; Flowering; Fruit-set; Cherelle-wilt;
Cameroon


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 50
Author: Boynton, D.; Erikson, A.
Year: 1954
Title: A response of seedlings cacao trees, under nursery condition, to magnesium and calcium
Journal: Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
Volume: 64
Pages: 15-20
Keywords: Fertilisers; Nurseries; Magnesium; Calcium;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1850
Author: Boynton, D.; Sands, F.
Year: 1954
Title: Preliminary study of the relation of depth rooting of cocoa trees to soil drainage
Journal: Conferencia Interamericana de Cacao, 5a Turrialba, Costa Rica
Volume: 1
Pages: 1
Keywords: Roots; Rooting-system; Soil-depth; Drainage
America; Brazil; Bahia
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1674
Author: Boynton, S.
Year: 1982
Title: Chocolate: The consuming passion
Keywords: Chocolate;
usa;


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2973
Author: Bracco, U.; Grailhe, N.; Rostango, W.; Egli, R. H.
Year: 1969
Title: Analytical evaluation of cocoa curing in the Ivory Coast
Journal: J. Sci. Food Agric
Volume: 20
Pages: 713
Keywords: Fermentation; Drying; Polyphenols; Epicatechin; tanning
Ivory-Coast
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4847
Author: Bradeau, J.
Year: 1966
Title: Work progress in the Cameroon for improvement of cacao growing
Journal: 2nd Sess. FAO Techn. Wkg. Party on Cocoa Prod. and Prot., Rome
Volume: 66
Pages: 8
Keywords: Africa; Cameroon;
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
19-23 September Paper Ca/


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4933
Author: Bradley, J. D.
Year: 1985
Title: A change of generic name for the cocoa moth, Acrocercops cramerella (Snellen) (Lep.: Gracillariidae)
Journal: Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation
Volume: 97
Issue: 1
Pages: 29-30
Keywords: Lepidoptera; Gracillariidae; Taxonomy-; Acrocercops-cramerella; Transferred-to-Conopomorpha; Conopomorpha-cramerella; Transferred-fromConopomorpha; Cocoa-pod-borer;
Abstract: Acrocercops cramerella, a pest of cocoa in South-East Asia, is transferred to Conopomorpha.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4980
Author: Bradley, J. D.
Year: 1986
Title: Identity of the South-East Asian cocoa moth, Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), with descriptions of three allied new species
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 76
Issue: 1
Pages: 41-51.
Keywords: Gracillariidae; Lepidoptera; Conopomorpha-cramerella; Conopomorpha-oceanica; Taxonomy-; New-species; Conopomorpha-sinensis; Conopomorpha-litchiella; Conopomorpha; Cocoa-pod-borer
South-East-Asia;
Abstract: The identity and scientific name of the cocoa moth or cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella, the major pest of cocoa in South-East Asia and generally recorded in the literature as Acrocercops cramerella, are clarified. Three previously unrecognized congeneric species are described and differentiated, viz. C. oceanica sp. n., C. sinensis sp. n. and C. litchiella sp. n. Wing pattern, male and female genitalia are figured for each species.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5397
Author: Braga, M. C. T.; Silva, Sdvm; Pinto, L. R. M.
Year: 1989
Title: Assessment of methods for determination of cacao (Theobroma cacao) resistance to black pod rot
Journal: Agrotropica
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 108-115
Keywords: Diseases; Phytophthora-citrophthora; testing-; inoculation-; Techniques-
Abstract: Two inoculation methods were compared for assessing cocoa clone resistance to black pod (Phytophthora citrophthora) disease. Detached and attached pods from PA 30 and 81, BE 5 and 9, EEG 64 and SIC 864 clones were inoculated with P. citrophthora. Results from the 2 methods were not statistically significant, although detached fruits showed greater susceptibility, most notable with clone SIC 864. Visual ranking, av. lesion diam. and area index 1 and 2 had common reactions and were suitable for evaluation and selection procedures. Visual ranking is recommended as a reliable variable for assessment of resistance to black pod disease in cocoa germplasm.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 4030
Author: Brahy, C.
Year: 1930
Title: Cocoa and prospects for cocoa cultivation
Journal: Bull. Agr. du Congo Belge et du Ruanda Urundi
Volume: 21
Pages: 966-984
Keywords: Africa;
Abstract: History and outlook, with special reference to African colonies.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5581
Author: Brandao, A. L. de- A.; Tafani, R. R.
Year: 1976
Title: (Some considerations on transport costs of cacao shells on one type of farm)
Journal: Cacau Atualidades
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 8-14
Keywords: Farm-Economics
Brazil
Abstract: Analysis and discussion of transport costs of entire cacao pods or shells and beans separate.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Oct


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 256
Author: Brandao, A. L. de- A.; Tafani, R. R.; Lima, L. P.
Year: 1978
Title: Economic viability of black pepper cultivation in the cacao region of Bahia. Estimation of investment costs for one hectare of pepper
Journal: Boletim Tecnico Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau
Issue: 64
Keywords: Production; Costs; Intercropping;
Brazil; Bahia
Abstract: One hundred and twenty-four plantations, representing 70% of the area under black pepper (Piper nigrum) were investigated. The investment costs for 1 ha of black pepper at a planting distance of 2.0 x 2.0 m during its economic life of 16 years were estimated at US$ 12 700 with a cash return of US$ 15 867. Investment costs were recovered in the 10th year of cultivation when planted at a distance of 2.0 x 2.0 m, in the 11th year for a spacing of 2.0 x 2.5 m, inthe 9th year for a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m and in the 8th year for a spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m.
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
56 p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2503
Author: Brandao, A. L. de A.; Tafani, R. R.; Menezes, J. A. de S.
Year: 1980
Journal: Bahia: Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau
Pages: 69
Keywords: Brazil
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
46 p. - Boletim tecnico. Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1106
Author: Brandt, S. A.; Neto, A. A.; Rezende, A. M.; Sousa, A. F. de; Rebello, A. de- P. P.
Year: 1974
Title: Equilibrium conditions in the international cocoa market
Journal: Revista Ceres
Volume: 21
Issue: 113
Pages: 38-50.
Keywords: Production-Economics; Trade-
World
Abstract: Large price fluctuations in cocoa bean prices during 1925-71 resulted from considerable fluctuations in supply coupled with a very low price elasticity of demand.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 515
Author: Braudeau, J.; BurlÈ, L.
Year: 1954
Title: Cocoa, Its production in Ecuador, Colombia and Costa Rica
Journal: Bull. Agronomique No
Volume: 9
Keywords: Regional
Ecuador Colombia Costa-Rica
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
Section Tech d'Agric. Trop., Min. de la France d'Outre-Mer, 63p


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 1076
Author: Braudeau, J.
Year: 1962
Title: Cacao in French Guyana
Journal: CafÈ Cacao ThÈ
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 187-190
Keywords: America; French-Guyana


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2333
Author: Braudeau, J.
Year: 1969
Title: The cacao tree
Journal: Paris: [s.n.]
Pages: 17
Notes: Using Smart Source Parsing
304 p. [fr]. - (Techniques agricoles et productions tropicales


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5592
Author: Braudeau, J.
Year: 1979
Title: (Cacao production in the world economy)
Journal: Journal-d'Agriculture-Traditionnelle-et de-Botanique-Appliquee (France)
Volume: 26
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 217-232; Jul, ; publ. 1980
Keywords: Trade-; Agricultural-Production
World
Abstract: The production, consumption and trade of cacao are discussed with emphasis on the last ten years which saw the decline of cacao production in Ghana and Nigeria and its development in Ivory Coast and Brazil, and the increase in the processing of cacao in producing countries.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2714
Author: Brautigam, M.; Hertel, C.; Hammes, W. P.
Year: 1997
Title: Evidence for natural transformation of Bacillus subtilis in foodstuffs
Journal: FEMS Microbiology Letters
Volume: 155
Issue: 1
Pages: 93-98.
Keywords: gene-transfer; transformation-; genetic-transformation; Cocoa-products; Chocolate-milk; Milk-; Milk-composition; foods-; milk-fat; Quality; Microbiology; Bacillus-subtilis
Abstract: The effect of foods on the natural transformation of B. subtilis was investigated. As examples of complex food matrices milk with various fat contents and chocolate milk were used. The frequencies of transformation varied with the fat content and ranged from 3.8 X 10-4 to 1.4 X 10-3. Highest frequencies of about 3 X 10-3 were observed in chocolate milk with 1.5% fat. Development of competence was observed in chocolate milk, resulting in maximal transformation frequencies upon incubation for 10-12 h at 37oC.


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 5679
Author: Braverman, A.
Year: 1988
Title: Depressed agricultural prices and World Bank operations
Journal: Trade, aid, and policyreform. Proceedings of the eighth agriculture sector symposium [edited by Roberts, C.]
Pages: 13-24
Keywords: Agricultural-prices; Trends-; Credit-; Loans-; World-Bank; Conferences-; Trade,-aid-and-policy-reform; Eighth-Agriculture-Sector-Symposium; Economics-; Prices-
Abstract: This paper sets out the reasons for the current low levels of commodity prices, making a distinction between volatility and the mild downward trend. It discusses the notion of commodities in 'surplus supply'. Two categories of commodities are identified: (i) those facing inelastic demand and slow demand growth on which many low-income countries rely heavily for export earnings (e.g., cocoa, coffee and tea). This is the group of commodities which has long been the focus of the Bank's lending restrictions; and (ii) commodities which are also produced by industrial countries and which therefore become the subject of attention by producers in industrial countries when prices are low and stocks are high (e.g., palm oil, sugar, soyabeans). Past Bank practice in lending for primary commodity inve